An informatics perspective on argumentation mining - SICSA 2014-07-09
- 1. Jodi Schneider SICSA Workshop on Argument Mining: Perspectives from Information Extraction, Information Retrieval and Computational Linguistics Dundee, Scotland 9-10 July 2014.
- 2. Argumentation mining today • No unified vision of the field. Multiple: – Interrelated problems – Application domains – Tools handling one aspect of annotation • Few corpora • Need for – Common definition(s) of argumentation – "Challenge problems" – Shared corpora – Applications
- 3. Argumentation mining today • No unified vision of the field. Multiple: – Interrelated problems – Application domains – Tools handling one aspect of annotation • Few corpora • Need for – Common definition(s) of argumentation – "Challenge problems" – Shared corpora – Applications
- 4. Evidence Informatics • How do we support people in making evidence-based decisions? • This includes supporting their arguments!
- 5. Informatics Perspective 1. Analyze requirements 2. Consider which argumentation models to use 3. Build a prototype support tool 4. Evaluate and iterate
- 6. Two examples of evidence informatics • Evidence about article quality in Wikipedia (PhD) • Evidence about pharmaceutical drug interactions (ArgDiaP 2014)
- 8. Which content belongs in Wikipedia?
- 9. Tasks using evidence & arguments • Convince others of your position, using community norms • Determine the overall consensus decision
- 10. Compare two argumentation theories • Walton’s Argumentation Schemes (Walton, Reed, and Macagno 2008) – Informal argumentation (philosophical & computational argumentation) – Identify & prevent errors in reasoning (fallacies) – 60 patterns • Factors/Dimensions Analysis (Ashley 1991; Bench-Capon and Rissland, 2001) – Case-based reasoning – E.g. factors for deciding cases in trade secret law, favoring either party (the plaintiff or the defendant).
- 11. Walton’s Argumentation Schemes Example Argumentation Scheme: Argument from Rules – “we apply rule X” Critical Questions 1. Does the rule require carrying out this type of action? 2. Are there other established rules that might conflict with or override this one? 3. Are there extenuating circumstances or an excuse for noncompliance? Walton, Reed, and Macagno 2008
- 12. “Rule” Argumentation Scheme “Arguments about Deletion: How Experience Improves the Acceptability of Arguments in Ad-hoc Online Task Groups” CSCW 2013
- 13. “Evidence” Argumentation Scheme “Arguments about Deletion: How Experience Improves the Acceptability of Arguments in Ad-hoc Online Task Groups” CSCW 2013
- 14. Evidence + Rule -> Conclusion “Arguments about Deletion: How Experience Improves the Acceptability of Arguments in Ad-hoc Online Task Groups” CSCW 2013
- 15. Supporting Tasks with Walton • Convince others of your position, using community norms – To win an argument, use popular schemes: • Argument from Evidence to Hypothesis (19%) • Argument from Rules (17%) • Determine the overall consensus decision – Ask critical questions to check others' arguments
- 16. Example factors analysis (Aleven 1997) Aleven 1997
- 17. Wikipedia Factors Analysis Factor Example (used to justify 'keep') Example (used to justify 'delete' Notability Anyone covered by another encyclopedic reference is considered notable enough for inclusion in Wikipedia. There is simply no coverage in reliable sources to establish notability. Sources Basic information about this album at a minimum is certainly verifiable, it's a major label release, and a highly notable band. There are no independent secondary sources (books, magazine articles, documentaries, etc.) about her. Maintenance …this article is savable but at its current state, needs a lot of improvement. Too soon for a page likely to be littered with rumour and speculation. Bias It is by no means spam (it does not promote the products). The article seems to have been created by her or her agent as a promotional device. **Other I'm advocating a blanket "hangon" for all articles on newly-drafted players it appears to be original research by synthesis Deletion Discussions in Wikipedia: Decision Factors and Outcomes. WikiSym 2012.
- 18. Supporting Tasks with Factors • Convince others of your position, using community norms – To win an argument, talk about the right topics • Notability, Sources, Maintenance, Bias • Determine the overall consensus decision – Group messages by factor – summarize prevalence
- 20. Argument Schemes vs. Factors? • Argument Schemes Details of how to put together an argument – Could support WRITING detailed arguments – Critical Questioning • Factors Topics of discussion – Basic support for writing arguments – Summarization supports decision-making
- 21. Jodi Schneider, Carol Collins, Lisa E Hines, John R Horn, and Richard Boyce 12th Argumentation, Dialogue, Persuasion conference (ArgDiaP 2014) Warsaw, Poland 2014-05-25
- 22. Goal: Support evidence-based updates to drug-interaction reference DBs • Make sense of the EVIDENCE – New clinical trials – Adverse drug event reports – Drug product labels – Updates to regulatory information (U.S. FDA,…) – … • Significant discrepancies between different drug-interaction reference DBs http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=183454
- 23. Drug Interaction Knowledge Base (DIKB) - Boyce 2007-2009 – Hand-constructed knowledge base – Safety issues when 2 drugs are taken together – Focus is on EVIDENCE
- 24. • Evidence
- 26. Direct Annotation with Domeo http://swan.mindinformatics.org/ Paolo N Ciccarese
- 27. Textual quotes
- 28. Micropublication: Claim + Support (e.g. Attribution) Micropublications: a Semantic Model for Claims, Evidence, Arguments and Annotations in Biomedical Communications Tim Clark, Paolo N. Ciccarese, Carole A. Goble http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3506
- 29. Constructs claim-argument network across scientific papers Micropublications: a Semantic Model for Claims, Evidence, Arguments and Annotations in Biomedical Communications Tim Clark, Paolo N. Ciccarese, Carole A. Goble http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3506
- 30. Model Data, Methods, Materials, References Micropublications: a Semantic Model for Claims, Evidence, Arguments and Annotations in Biomedical Communications Tim Clark, Paolo N. Ciccarese, Carole A. Goble http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3506
- 31. Micropublications Ontology Micropublications: a Semantic Model for Claims, Evidence, Arguments and Annotations in Biomedical Communications Tim Clark, Paolo N. Ciccarese, Carole A. Goble http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3506
- 32. Methods Methods section of challenge graph
- 33. "escitalopram does not inhibit CYP2D6" Support graph Challenge graph
- 34. From individual documents to a searchable claim-argument network • "Pay as you go" annotation of source documents with Domeo & Micropublications • Generates claim-argument network – Supports & challenges – Materials, methods, data – Quotes linked into the graph – … within & across documents • Query support
- 35. Argumentation Mining papers Arguing on Wikipedia • “Arguments about Deletion: How Experience Improves the Acceptability of Arguments in Ad-hoc Online Task Groups” CSCW 2013. • “Deletion Discussions in Wikipedia: Decision Factors and Outcomes” WikiSym2012. Arguing in Social Media • “Dimensions of Argumentation in Social Media" EKAW 2012 • “Why did they post that argument? Communicative intentions of Web 2.0 arguments.” Arguing on the Web 2.0 at ISSA 2014 Arguing in Reviews • “Identifying Consumers' Arguments in Text” SWAIE 2012 • “Semi-Automated Argumentative Analysis of Online Product Reviews" COMMA 2012 • “Arguing from a Point of View” Agreement Technologies 2012 Structuring Arguments on the Social Semantic Web • “A Review of Argumentation for the Social Semantic Web” Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 2013. • “Identifying, Annotating, and Filtering Arguments and Opinions in Open Collaboration Systems" 2013 Thesis: purl.org/jsphd • “Modeling Arguments in Scientific Papers” at ArgDiaP 2014 http://jodischneider.com/jodi.html
- 37. Example: "Stop at a red light" 1. Does the rule require carrying out this type of action? Were you driving a vehicle? 2. Are there other established rules that might conflict with or override this one? Did a police officer direct you to continue without stopping? 3. Are there extenuating circumstances or an excuse for noncompliance? Were you driving an ambulance with its siren on? Critical Questions from Argument from Rules based on Walton, Reed, and Macagno 2008
- 38. How to win an argument (Arucaria)? Classifying Arguments by Scheme. Vanessa Wei Feng. Master's thesis, Toronto, 2010.
- 39. Argumentation mining could be the basis for support tools • Help participants write persuasive arguments – How: provide personalized feedback on drafts – Requires: knowing which arguments are accepted; identifying argumentation in a drafts • Find weaknesses in others’ arguments – How: suggest & instantiate relevant critical questions – Requires: identifying argumentation schemes • Summarize the overall conclusions of the debate – How: identify the winning and losing rationales – Requires: identifying rationales and contradictions
- 40. Experts vs. Novices • Experts were more likely to use – Argument from Precedent • Novices were more likely to use – Argumentation from Values – Argumentation from Cause to Effect – Argument from Analogy
- 41. Unsuccessful arguments from novices • Emsworth Cricket Club is one of the oldest cricket clubs in the world, and this really is worth a mention. Especially on a website, where pointless people … gets a mention. • Why just because it is a small team and not major does it not deserve it’s (sic) own page on here?
- 42. Newcomers don't understand how to counterargue
- 43. Wikipedia Factors Analysis Factors determined by iterative annotation 4 Factors cover – 91% of comments – 70% of discussions “Other” as 5th catchall Factor Example (used to justify `keep') Notability Anyone covered by another encyclopedic reference is considered notable enough for inclusion in Wikipedia. Sources Basic information about this album at a minimum is certainly verifiable, it's a major label release, and a highly notable band. Maintenance …this article is savable but at its current state, needs a lot of improvement. Bias It is by no means spam (it does not promote the products). **Other I'm advocating a blanket "hangon" for all articles on newly-drafted players
Editor's Notes
- #2: http://www.sintelnet.eu/content/arguing-web-20-0 15:50-16:10: 15 min + 5 min for questions Full paper online at: http://jodischneider.com/pubs/issaargweb2014.pdf Abstract: The Web is an open platform where users are free to publish their own opinions, to discuss the latest news, to write reviews about a service or product. Given the growing number of online platforms allowing such interactions, it is becoming more and more important to support users in understanding the meaning of such conversations by identifying the context of the discourse, and the evidence and background knowledge required to evaluate the proposed arguments. In this paper, we suggest recording the rough context with communicative intentions to help classify arguments on the Web. We describe five communicative intentions: recreation, information, instruction, discussion, and recommendation. We suggest that this classification can help identify and analyze messages for the Argument Web. In particular, we discuss the suitable combinations of natural language processing techniques and argumentation-based reasoning to support users in understanding the discussions.
- #8: Envisioning argumentation and decision-making support for debates in open online collaboration communities
- #11: Categories (Walton’s argumentation schemes) vs. process (factors analysis)
- #12: Major Premise: If carrying out types of actions including A is the established rule for x, then (unless the case is an exception), a must carry out A. Minor Premise: Carrying out types of actions including A is the established rule for a. Conclusion: Therefore, a must carry out A.
- #15: We would count this as an Argument from Rules
- #20: Factors provide a good way to organize the debate; Filtering discussions based on each factor can show the rationale topic by topic, which supported decision making in a pilot user-based evaluation 16 of 19 participants (84%) preferred
- #40: When the argumentation scheme used in a draft message is not generally accepted, the author could be warned that their message might not be persuasive, and given personalized suggestions Listing these questions in concrete and contextualized form (drawing on the premises, inference rules, and conclusions to instantiate and contextualize them) would encourage participants to consider the pos- sible flaws in reasoning and might prompt partici- pants to request answers within the debate. Macro- argumentation, such as the factors analysis de- scribed above, would be a natural choice for sum- marization, as it has already proven useful for fil- tering discussions. A more reasoning-intensive approach would be to calculate consistent out- comes (Wyner and van Engers, 2010), if debates can be easily formalized.