An experimental investigation into the performance

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AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE PERFORMANCE
OF A GI BASIN PASSIVE SOLAR STILL USING HORIZONTAL MESH
AND VERTICAL MESH
Madhur Shukla1
, R D Askhedkar2
, J P Modak3
1
Professor , 2
Ex Principal, , 3
Dean R&D, in Mechanical Engineering & Dean T&P, KDK College of Engineering,
Nagpur, 3
Priyadarshini College of Engineering Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Potable Water or Pure Drinking Water is essential to mankind and it is difficult to obtain fresh water at many places . The
conventional methods available to purify Water are costly. Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very cheap
option to purify Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills . The conventional Single Basin Passive Solar Still or Plain
Basin Galvanized Iron (GI) Solar Still can be used to purify Water but the main problem is that the per square metre distillate
output is less. Many methods have been used to increase the output of GI Basin Solar Still. Horizontal or Vertical Mesh made of
GI can be used in the Basin of Solar Still to increase the distillate output. Outdoor Experiments were conducted at Nagpur,
Maharashtra ,India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E) for GI Basin Plain (Without Mesh) Solar Still, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical
Mesh in the months of May-June and September-October. It was found that both the Mesh increase the distillate output
considerably, in which the Horizontal Mesh gives an appreciable increase in the Average Distillate Output (about 400ml per day)
and an increase of about 6% in the Average Distillation Efficiency whereas the Vertical Mesh gives a significant increase in the
Average Distillate Output (about 1000ml per day) with an increase of about 13% in the Average Distillation Efficiency. The
Vertical Mesh is very cheap and the payback period for the Vertical Mesh is hardly 3 months. Thus , the GI Basin Solar Still with
Vertical Mesh gives a higher output and can be helpful in obtaining pure drinking water for communities , both cheaply and
effectively.
Key Words : GI Basin Solar Still, Distillate Output, Average Efficiency, Horizontal Mesh, Vertical Mesh
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1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for fresh water is growing everyday in the
world. There are many methods of obtaining pure/fresh
water and Solar Distillation is one of them. Solar distillation
is an easy, small scale & cost effective technique for
providing safe water at homes or in small communities.
Various types of Solar Stills can be used for solar distillation
and the simplest and most economical still is the
conventional basin type solar still. In this communication
the performance of a conventional basin type Passive Solar
Still is evaluated when a Horizontal Mesh or Vertical Mesh
is inserted in the Basin of Passive Solar Still.
Solar Still essentially consists of a blackened basin of GI
metal sheet of 1m x 1m size . This basin is covered by glass
at an angle of 150
(say). Brackish or saline or used water is
filled in this basin and the Still is placed under the Sun. The
water in the blackened basin evaporates & gets condensed
on the inner side of glass cover . Finally the condensed
water rolls down on the inner side of glass cover , gets
collected in the basin channel and comes out through pipe as
pure/ distilled water. This type of operation of still is passive
and one still gives an output of about 2/3 liters per day
during Sunny days or typical Summer Season. These stills
can be coupled with similar 1m x 1m stills in order to
increase the output and thereby the drinking water needs of
families and even the community. The output of this Solar
Still can be increased by various modifications and in this
communication we have discussed the performance
enhancement of the Solar Still by use of Horizontal or
Vertical GI Mesh in the Basin.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A Single Basin Solar Still as shown in Fig 1 consists of a
Galvanised Iron (GI) basin (1m*1m size ) on which a plain
glass is fixed . The basin has a short front side and a slightly
bigger back side thereby giving an angle of say 15 degree to
the other two sides and to the glass fixed over it. The basin
is painted black from inside and the basin is made airtight
after fixing the glass over it. A small inlet pipe is fixed on
the back wall of Basin and a outlet pipe is fixed on the front
basin wall. Brackish or impure Water is poured inside the
Basin from the Inlet pipe in small quantity ,say 20 litres
thereby giving a shallow depth of say 2cms to the water
inside the basin. The Still is kept exposed to Sun and the
Solar Radiations falling on the Still cause the Water inside
the Basin to get heated at a temperature (Tw) and eventually
to get evaporated. This evaporated water or water vapour
gets condensed on the inside glass cover because of lower
glass cover temperature (Tg). The condensed water then
trickles down on the inside surface of glass because of slope
of glass and gets collected in the channel of front side. The
collected water in the channel finally gets out through the
outlet pipe as distillate output (mew).
The performance of a basin type Solar Still (ie distillate
output (mew) / yield per day) depends upon Tw (water

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temperature) and Tg ( inner glass temperature). All the
attempts to improve the distillate output are essentially
focused on increasing evaporation of water and thereby T
and increasing condensation of water by reducing T
Research has been done earlier by various rese
the following parameters and their effect on the Solar Still
performance was studied :
1. To increase absorption of radiation by basin water
addition of absorbing materials like black dye,
charcoal pieces, etc.[1-5],
2. Determination of optimum water depth and glass cover
angle, thickness, etc. [6-8],
3. Effect of insulation and its optimum thickness[9],
4. Effect of wind velocity[10- 11],
5. Effect of climatic parameters like solar radiation,
ambient temperature, etc.[12],
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental still has the following dimensions
shown in Fig 2.
1.Basin – base size , 1m x 1m base, front height 0.15m,
rear height 0.418m, basin material – GI .
2.Condensing cover – size 1m x 1m, thickness 0.005m,
material- glass.
3.Insulation – sawdust, thickness- 0.05m
4.Outer box – plywood
5.Inlet and outlet pipes – pvc
6.Stand for solar still – MS angle stand, height
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( inner glass temperature). All the
attempts to improve the distillate output are essentially
focused on increasing evaporation of water and thereby Tw
and increasing condensation of water by reducing Tg .
Research has been done earlier by various researchers with
the following parameters and their effect on the Solar Still
To increase absorption of radiation by basin water by
addition of absorbing materials like black dye,
timum water depth and glass cover
Effect of insulation and its optimum thickness[9],
Effect of climatic parameters like solar radiation,
6. Effect of orientation of Solar Still [13],
7. Effect of wicks in solar stills, use of multibasin,
multieffect solar stills, etc.[14
8. Various materials for Solar Stills and novel designs
with different cover shapes , different types of basins,
effect of reflectors , etc [25
9. Thermal analysis and modeling of Solar Stills [40
It has been observed by us that the evaporation of basin
water and eventually the output can be increased by
introduction of GI strip meshes in the basin. This improved
the distillate output and gave
efficiency by about 25% in the experiments conducted by
us. Such type of work has not been reported by any
researcher so far.
Fig.1:A typical conventional Solar Still
The experimental still has the following dimensions, as
base size , 1m x 1m base, front height 0.15m,
size 1m x 1m, thickness 0.005m,
MS angle stand, height – 0.6m
The glass cover angle is kept at 15
depth 0.02m respt. Mesh is having
strips in one direction and 0.04m height of the
perpendicular strips inserted in it , length
thickness – 0.001m (22 gauge of GI) , and spacing
between mesh strips – 0.1m
Basin & Basin with Horizontal / Vertic
the Solar Still. A photograph of GI Basin with
Vertical Mesh is shown in Fig. 4
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279
Solar Still [13],
Effect of wicks in solar stills, use of multibasin,
multieffect solar stills, etc.[14-24],
Various materials for Solar Stills and novel designs
with different cover shapes , different types of basins,
effect of reflectors , etc [25-39],
hermal analysis and modeling of Solar Stills [40-56].
It has been observed by us that the evaporation of basin
water and eventually the output can be increased by
introduction of GI strip meshes in the basin. This improved
the distillate output and gave a percentage increase in
efficiency by about 25% in the experiments conducted by
us. Such type of work has not been reported by any
The glass cover angle is kept at 150
and the water
depth 0.02m respt. Mesh is having 0.05m height of
strips in one direction and 0.04m height of the
perpendicular strips inserted in it , length – 1m,
0.001m (22 gauge of GI) , and spacing
0.1m. Fig 3 shows the Plain
Basin & Basin with Horizontal / Vertical Mesh of
A photograph of GI Basin with
Fig. 4.

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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @
Fig .
Fig.3: Plain Basin and Basin with Horizontal / Vertical Mesh
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.2:Design Specifications of Experimental still
Plain Basin and Basin with Horizontal / Vertical Mesh
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280

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Fig.4:GI Basin with Vertical Mesh
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
4.1 Instrumentation:
The following measurements were taken during the
course of experiment:
1.Temperatures of the basin water Tw, inside of glass cover
Tg, ambient, ,etc were measured by thermocouples and
digital temperature indicator. These thermocouples were
calibrated with Zeal thermometer.
2.Distillate output (ml) was measured by measuring
cylinder.
3.Solar insolation (I, in W/m2
) (radiations falling on the
Solar still) were measured with a Solarimeter .
4.Wind speed in m/sec was measured using Anemometer.
5.These readings were taken from sunrise to sunset with
hourly intervals.
4.2 Experimental Observations:
The readings were taken in the months of May, June and
September, October for several days from 7am to 7pm and
the nocturnal output was also noted. Experiments were
conducted in actual field conditions at Nagpur, Maharashtra
,India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E) & data of output(yield mew) and
temperatures(Tw, Tg, Tv, etc) were recorded apart from
climatic data of Ta, I & V. The Input quantity of Water was
kept at 20 litres or the depth of Water in the Basin was 0.02
m. A Sample Table of Readings for a typical day (15 Sept)
for Solar Still with plain basin is shown in Table 1. A
Graphical variation of Water and Inner Glass Temperature,
Wind Speed, Solar Insolation and Distillate Output with
respect to Time of the day is also shown below for the
typical day (15 Sept) in Fig 5 to Fig 8, below. The Summary
of Experimental Observations is shown in Table 2 and it’s
Graphical Description is shown in Chart 1 & Chart 2.
Fig. 5:Variation of Water and Inner Glass Temperature (o
C)
vs Time for GI Solar Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh)
for a Typical Day (15 Sept)
Fig.6:Variation of Wind Speed vs Time for GI Solar Still
with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Water
Temp (Tw)
(Deg C)
Glass
(inside)
Temp (Tg)
(Deg C)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Wind Speed (V) (m/s)
Wind Speed
(V) (m/s)

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Fig.7:Variation of Solar Insolation vs Time for GI Solar
Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
Fig.8:Variation of Distillate Output vs Time for GI Solar
Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
Table 1:Experimental Observations for a Plain GI Basin (Without Mesh) Solar Still for a Typical Day (15 Sept) at
Nagpur , Maharashtra, India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E).
Experimental Observations – 15 Sept :Total Distillate Output (7am to 7pm)(12hrs) = 1950ml;Total Nocturnal Distillate Output
(7pm to next morning 7am)= 222ml.Total Daily Solar Insolation (7am to 7pm)(12hrs) = 3969 W/m2
Sr.
No.
Time (in
hrs)
Distillate
Output
(ml)
(Hourly)
Ambient
Temp
(Ta)
o
C
Basin
Temp
(Tb)
o
C
Water
Temp
(Tw)
o
C
Vapour
Temp
(Tv)
o
C
Glass
(inside)
Temp
(Tg)
o
C
Wind
Speed
(V)
(m/s)
Solar
Insolation (I)
(W/m
2
)
1 7.00 hrs 0 25.3 28 27 28 27 0.2 40
2 8.00 hrs 0 27.6 30 29 31 30 0.1 197
3 9.00 hrs 10 29.4 34 33 39 38 0 381
4 10.00 hrs 29 32.4 44 44 55 47 0.2 458
5 11.00 hrs 69 33.7 52 51 59 50 0.1 452
6 12.00 hrs 144 33.9 59 57 67 55 0.2 450
7 13.00 hrs 308 34.2 65 64 73 63 0.1 472
8 14.00 hrs 355 34.4 69 69 74 65 0.4 432
9 15.00 hrs 324 34.2 69 69 79 65 0.1 452
10 16.00hrs 265 33.6 63 63 70 59 0 386
11 17.00 hrs 195 32.8 59 59 60 52 0.1 243
12 18.00 hrs 154 31 54 54 50 45 0.2 6
13 19.00 hrs 97 30.2 45 45 43 39 0.3 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Solar Insolation (I) (W/m2 )
Solar
Insolation
(I) (W/m2 )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Distillate Output (ml) (Hourly)
Distillate
Output (ml)
(Hourly)

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Table 2:Summary of Experimental Observations for GI Basin Solar Still Without Mesh (Plain Basin), With Horizontal Mesh and
With Vertical Mesh taken at Nagpur , Maharashtra, India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E).
Sr. No. Date Type of Experiment
Average
Daily
Distillate
Output (mew
in ml)
Average
Daily Total
Solar
Insolation
(I in W/m2
)
Calculated
Average Efficiency (η) (%)
1
20 June to 24
June G.I. Still Without Mesh 1249 4526 28.04306
2
6 June to 7
June
G.I. Still With
Horizontal Mesh 1597 4947 32.91016
3
5 May to 8
May G.I. Still With Vertical
Mesh 2860 6863 41.80972
4
9 Sept to 15
Sept G.I.Still Without Mesh 1192 2700 29.72685
23 Sept to 1
Oct
G.I.Still With
Horizontal Mesh 1627 3298 35.47661
6
17 Sept to 21
Sept & 7 Oct
to 15 Oct
G.I.Still With Vertical
Mesh 1695 3287 36.6635
Chart 1:Comparision of Average Efficiency of Solar Still Without Mesh, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical Mesh
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Average Efficiency June (%) Average Efficiency
September (%)
G.I. Still Without Mesh
G.I. Still With Horizontal Mesh
G.I. Still With Vertical Mesh

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Chart 2: Comparision of Average Distillate Output of Solar Still Without Mesh, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical Mesh
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Summary of Results shown in Table No 2 clearly
indicates that the Solar Still with Horizontal and Vertical
Mesh both show an increase in the distillate output and
certainly an increase in the average efficiency over the Plain
Basin Solar Still.
5.1 Solar Still with Horizontal Mesh :
The Solar Still having Horizontal Mesh gives an increase in
the average efficiency by upto 6 % and gives an increase of
348 ml in the average distillate output in May/June and
thereby a percentage increase of 27.86 % whereas in the
month of September/October the average distillate output is
increased by 435 ml and a percentage increase of 36.49 %
over the Plain Basin ( Without Mesh ) Solar Still. Thus on
an average about 400 ml of distillate output is increased
daily by using Horizontal Mesh, which is an appericiable
increase.
5.2 Solar Still with Vertical Mesh :
The Solar Still having Vertical Mesh gives an increase in the
average efficiency by upto 13 % and gives an increase of
1611 ml in the average distillate output in May/June and
thereby a percentage increase of 128 % whereas in the
month of September/October the average distillate output is
increased by 503 ml and a percentage increase of 42.19 %
over the Plain Basin ( Without Mesh ) Solar Still. Thus on
an average about 1000 ml of distillate output is increased
daily by using Vertical Mesh which is a very significant
increase.
5.3 Performance of Vertical Mesh in comparison to
Horizontal Mesh:
Although both the Mesh give an increase in distillate output
and thereby distillation efficiency over the Plain Basin
(Without Mesh) Solar Still , it is the Vertical Mesh which
gives a very significant increase. The Mesh work on a
simple logic of extended surface for heat transfer .The GI
(Galvanized Iron) strip Mesh is painted black like the GI
basin and it fits in the GI basin. The black GI strips have
very good absorptivity and they are good conductors of heat.
So the Mesh absorb maximum radiations falling on them
and transfer heat to water surrounding them, thereby raising
the Water temperature (Tw) and finally the distillate output.
Now the most important point is the Mesh is absorbing the
Solar radiations which were otherwise falling on Water in
the Basin. In a way the Mesh is preventing the Water from
getting directly heated and hence it is becoming a cause in
reducing the Water temperature. So the Mesh is increasing
the heat transfer area but it also blocks some radiations from
directly falling on Water and hence the Horizontal Mesh
gives lesser output as compared to Vertical Mesh because
the Mesh area is same but the Mesh orientation is such that
the Horizontal Mesh blocks more radiations from falling
directly on Water as compared to Vertical mesh especially
when the water depth is low (0.02m) . The fabrication of
Mesh is done in such a way that one strip is Vertical with
0.05m height and another strip of 0.04m height is inserted in
a slot in the vertical strip at a height of 0.025m from basin.
So with 20 litres of water the depth of water is 0.02m and
the horizontal strip is at a height of 0.025m which is 0.005m
(0.5 cm) above the water surface. Therefore, the advantage
of increase in heat transfer area in the case of Horizontal
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Average Distillate Output
June
Average Distillate Output
September
G.I. Still Without Mesh
G.I. Still With Horizontal Mesh
G.I. Still With Vertical Mesh

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Mesh is subdued by the fact that it blocks more radiations
from falling directly on Water as compared to Vertical
Mesh. This explains the reason why Vertical Mesh gives
higher output as compared to Horizontal Mesh especially at
shallow depth of Input Basin Water.
6. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
The overall distillation efficiency of the Solar Still is given
by the expression ,
η = ( mew*L) / (IT * As ) * 100 (%) ,
where η = Overall Thermal Efficiency,
mew = Total Distillate Output of the Day (in kg) = ∑mw ,
(mw = Hourly Distillate Output)
L= Latent Heat of Vaporization (J/kg),
IT = Total Daily Solar Radiation (W/m2
) ,
As = Basin Area (in m2
).
The Latent heat of vaporization (L) is temperature
dependent and is given by the expression ,
L = 3.1615 *10-6
* [1-(7.616*10-4
*Tv)] for Tv > 700
C, and
L = 2.4935 * 106
* [1-9.4779*10-4
*Tv + 1.3132*10-7
*Tv
2
–
4.7974*10-9
*Tv
3
] for Tv < 700
C,
where Tv is the Vapour Temperature.
Efficiency is calculated for each day by taking the values
from the daily observations as shown in Sample Table 1.
mew is the total distillate output of the day which is available
from the Observation Table. Similarly IT or the Total Daily
Solar Radiation ( in W/m2
) is also available from the Table.
As or the Basin Area is taken as 1 m2
. The Latent heat of
vaporization (L) is calculated on hourly basis using the
Vapour temperature Tv, and then the daily average value is
used for calculation of efficiency. Similarly efficiency is
calculated for each day and the average efficiency for many
days for a typical type of experiment is calculated and is
shown in the Summary Table 2.
7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
The GI Basin Solar Still costs about eight thousand rupees
including labour charges and the Mesh costs about one
thousand rupees, ie the Mesh cost is almost 12.5 % of the
Solar Still cost. The average increase in efficiency by
Vertical Mesh is about 13 % and the average increase in
distillate output by Vertical Mesh is about 1 litre per day.
The cost of Vertical Mesh will therefore be recovered in
maximum 3 months or the payback period for Vertical Mesh
is 3 months. Similarly the payback period for Horizontal
Mesh is about 8 months. So , it is much economical to use
Solar Still with Vertical Mesh.
8. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be drawn from the
Experimentation and Analysis :
The drinking water problem can be solved at many places
by using the cheap method of Solar Distillation , ie by using
Single Basin Passive Solar Stills.
The problem of lesser output or productivity of Single Basin
Passive Solar Still can be solved by using Horizontal or
Vertical GI Mesh strips in the Basin.
The Horizontal Mesh gives an increase in efficiency by
about 6 % and the average increase in the distillate output
was about 400ml per day thereby giving a percentage
increase in average distillate output by about 32% which is
an appreciable increase.
The Vertical Mesh gives an increase in efficiency by about
13 % and the average increase in the distillate output was
about 1000ml per day thereby giving a percentage increase
in average distillate output by about 85 % which is a very
significant increase.
The reason for Vertical Mesh performing better than
Horizontal Mesh is that the Vertical mesh inspite of having
same surface area as the Horizontal Mesh blocks lesser
radiation from falling directly on Basin Water. Therefore the
Vertical Mesh gives higher Water temperature (Tw) and
thereby higher distillate output (mew) and higher distillation
efficiency (η).
Economic Analysis shows that the payback period for
Horizontal Mesh is 8 months whereas the payback period
for Vertical Mesh is 3 months.
The Solar Still with Vertical Mesh can be used very
effectively to increase the distillate output and Distillation
efficiency especially for shallow depths of Input Basin
Water. Hence it can be recommended to use such type of GI
Basin Solar Still with Vertical Mesh to solve the drinking
water problem of communities where there is scarcity of
potable water.
NOMENCLATURE
mew = Distillate Output (ml)
η = Distillation Efficiency
I = Solar Insolation (W/m2
)
V = Wind Speed (m/s)
Tw = Water Temperature in the Basin (o
C)
Tg = Inner Glass Temperature (o
C)
Tv = Vapour Temperature (o
C)
Ta = Ambient Temperature (o
C)
L = Latent heat of Vaporization (J/kg)
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BIOGRAPHY
Prof. Madhur Shukla is Professor in
Mechanical Engineering and Dean of
Training & Placement at KDK College
of Engineering , Nagpur. He did his BE
in Mechanical Engineering from Govt
College of Engineering , Amravati,
Maharashtra in the year 1993 and ME in
Thermal Science from Faculty of Engg
and Technology , MSU , Vadodara,
Gujrat in the year 1995. He is having a
Teaching and Administrative experience of 18 years during
which he participated in various International and National
Conferences , Workshops, and STTP’s. He had also
attended the World Education Market at Lisbon, Portugal as
a part of the Team of Engineering Colleges of Maharashtra
in the year 2003. He is a member of various Professional
Organizations including The Institution of Engineers India
(IEI), Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE),
National Society of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power
(NSFMFP) , Solar Energy Society of India (SESI) , The
Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE), etc.

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