An Introduction to HDTV Principles-Part 4

Dr. Mohieddin Moradi
mohieddinmoradi@gmail.com
Dream
Idea
Plan
Implementation
1

2
https://www.slideshare.net/mohieddin.moradi/presentations

− SDTV Overview
− HDTV Standards and Definitions
− Genlock and Synchronization
− The Color Bars Test Signal Specifications and Applications
− Up, Down & Cross Converting
− Sampling, Fourier Transform, Aliasing and Moire Pattern
− Interlacing and De-interlacing
− Video Scaling and Edge Enhancement
− Frame Rate Conversion
− Signal Quality in HDTV Production and Broadcast Services
− HD Cables and Connectors, Some Production Issues
Outline
3

Analog and Digital Triax Systems
5
– Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-,
radar-, and broadcast systems.
– Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low-
and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through
cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by
radar or transmitters.
– The voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high
(up to 180V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance
power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer).
– Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special
precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc.
to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions.
CCUTX-50 Camera

6
Digital Triax system
– In digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from.
Analog Triax system
– In analog Triax system each signal is modulated on a different carrier signal so they do not interfere with
each other (Isolated shields allow the triax to provide multiple functions over one cable through
multiplexing techniques).
– This allows the signals to be combined together and transmitted through the same wire.
– Since only one wire is used in a Triax cable, this allows a wide diameter, low loss wire to be used.
– Using a wide diameter wire naturally results in longer transmission distances without a signal level drop.
– The core provides both power and signal connections, with the return for the power being provided
through the inner screen.
– The outer sheath is commonly used as a protective earth conductor.
Analog and Digital Triax Systems

7
Analog Triax Systems
Transmission distances have been measured up to 1700 metres, typically 1500 metres, depending
on camera and CCU, using the combined triax HD pro+ system.

9
Triax HD PRO +: Electrical properties
Triax HD PRO +: Electrical properties
Triax Cable Specifications Example

10
– The screening factor is the ratio of the longitudinal E.M.F. (Electric and magnetic fields) induced in a
copper circuit in the presence a screen, compared to the induced voltage in the absence of a screen.
– The high-quality screening ensures an exceptionally high noise-immunity in an electromagnetic
environment without emitting interferences on other systems.
Screening Factor
The higher the screening factor, the
better the noise-immunity of the cable.

11

12

13
Velocity of Propagation (VP) — The transmission speed of electrical energy in a length of cable compared to
speed of light in free space. Usually expressed as a percentage.

14
Watertight self-latching triaxial connectors
with alignment key for TV camera
applications (European standard)
Waterprotected self-latching
triaxial connectors for TV
camera applications.
Watertight self-latching triaxial
connectors with alignment key for TV
camera applications (UK standard).
Waterprotected self-latching triaxial connectors
for TV camera applications. (US standard.)
Watertight self-latching coaxial and triaxial
connectors for TV camera applications.
Triaxial 75 Ω Triaxial 75 Ω
Triaxial 50 and 75 Ω
Triaxial 75 Ω Coaxial 75 Ω
Triaxial 75 Ω
LEMO Coaxial / Triaxial Connectors

15
Triaxial Connectors for Broadcasting European Standard 4E Series
– 4E Series (75 Ω) for TV camera applications.
⇒ Designed for harsh environments, the 4E Series connector guarantees a protection index of IP66 (IP Code, or Ingress
Protection Code).
⇒ The 4E Series has blind mating possibility.
⇒ The rugged metallic outer shell provides superior protection against rough working conditions as well as outstanding
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) protection.

16

17
Triaxial Connectors For Broadcasting BBC Standard 4M Series
– 4M Series (50 Ω / 75 Ω) for video applications.
⇒ The 4M Series have been especially designed for triaxial video cameras in harsh environments.
⇒ These connector models are triaxial and available with either 50Ω or 75Ω contact.
⇒ The connector outershell has a mechanical keying to avoid both connector/contact rotation and signal interruption.
⇒ Being equipped with a rugged housing, the 4M series have a high index protection of IP66.
⇒ The 4M.650 (50Ω version) has been adopted by the BBC as its standard for studio and outside broadcast cameras.

18
Triaxial Connectors For Broadcasting USA Standard 4A Series
– 4A Series (75 Ω) for TV camera applications.
⇒ Especially conceived to connect Triax television cameras to their control equipment, the 4A Series connectors are
widely used by the most important manufacturers of professional video cameras.
⇒ It can either be used outdoors or indoors. This Series is compatible with the Kings TRI-LOC KP80●● Series.

19
Coaxial & Triaxial Connectors For Broadcasting 3T Series
– 3T Series (75 Ω) for TV camera applications.
⇒ Particularly intended for outdoor use, the product range of coaxial and triaxial connector of the 3T Series
guarantees a protection index of IP66 as per IEC 60529 standard (the classification of degrees of protection
provided by enclosures for electrical equipment with a rated voltage not exceeding 72,5 kV).

20
REDEL T7 Series
– REDEL's engineering department, in cooperation with LEMO's R&D Laboratory.
⇒ This new connector series is totally compatible with the existing REDEL F series.
⇒ These connectors are used in all triax HDTV applications.
⇒ They guarantee a protection index of IP68 (standard IEC 60529) and adapt to a larger range of triaxial cables.

21
REDEL T7 Series

22
Belden Connector Cross Table

23
Triaxial Cable Termination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS5jnfmvEyI

24
SMF (Single Mode Fiber)
– The relatively small core found in singlemode fiber only allows one path of light directly down the center of the core.
⇒ This keeps the signal intact for up to 100 km and beyond.
MMF (Multi-Mode Fiber)
– The term multimode comes from the fact that light can travel in more than one path through the core of this fiber.
⇒ The relatively large core allows light to travel both straight down the center or to bounce from side to side in a zigzag pattern.
⇒ Up to 300m (at 10 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s data rates), Much less bandwidth, Easier to work with in terms of flexibility and robustness
Fiber Cables Types
MMF Grades (OM3 & OM4) (Optical Multi-mode)
• OM4 <3.0 dB/km (more widespread)
• OM3 <3.5 dB/km (more popular with the advent of 40 GbE and 100
GbE networks)

Fiber Cables Types
25
Input
multi-wavelength light
Single-wavelength light
Output
Dispersion
Dispersion
Dispersion
Unusable
Maximum Achievable
Light traveling from side to side takes longer going down the fiber than
light traveling straight so the signal at the end of the fiber is dispersed.

26
ST - Straight Tip Bayonet
• ST connectors have a key which prevents rotation of the ceramic ferrule, and a bayonet lock similar
to a BNC shell. Singlemode or Multimode.
LC - Lucent Connector
• Due to their small size; LC are often found on High-density connections, SFP and SFP+ transceivers
and XFP transceivers with a small form-factor. Singlemode or Multimode.
Neutrik OpticalCON Rugged LC
• In a broadcast environment, the opticalCON connector from Neutrik incorporates duo or quad
standard optical LC-Duplex connectors in a rugged metal housing. A shutter system protects the
connection from dirt, dust and damage. Single or Multimode.
SC - Subscriber Connector
• SC connectors offer excellent packing density, and their push-pull design reduces the chance of
fiber end face contact damage during connection. Singlemode or Multimode.
SMPTE Hybrid 304M Connector
• Developed by Lemo to meet the SMPTE 304M standard for HDTV camera fiber links in the broadcast
market, the connector incorporates two singlemode fibers, two power conductors and two low
voltage conductors in a single connector. Singlemode only.
Common Fiber Optic Connector Types
Lerno 3K.93C SMPTE 304M connector

The SFP — Small Form-factor Pluggable (hot-pluggable transceiver)
SFP (100 Mb/s to 8 Gb/s)
SFP+ (10 Gb/s)
– Data rates up to 16 Gb/s (For broadcasting and media IP routing for 10 GbE connectivity)
– Multiple different variants (and vendors) that are not all interoperable
– It is wise to select products compliant with the SFP MSA (multisource agreement) and/or are IEEE 802.3ae designated types.
– Common types are
• SFP+10 GbE-SR (Short Range)
• SFP+10 GbE-LR (Long Range)
• SFP+10 GbE-ER (Extended Range)
– Typical maximum link lengths specified are 300m over OM4 MMF (SR), 10 km (LR) and 40 km (ER) over SMF.
SFP28 (25 Gb/s) [One 28 Gb/s lane: 25 Gb/s + error correction]
– SFP28 has the same common form factor as the SFP+, but supports 25Gb/s over a single lane.
QSFP (Quad-SFP) (QSFP-40G, QSFP-100G)
– Four standard SFP type devices integrated in a single “pluggable” package [4x (TX + RX)].
• 4x 1 GbE Channels = QSFP
• 4x 10 GbE Channels = QSFP+
• 4x 25 GbE Channels = QSFP28
27

28
– The ferrule is a small cylinder used to mount the fiber and acts as the alignment mechanism. The end of
the fiber is located at the end of the ferrule.
– The fiber comprises 2 layers: the cladding and the core.
⇒ The cladding is a glass layer surrounding the core, which prevents the signal in the core from escaping.
⇒ The core is the critical center layer of the fiber and the conduit that light passes through.
Fiber Connector
Particles closer to the core will have
more impact than those farther out.

29
• The ferrule is a small cylinder used to mount the fiber
and acts as the alignment mechanism.
• The end of the fiber is located at the end of the ferrule.
• The ferrule is the housing for the exposed end of a fiber,
designed to be connected to another fiber, or into a
transmitter or receiver.
Fiber Optic Ceramic Sleeve
Fiber Connector
(split sleeve)

30
Flat Fiber Connector
• When two of them are mated it naturally leaves a small air gap between the two ferrules; this is partly because the relatively large end-face of
the connector allows for numerous slight but significant imperfections to gather on the surface. <-20dB Back Reflection.
PC - Physical Contact
• Slightly convex surface with the apex of the curve accurately centered on the fiber, mated fiber cores come into direct contact with one
another. <-40dB Back Reflection.
UPC - Ultra Physical Contact
• Higher grades of polish give less insertion loss and lower back reflection.
• May also be called SPC - Super Physical Contact. <-50dB Back Reflection
APC - Angled Physical Contact
• Polished at an angle to prevent light that reflects from the interface from traveling back up the fiber. Generally, angle-polished connectors have
higher insertion loss than straight physical contact. Only mate to other angle-polished connectors. <-60dB Back Reflection.
Fiber Optic Connector Polish Types
Apex of the curve
FLAT PC UPC APC
Flat Fiber Connector Physical Contact (PC) Fiber Connector Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) Fiber Connector Angled Physical Contact (APC) Fiber Connector
Back Reflection

Wavelength Multiplexing Systems
33
Multiplexing
– “Multiplexing” is a technology that allows multiple signals with different wavelengths to be transmitted
together over a single optical fiber.
– Three general types of multiplexing — WDM, CWDM and DWDM — offer increasing signal-carrying
capacities, as described below
1- Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
– WDM is the simplest form of multiplexing and uses two wavelengths of 1310nm and 1551nm (Allows 2
signals to be multiplexed).

34
2- Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM), Standard: ITU G695
– CWDM systems use 8 wavelengths (20nm grid) primarily between 1471nm and 1611nm.
– It is also possible to add 8 more between 1271nm and 1451nm to allow a maximum of 16 wavelengths to be carried as a
single multiplexed transmission.
– The E- and U/XL-bands have typically been avoided because they have high transmission loss regions.
Center wavelengths of CWDM
O-band: Original band
E-band: Water peak band
S-band: PON (passive optical network) downstream
L-band: Low attenuation
C-band: Lowest attenuation

35
2- Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM), Standard: ITU G695
– Canare’s CWDM optical converter uses a DFB (distributed feedback) laser, which offers a much tighter spectrum than FP
(Fabry-perot) lasers.
– Up to 16 different wavelengths fall within 1271nm and 1611 nm in 20nm intervals.
– The wavelengths in the 20nm grid between 1391nm and 1411nm are not used because their proximity to the water peak
results in too much attenuation.
Optical Fiber Transmission Loss Characteristics
O-Band: 1270nm to 1370nm
E-Band: 1371nm to 1470nm
S-Band: 1471nm to 1530nm
C-Band: 1531nm to 1570nm
L-Band: 1571nm to 1611nm

36
3- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
– The differences between CWDM vs DWDM lie in channel
spacing, transmission distance, modulation laser, costs,
etc., which has reflected in their practical applications.
– CWDM systems use 8 wavelengths (20nm grid) primarily
between 1471nm and 1611nm.
– PacketLight’s DWDM over CWDM solution enable to
increase the exiting CWDM network capacity by
inserting into any of the of the 4 CWDM wavelengths -
1531nm, 1551nm, 1571nm and 1591nm - a set of
additional 8 DWDM wavelengths, separated from each
other by 0.1nm.
Mapping DWDM Channels Within
the CWDM Wavelength Spectrum
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM

37
3- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), ITU G694 Standard
– In practice, DWDM frequency is usually converted to wavelength.
– DWDM typically has the capability to transport up to 80 channels (wavelengths) in what is known as the Conventional
band (C-band) spectrum, with all 80 channels in the 1550 nm region.
– Allowing huge amounts of data to travel in one single network link, DWDM is ideal for long-haul transmission as the
wavelengths are tightly packed together.
Conventional band (C-band) spectrum
• ITU G.694.1 standard DWDM region is from
1528.77nm to 1563.86nm that resides mostly within
the C band (C-Band: 1531nm to 1570nm).
• DWDM can have 100GHz (0.8 nm) wavelength
spacing for 40 channels, or 50GHz (0.4 nm)
spacing for 80 channels.

38
Single Fiber vs Dual Fiber
– Single Fiber Transmission
• Single fiber transmission method, namely, is a kind of bi-directional
communication over one single fiber.
• This system utilizes two identical sets of wavelengths for both directions over a
single fiber.
• Individual channels residing on the single fiber system may propagate in either
direction.
– Dual Fiber Transmission
• The dual fiber transmission method is comprised of two single fibers—one fiber is
used for the transmit direction and the other is used for the receive direction.
• In a dual fiber transmission system, the same wavelength is normally used in both
the transmit and receive directions.
• The second fiber may serve as
 a backup fiber as in a redundant system
 it may provide an optical path in the opposite direction.

Reasons for Migrating to Fiber Optics
39
– Trunk lines carry many different kinds of signals—
video, synchronization, audio, control, power
supply—and consequently they’re usually
comprised of numerous different types of cables.
– But, converting these disparate signals into
optical signals and transmitting them using fiber
optic cables greatly reduces the need for so
many specialized cables.
– Converting trunk lines to fiber optics makes it
much easier to design and upgrade equipment
and systems, because once laid these lines can
be used with considerable flexibility. Example of an Optical Fiber Trunk Line
Fiber optic systems are used in signal transmissions within a single
broadcast station, or between a main building and an annex building.

Important Fiber Optic Line Considerations
40
1- Minimum Light Receiving Power
– In optical transmission, transmission quality is evaluated by the relationship between “light receiving
power” and “error rate.”
– Error rate is dependent upon the signal to noise ratio (S/N), but since the noise level is thought of as being
at a set level independent of the signal strength, the strength of the signal (light receiving power) at the
receiver influences S/N considerably, in turn affecting the error rate.
– Therefore, to maintain a specified transmission quality, it is necessary to design light receiving power to be
above the minimum light receiving power of the receiver.
Wavelength= 1310 nm
Wavelength= 1200-1620nm

41
Wavelength= 1310 nm
Wavelength= 1200-1620nm
1- Minimum Light Receiving Power
– Red graph: we can estimate that to get an error rate of
2 × 10−18
(to ensure a probability of 1 for transmission
errors during 10 years of continuous operation), the light
receiving power of the OE-151 must be set greater than
-24.3dBm assuming the signal source and EO-100B are
connected by a coaxial cable 1 meter in length (SMPTE
connection standard).
– Blue graph: we can estimate that If the signal source
and EO-100B are connected by a coaxial cable 190
meters in length, then the OE-151 light receiving power
must be more than -23.6dBm, from which we can see
that the light receiving power deteriorates by about 1dB
as compared with the connection standard.
1m
190m

42
2- Loss Budget (LB)
– Loss budget is the difference between the optical power output (P1)
from the EO converter and the light reception sensitivity (P2) of the OE
converter. Example
– In EO/OE system design, following parameters have to be calculated
so that they are less than the loss budget (LB) of the optic link.
⇒ cable attenuation loss
⇒ connector insertion loss
⇒ fusion splice connection loss
⇒ Mux/Demux insertion loss
– For HD/SD-SDI system, since the Mux/Demux loss is greater than that of
the fiber attenuation loss, it would be essential to consider such loss
elements when you configure the system.
𝑳𝑩 = 𝑷𝟏– 𝑷𝟐
Loss Budget Diagram

Example:
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
43
Example of Using CWDM (Canare)
Canare

44
Optical Fiber Transmission System
4K Studio Camera

45
Optical Fiber Transmission System
Fiber Bandwidth (>100GHz.km)
4K Studio Camera

46
− With its unmodulated, uncompressed, and
widest band-transmission capability, optical
fiber transmission offers a range of benefits for
HD content creation.
– Optical transmission systems send the raw
signal data converted into light, while triax
systems electrically modulate the signal,
resulting in generation of noise.
– The electric-to-light and light-to-electric
conversion of an optical transmission system
does not generate any noise.
– The optical fiber cable itself is a very thin and
flexible glass fiber, which is just as easy to
handle as a conventional triax cable.
Hybrid Fiber-Optic Camera Cable Specifications

47
– The hybrid fibre optic cable and connectors are more expensive than Triax cabl.
• In fact the difference in price between digital-grade RG-11/U triax cable and the hybrid fibre optic cable is very
small (both around £3 - £6 per metre depending on quality).
• The cost of a pair of triax connectors is around £100.
• The cost of a pair of SMPTE hybrid Fibre Optic connectors, including fibre optic contacts, is around £170.
– The termination of this type of cable is more complex, and time consuming.
• The termination + test cost of a pair of triax connectors is around £110, and the cost to terminate + test a pair of
SMPTE Hybrid fibre optic connectors is around £250.
– The termination tooling required is much greater.
• The tooling required to terminate hybrid connectors using the standard epoxy and polish contact is approximately
£14K (comprising Polishing machine/jig @ £11,500, curing oven @ £500 and general tooling £2000 approx).
– The test equipment necessary to ensure that all is working correctly is more expensive.
• The Fibre Optic test equipment costs approximately £13K (Loss test set, video inspection scope, OTDR (optical time-
domain reflectometer), Return Loss meter).
– Contacts get dirty easily and are difficult to keep clean.
Price Date: 2007
Curing Oven
Polishing Machine
Test Equipment

48
Polishing head for SMPTE optical fibre cables Polishing LC connectors
SMPTE Ferrule Polishing
SMPTE Ferrule Polishing

49
DAISI-V3, Digital Automated Interferometer and Microscope for Surface Inspection
− The ultimate production interferometer for measuring end-face geometry on single fiber and MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer
Registered Jack) connectors, equipped with a revolutionary “no-exterior-moving-parts” mechanical design.
Hybrid Fiber-Optic Camera Cable Specifications MT-RJ

50
DAISI-V2

51
SMPTE Fibre Termination Service from Canford
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioWwCD0085U

52
Grass Valley LDK 6000
RG-11/U type 75 ohm triax cable.
Max Distance: 1000m
Grass Valley LDK 6000
Max Distance: 1000m
Repeater
$18,500
Max Distance: 1000m
Max Distance: more than 1000m

53
– Where the cameras are powered over the hybrid cable from the CCU, distances of over 2 km are
commonplace.
– The distance in this case is only limited by the voltage drop in the electrical power part of the hybrid cable
assembly.
– In the event that distances greatly in excess of 2km are required special 12mm diameter “long haul”
cable, with double the number of power conductors is available.
– Some HDTV camera manufacturers have decided to go almost exclusively for fibre-based systems (e.g.
Sony, Ikegami) and, using locally powered cameras, the digital HDTV signal can be sent well over 20km of
single mode fibre, without the need for a repeater.
External Power

54
Fiber-optic is future-proofing
– With regard to installations, equipping new studios, OB vans or sporting venues solely with triax limits the
possibilities of the type / manufacturer of camera systems which could be used.
– The single mode fibres used in the ARIB / SMPTE hybrid cable specification have a very high bandwidth
(>100GHz.km) which is much greater than required for today’s HDTV systems
⇒ Excellent Level of “Future-proofing“.
Braid Shield
PVC Outer Jacket
Single Mode Fibers
(blue, yellow)
Paper Tape Barrier
2×Copper (gray, red)
Nylon Filler
Central Strength Member
4×Copper (black, white)

• 2 Single-mode fibers:
– 9.5 µm/125 µm
– Wavelength 1250-1625 nm.
– ≤0.8 dB/Km
• 2, 4 or 8 Power conductors (Auxiliary Conductors according to standard):
– Voltage: 600 Vac
– Current: 10 A
– Section: 0.6 mm2
• 2 Low Voltage conductors (control or signal):
– Voltage: de 42 Vac a 60 Vac
– Current: 1 A
– Section: 0.22 mm2
55
Hybrid Fiber-Optic Camera Cable Specifications, SMPTE 311M
Braid Shield
PVC Outer Jacket
Single Mode Fibers
(blue, yellow)
Paper Tape Barrier
2×Copper (gray, red)
Nylon Filler
4×Copper (black, white)
Braid Shield
PVC Outer Jacket
Single Mode Fibers
(blue, yellow)
Paper Tape Barrier
4× Copper (gray, red)
Nylon Filler
2× Copper (black, white)

56
Hybrid Fiber-Optic Camera Cable Specifications, SMPTE 311M
– The primary English language specification for HDTV broadcast cables is SMPTE 311M -1998, with 6 main
manufacturers of the cable but each with varying properties. Some are more suited to indoor applications
and some to the harsher outside broadcast environment.
⇒ For outside broadcast, tensile strength, crush resistance, abrasion and tear resistance and repeated
bend/twist capability are all critical features.
⇒ For in building use greater flexibility and flame / smoke retardence are required.
– Factors that affect cable reliability are:
• Extent of braid coverage - SMPTE states 82% which is probably too low for OB.
• Fibre material - e.g. pvc jacketed vs. nylon jacketed.
• Cushioning material - polypropylene vs. cotton
• Cable manufacturing construction. Fibre is delicate and excessive movement within the cable can result in micro-
bending of fibre and signal failure - good cable construction and materials is essential for reliability.
Braid Shield
PVC Outer Jacket
Single Mode Fibers
(blue, yellow)
Paper Tape Barrier
4× Copper (gray, red)
Nylon Filler
2× Copper (black, white)

− SMPTE 304M connector is a hybrid connector that includes both fiber, power, and low voltage control
signal all in one.
− It defines hybrid connectors, which contain a combination of electrical contacts and fiber-optic contacts
for single-mode fibers.
− The connector described in this standard is intended for use primarily with the hybrid fiber optic camera
cable described in SMPTE 311.
57
SMPTE 304 Hybrid Electrical and Fiber-Optic Connector

58
Field Termination Approaches
– If an O.B cable gets damaged, the best solution is to run out a spare factory terminated cable.
– The tooling required to terminate hybrid connectors using the standard epoxy and polish contact is
approximately £14K (comprising Polishing machine/jig @ £11,500, curing oven @ £500 and general tooling
£2000 approx).
– There are occasions when “field termination” might be needed, which can be provided by fowling
options:
1) pre-terminated contacts (cleave and crimp pre-terminated contacts)
2) fibre splicing (fusion splice)
− For both the pre-terminated contact and fusion splice options it is beneficial to have fibre optic test
equipment available as outlined above, though not absolutely necessary.
Price Date: 2007

59
1- Cleave and crimp pre-terminated fibre optic contacts
− The tooling used for this repair is much less expensive (approximately £2000), and a single quick-repair
connector can be fully terminated in approximately 45 minutes.
− The crimp and cleave style contacts have a relatively short life and should really only be used as a “get
out of trouble” repair, not a permanent solution.
− The cable should be fully re-terminated when time permits, either in-house with the full tooling and trained
personnel or by sending the cable to a suitable termination house for repair.
Connector Crimp and Cleave
Pre-terminated Contacts
Crimp & Cleave Termination Instructions
Price Date: 2007

60
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjWbkKe954E
Cleave and Crimp Pre-terminated Fibre Optic Contacts

61
2- To fusion splice fiber cable to factory made patch cords
− By means of a portable automatic fusion splicer it can be field terminated, making it suitable for projects
where application constraints prohibit the use of pre-terminated camera cables.
− This requires a fusion splicer costing around £8000.
− Fusion splices combine the best of pre-terminated contacts and continuous fibre connectors.
− Spliced fibre connections, protected by LEMO's 3K.93C connector shells, have negligible insertion loss, and
are not affected by temperature extremes.
The hand-held Fitel S153-HD Fusion Splicer
Price Date: 2007

62
Fusion Splicing for LEMO's Fibre Optic Connectors and Cables
− On-site fusion splicing eliminates the difficulty of polishing.
− The pre-polished fibre contacts are tested and inspected to ensure
100% compliance.
− Use splicing technology with cables, patch panels and bulkhead
mounted connectors.
− Pull cable through conduit to required lengths (or laid-in cable)
and terminate on-site rather than pre-ordering complete cable
assemblies with estimated lengths.
− This eliminates waste and the potential for damaged connectors.
− Use this system to splice other standard 125μm fibres with 250μm
and 900μm coatings.
Extended shell & midpiece for fusion splice process
(a spliced fiber contact connector)

Exclusive Fusion Splicing Technology for LEMO's
– The LEMO has partnered with 3SAE Technologies, Inc., offering an exclusive breakthrough technology
allowing for both factory and on-site termination by replacing the fiber optic connector polish process
with a spliced fiber contact connector.
– This process removes the need for the fiber epoxy and polish process, allowing for a quicker and simpler
termination process for build-to-order, installation, or field repair applications.
– This termination process makes it much easier to attach or repair SMPTE connectors in the field due to the
simplicity, portability, and reliability of fusion splicing.
– This fusion splicer also achieves water resistance compliant to IPX2 and dust resistance compliant to IP5X.
63
The hand-held Fitel
S153-HD Fusion Splicer
Splice Time: 9 to 11 seconds
Heating Time: 25 to 31 seconds

64
LEMO’s Compact Splice Tray (CST)
− LEMO’s Compact Splice Tray (CST) offers users the ability to quickly and easily install a space saving and
robust HD video bulkhead interface solution without compromising performance.
− Splice Cassettes, often called organizers or splice trays, are designed to house and protect your splice
protectors and manage the incoming and outgoing fibres.

65
Camplex 6" LEMO FXW to Duplex ST Fiber
& Blunt Lead Power Breakout Cable
Camplex FCS015A-FR Hybrid Fiber Optic Receptacle
Breakout Cable SMPTE/ARIB with ST Female Connector
Camplex LEMO PUW To Dual ST In-Line
Fiber Optic Breakout Cable - 75 Foot
Camplex Lemo F2 SMPTE 3K.93C Pre-Polished
Fusion Splice Kit (Yellow & Blue Fiber Pair, 6")

66
How to Fusion Splice Two Optical Fibres
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekzlonBS7d8

67
Water Ingress and Cleaning
– Proper termination of the cable is essential to prevent water ingress and/or damage to fibre within the
connector.
– Secure water proof end caps are essential to prevent dirt and water getting in to the unconnected ends.
– Any connector that is filled with water will have problems if it is used to handle power.
– In some cases hybrid cable assemblies have somewhat unjustly earned a reputation for being unreliable.
In fact most problems that arise can be attributed to the fibre optic ferrule endfaces becoming dirty.
 The first rule is “inspect the endface and if it isn’t dirty don’t touch it”.
 If the fibre is dirty it needs to be cleaned
 The cleaning process is simple and quick, with minimal tooling required.
Blanking caps
Gaiters
AFC-3000-LEMO
SMPTE 304M Lemo Connector
Ferrule Cleaning Gun

68
How to Clean LEMO SMPTE 304M Connectors?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qXgg-m6LDI

69
Inspecting & Cleaning Lemo SMPTE Fiber Optic Connectors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAKojH6I8SA&t=1s

70
LEMO Connectors - Fibre Optic Contact Cleaning Guide
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9nYt3gsXK8

1- Expanded beam contact (Lensed)
⇒ Cleaning simple with no special cleaning materials required
⇒ Good back reflection results
⇒ More expensive
⇒ More complicated to terminate
⇒ Larger than other options
⇒ High attenuation - limited number of connections per system feasible
⇒ Not field repairable/Not compatible with global standard
71
Different Types of Broadcast Connectors
Expanded Beam uses a lens in front of the fiber to
collimate the light coming out of the fiber.
HX-1080 Plug and bulkhead assembly
showing blind mate thumb feature and
interchangeable color identification system.
Back Reflection
HX-1080 Bulkhead Panel mount detail

72
2- Butt joint, pre-terminated contact – 1.25mm ferrule.
⇒ Good attenuation
⇒ Can be field terminated
⇒ Push-pull for quick connection
⇒ High price
⇒ Larger than other options
⇒ Limited life - should only be used for emergency repair
⇒ Not compatible with global standard
⇒ High yield
PRE-TERMINATED F2 FIBRE OPTIC CONTACT

73
3- Butt joint contact (Lemo 3K.93C)
⇒ Excellent attenuation - multiple links feasible (e.g. 10 connections)
⇒ Smallest size (compatible with cable diameter)
⇒ Simple to clean
⇒ Proven reliability – global standard
⇒ Push-pull for quick connection.
⇒ Could not be field terminated (until now)
Axial Spring
Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
Alignment Sleeve Connector Assembly
Ferrule
Lemo 3K.93C

74
In terms of size and performance the critical differences between the major makes of hybrid connectors
currently available are as follows:
– Attenuation (typical)
• LEMO 3K.93C: 0.1dB
• Stratos HX-1080: 0.75 dB
• Fischer 1053: 0.5dB
– Return loss (typical)
• LEMO 3K.93C: > 45dB
• Stratos HX-1080: > 45dB
• Fischer 1053: > 50dB
– Size
• LEMO 3K.93C: 94mm long x 19.5mm dia
• Stratos HX-1080: 158mm long x 35mm dia
• Fischer 1053: > 101mm long x 23mm dia
– Mating endurance
• LEMO 3K.93C: > 20,000 cycles
• Stratos HX-1080: > 2,000 cycles
• Fischer 1053: > 500 cycles

75
How to mate and unmate LEMO SMPTE 304M fiber connectors?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-m6cwIFhCM&list=ULqTvN99EcBMg&index=149

76
LEMO SMPTE Connectors
Main Features:
• Hybrid with:
– 2 fibre optic contacts
– 2 signal contacts
– 2 power contacts and ground
• Push-Pull self-latching
• Keying W code
• Over 11 shell styles
• Stainless steel shell
• Temp. range -55°C to 90°C
• Shielded
• Conform to ARIB standard
• Conform to SMPTE 304 standard
(Conforms to the Japanese ARIB technical
report BTA S-1005B, to the ANSI/SMPTE 304 M-
1998 and 311M-1998 standards and to the
European EBU Technical Recommendation
R100-1999.)
• Pre-terminated contacts available
• Fusion splice
• UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
approved
• IP68
• For cable ø 8.6 to 16 mm
Main Features:
• Hybrid with:
– 2 fibre optic contacts
– 2 signal contacts
– 2 power contacts and ground
• Push-Pull self-latching
• Keying W code
• Over 11 shell styles
• Stainless steel shell
• Temp. range -55°C to 90°C
• Shielded
• Conform to ARIB standard
• Conform to SMPTE 304 standard
(Conforms to the Japanese ARIB technical
report BTA S-1005B, to the SMPTE 304
standard and to the European
EBU Technical Recommendation R100-
1999.)
• UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
approved file E119802
• IP68
• For cable ø 8.6 to 9.5 mm
(2017)
(3K.93C.Y)

77
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector

78
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector
– LEMO developed the 3K.93C Series connectors in the early stages of the introduction of HDTV, becoming
the standard for high-definition TV.
– The LEMO 3K.93C connector was specifically designed and has been proven to meet all the requirements
of all the ARIB, SMPTE and EBU Standards.
• ARIB Technical Report BTA S -1005B: Interconnection for HDTV studio equipment
• SMPTE Standard SMPTE 304M-1998: Broadcast cameras - Hybrid Electrical and Fibre Optic Connector
• SMPTE Standard SMPTE 311M-1998: HD Hybrid Camera Cable
• EBU Technical Recommendation R100 -1999: Connectors for camera cables with fibre optic
transmission
Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)

79
– Specially designed to cope with the heavy demands of outside broadcast.
– The cable fully meets the requirements of the SMPTE 311M standard for camera cables.
– Primary features and benefits of this cable are:
⇒ High durability construction.
⇒ Excellent flexing and twist capability coping with rough handling by rigging crews.
⇒ Superior load bearing capabilities – can be driven over by trucks whilst in operation.
⇒ High tensile strength.
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, NORTHWIRE Hybrid Camera Cable
LSZH: Low Smoke Zero Halogen
PUR (polyurethane) for high flex
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

80
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, SMPTE 311M and ARIB Cable Assemblies
• "Aramid" is formed from "aromatic
polyamide".
• Aramid Fibers, trade names
Kevlar®, Twaron®, Nomex®,
Technora®
• Aramid fibers are a class of heat-
resistant and strong synthetic
fibers.
• They are used in aerospace and
military applications, for ballistic-
rated body armor fabric and
ballistic composites, in marine
cordage, marine hull
reinforcement, and as an asbestos
substitute.

81
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, Hybrid HDTV Fibre Optic Cable Part Number

82
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, Hybrid HDTV Fibre Optic Cable Part Number

83
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, Part Number

84
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, Part Number

85
Typical Layouts For HDTV Systems with Recommended Lemo Connector
Outside Broadcast Van
Stadium
FXW PUW PUW
PUW PUW FUW
FMW
FMW
FMW FUW
FUW EDW
EDW
PEW SPLICE OPTICAL

86
Typical Layouts For HDTV Systems with Recommended Lemo Connector
Studio
FXW PUW
PUW
PUW FUW
FUW PEW
EDW
FMW
FMW
OPTICAL CABLE SPLICE

87
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, Accessories
Bend relief Bend relief with cap for FUW plug Bend relief with cap for PUW free socket Coloured ring for
bend relief with cap
Blanking caps Gaiters Spring loaded dust cap
for EDW and EBW
Cable drum for
SMPTE cable
Patch panel Integrated 3U panel with splice
tray and connector junctions

88
– A compact solution for Sony, Grass Valley™ SD/HD camera based systems.
– This compact «plug and play» transmission system provides a fibre link between Triax cameras and OB
vans.
LEMO 3K.93C Series Connector, MEERKATTM HD converter

89
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector

90
– The 3K.93C.Y Series connector was designed in 2017.
– The new design has less components and offers innovative features- including the FS contact. The FS
contact is a re-design of the original F2 contact developed in 1992.
– The simplified FS contact has a reduced number of components and fits into a new connector shape.
– The downside is no component or spare part is compatible with the previous LEMO connector version.
– The new insulator is made in two sections and the sideways insertion of the optical contacts prevent any
push-back on the optical contacts.
– No more optical extractor are required to remove these contacts.
Advantages:
⇒ New design allows easy fibre length adjustment.
⇒ No more half shells are required.
⇒ Increased space for the fibres to move “more” freely in the connector.
⇒ Reduced curing time for the optical contacts (new design allows epoxy to cure within 20 minutes).
⇒ Simplified potting of the rear of the connector, offering extended resistance.

91
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector, SMPTE 311M and ARIB Cable Assemblies

92
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector, Hybrid HDTV Fibre Optic Cable Part Number

93
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector, Part Number

94

95
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector, Related Tools
Fibre shield for oven curing (only 3K.93C.Y)
Alignment device tool Cleaning kit F2/FS contact
• Simple tool with two threaded end for installation/extraction of the
F2/FS contact alignment device.
• For use with WST.KI.125.34 kit above.
• Fibre optic cleaning kit of 2 cotton
buds, 1 dry and 1 being soaked in IPA
(Isopropyl Alcohol) used for cleaning
the fibre optic contacts
Fibre Optic one-click cleaner
• Insert the one-click cleaner into the insulator and
push until an audible “click” is heard.
• The cleaner uses a mechanical push action to
advance an optical grade cleaning tape.
• More than 500 cleaning per cleaner.
• Product includes special LEMO F2/FS ferrule adaptor.
Video inspection viewer
• A portable fibre optic viewer for F2/FS contact consisting of
handset probe, LCD display, ferrule tips for LEMO contacts &
software & United States - AC power supply all in a rugged case.
• European power supply version (WST.FB.CI1.10EU2).
• An optional USB capture device is also available (part number:
WST.FB.CI1.00USB2).

96
LEMO 3K.93C.Y Series Connector, Related Tools
Cable puller
The LEMO cable puller, is a pull through tool that
allows passing the cable through narrow sections
and protects the optical fibre during installation.
HD cable tester
• This cable tester provides a quick and easy means of checking the functionality of HD
hybrid fibre cables and cable systems.
• A laser source checks the fibres giving an indication of the attenuation through the
whole cable or cable system, and electrical tests check for continuity of both the
power and control conductors.
Repair kit for plug FUW.3K.93C.YSKC96 or free socket PUW.3K.93C.YSKC96

Canare HFO (Hybrid Fiber-Optic) Camera Cables (SMPTE 311M)
97
– LF-2SM9N
• For general use
• Abrasion-resistance Jacket enhance the adaptability to all studio and outside broadcast applications.
• Cost effective
– LF-2SM9
• For fixed installation
• Smooth PVC Jacket brings stress-free cabling.
– LF-2SM16
• For studio use
• O.D. 16mm Double Jacket prevents the cable from being jammed under a camera pedestal dolly.

Canare HFO Camera Cables (SMPTE 311M)
98
• Standard and widely-used models.
• Heat shrink tubes help in labeling.
• FCC**A-WJ prevents the cable from being jammed under a camera pedestal dolly
by its O.D. 16mm double jacket.
• 7-color connector rings included.
* TAJIMI compatible type (Canare OC series) is also available.

Canare Slim HFO Camera Cable (SMPTE 311M)
99
– LF-2SM7N
• O.D. 7 mm of slim profile and approx. 40% lighter than LF-2SM9N.
• Best fit for mobile applications.
• The power transmission distance is approx. twice as long as its the previous model (LF-2SM7R).

100
• Equipped with slim and lightweight cable.
• FCC100-7N is approx. 5 kg lighter than typical 100m HFO camera cable as FCC100N.
Note: The power transmission distance of FCC**-7N is approx. half of that of the FCC**N.
* TAJIMI compatible type (Canare OC series) is also available.
FCC**-7N F5-FCC10-7N
Canare Slim HFO Camera Cable (SMPTE 311M)

Canare Tough & Flexible HFO Camera Cable (SMPTE 311M)
101
Thermoplastic polyurethane type jacket offers amazing flexibility and superior mechanical properties; crush resistance,
Impact Resistance and Cyclic Flexing exceed that of MIL.
– LF-2SM9T
• Heavy-duty yet Flexible.
• Ideal for remote broadcast applications.
– LF-2SM7T
• Flexible, Slim, Lightweight, and moreover, Heavy-duty.
• Fiber units include tensile strength fiber.
• Ideal for short-distance remote broadcast applications of up to 200 meters.
• O.D. 7.1mm and weighing only 5.3 kg/100 m, it’s so easy to carry around.

102
Canare Tough & Flexible HFO Camera Cable (SMPTE 311M)
• Tough & Flexible cable
• Fit for mobile applications in harsh environments.
Note: The power transmission distance of FCC**-7T is quite shorter than typical HFO camera
cables.
FCC**-7T

Canare HFO Camera Cable Assemblies (Flanged Type)
103
– HFO camera cable with the flange for panel mounting.
– SMPTE 304M, 311M, and ARIB BTA S-1005B compliant.
– Return loss: 45dB or greater (λ=1.3μm) .
– Insertion loss: 0.5dB or less (λ=1.3μm) .
– Connector body material is stainless steel.
– Color rings and insulation plates included.

– Ideal for connecting wall terminal panels to splice enclosures, etc.
– Return loss: 45dB or greater (λ=1.3μm) .
– Insertion loss: 0.5dB or less (λ=1.3μm) .
– Connector body material is stainless steel.
– Insulation plates included.
Canare Tough & Flexible HFO Camera Cable
104

Canare Insulation Plate and Extraction Tool
105
– Insulation Plate
• Ideal for perfect insulation between individual connector and panel.
• Material: Bakelite (phenolic resin)
• Mounting screws included.
– Extraction Tool
• Extraction tool helps easy to clean Canare HFO connectors.
• Tool to be used to release the alignment sleeve unit when cleaning HFO connectors.
* Use the CLETOP 2.5/2.0 (100) cleaning stick to clean fiber-optic camera connectors.

Canare HFO Camera Connector Panels
106
COPS3-FM3

Canare HFO Camera Connector Panels
107

108
Canare HFO Splice Enclosures
– The enclosure is used to protect fusion splice connection parts after
installation.
– The enclosure is designed with two configurations, the top-bottom
split design (FCE-2, FCE-4) and the removable panel design (FCE-6).
– The connection with hybrid fiber-optic receptacle cable is done by
use of connectors, thus enabling easy interchanging of lines after
installation.
– The special tools are required for installing the nylon connectors.
⇒ Models: AMP91529-1 (26 to 22 AWG) and AMP91536-1 (20 to 16 AWG)

109
Canare HFO Camera Cable Checker
– Canare Cable Checker allows fast, easy confirmation of HFO cables in the field.
– The compact design features a backlight digital display to measure optic loss/power and electrical
continuity. It can Measure optical loss and power in addition to electrical signals

110
Maintaining Hybrid Fiber-Optic Camera Connectors
– The connector sections to be cleaned are the key parts, including
⇒ the tips and sides of ferrules
⇒ the interior walls of alignment sleeves
⇒ the interior and exterior of connector shells
– Note that scratches and particles of foreign matter on the tip of the ferrule can have a disabling effect on
fiber-optic transmission.

111
– The following procedures should be used when cleaning hybrid fiber-optic camera connectors.
⇒ For Plugs, the interior surfaces of alignment sleeves and the tips of ferrules are to be cleaned with the
non-alcohol treated cleaning stick using a gentle stroking action.
• Canare FCFA and FCFRA enhance easy cleaning procedure for its innovative alignment sleeve and insulator
detachable design. (US Patent: No.7241055B2, JP Patent: No.4340186)
⇒ For Jacks, it is important to clean both the tips and sides of the completely protruding ferrules with the
cleaning stick.
⇒ Both the male and female connector shells tend to attract dust and metal particles, so it is important
to clean both the insides and outsides using cotton gauze or similar material.
Plug
Jack
Protruding Ferrule

112
– Cleaning Stick Model: CLETOP 2.5/2.0
• Compact and disposable
• Allows cleaning both the tips and sides of ferrules
• Manufactured by NTT-AT
– IBC Brand Cleaner M-20, Model: 14347 CLEANER
• Easy “one-push” cleaner
• Allows cleaning the tips of ferrules without removing alignment sleeve
• Manufactured by US Conec.

113
Canare SMPTE Connector Cleaning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yDpmnkcROw

114
Canare Fiber-optic Assemblies (Single/Dual Channel)

115
Canare Fiber-optic Assemblies (Multichannel Fantails)

Professional Cables and Connectors
− Coaxial Cable and BNC Connectors
− Fiber Optical and Fiber Connectors
− Triax Cable and Triax Connector
Industrial and Domestic Cables and Connectors
− HDMI
− DisplayPort
− DVI
− USB
− VGA
− Thunderbolt
− i-Link, Firewire, IEEE1394
Different Types of Connectors
116

Coax
− Cable Run Lengths
− Follow SDI Presentation
Fiber
− Terminations
− Cleaning
− Testing
− Environment
Triax
– Analog and Digital
Studio Infrastructure - Cabling
117

For Testing Fiber cables
− Optical Test Source
− Power Meter
− Attenuator
− Return Loss Meter
For Testing SDI
− SDI infrastructure at higher data rate.
− Contain very high frequency harmonics.
− Difficult to check with normal test equipment.
− Cable Clones
− Need to measure.
• Eye Height
• Jitter
• Noise
• Frequency response
Test Equipment
118

-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
270 Mb/s
1.5 Gb/s
3Gb/s
12Gb/s
24Gb/s
Gb/s
SMPTE 424M
2006
SMPTE 292M
1998
SMPTE 259M
1989
SMPTE 2082
2015
119
SMPTE 2083
2015…
Level A -- 143 Mb/s
Level B -- 177 Mb/s
Level C -- 270 Mb/s
Level D -- 360 Mb/s
Belden 1855
46 m
Belden 1855
66 m
Belden 1855
236 m
Belden 1855
34 m
Belden 4731R/4731ANH
117m
CANARE L-8CUHD
148m
PERCON VK 90 Silver+
173m
SDI Cables and Connectors

SDTI (Serial Digital Transport Interface)
− SDI (SMPTE-259M): is used to carry baseband video & audio
− SDTI (SMPTE-305M): is used to carry data.
• Uses SDTI header in the HANC.
• Payload is 180 Mbps (8-bit).
• Many different data types are defined.
 SX, DVCam (QSDI), DVCPro, MPEG (TS).
 General MPEG Data (SDTI-TS)
 Structured MPEG data (SDTI-CP), Packetised SDTI.
 Each data type intended for single application.
 HDCAM can be mapped onto SDTI (SMPTE 305.2M) (270Mbps serial data rate)
120
SDTI
Formatter
SDI
Encoder
Cable
SDI
Decoder
SDTI
Deformatter
SDI Infrastructure
Input
Data
Output
Data
1438
53
Basic structure of the Serial Data
Transport Interface (SDTI) signal

121
IEEE-STD-1394a-2000 [FIREWIRE400] IEEE-STD-1394b-2002 [FIREWIRE800]
FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006), FireWire S1600 and S3200 (2007)
IEEE1394, i-Link, Firewire

− Support and develop future
versions of the HDMI
Specification.
− Support the eco-system of
interoperable HDMI-enabled
devices.
− Foster broader industry
participation in the
development of future
versions of the HDMI
Specification.
122
HDMI Forum
www.hdmiforum.org

123
HDMI, High Definition Multimedia Interface
Standard (type A)
Typically used in TV sets
Micro (type D)
Typically used in mobile phones
Mini (type C)
Typically used in cameras
Automotive connection system (type E)
For internal connections

124

125
TMDS (Transition Minimized Differential Signaling)
− The color information is coded as 10-bit resolution by the so-called
TMDS® encoder for bandwidth minimization and DC balancing.
− TMDS Clock is 1/10 bit transfer rate.
− It uses current drive to develop the low voltage differential signal
(LVDS) at the receiver side of the DC-coupled transmission line.
− The link reference voltage 𝐴𝑉
𝑐𝑐 sets the high voltage level of the
differential signal.
− The low voltage level of the differential signal is determined by the
– current source of the transmitter
– termination resistance at the receiver
− The termination resistance (𝑅𝑇) and characteristic impedance of
the cable (𝑍0) must be matched.

126
HEC (HDMI Ethernet Channel)
It provides a 100Mbit/s bi-directional link. TMDS
TMDS (Transition Minimized Differential Signaling)
• An encoder for bandwidth minimization and DC balancing.
• It interleaves audio, video, and auxiliary data.
• During the video data period, the pixels of an active video line are
transmitted and during the horizontal and vertical blanking intervals,
audio and auxiliary data are transmitted within a series of packets.
• The control period occurs between video and data island periods.
DDC (Display Data Channel)
• It is a simple communication channel based on the Inter-
Integrated Circuit (𝑰𝟐𝑪) Protocol spec that enables the display to
communicate its supported display modes and enable the host
to adjust parameters such as brightness and contrast.
• The DDC carries two kinds of data: HDCP and EDID.
• EDID is the data that a display device sends to a source device.
ARC (Audio Return Channel)
It is an audio link meant to replace other
audio cables between for example the TV
and a speaker system.
CEC (Consumer Electronics Control)
• It is used to pass user controls to all interconnected electronic
devices.
• It provides high level control functions between all of the
various products in a user's environment.
• It allows the user to control up-to ten enabled devices
connected through HDMI.

127
HDMI
Transmitter
HDMI
Receiver
Display Data Channel (DDC)
CEC
TMDS Channel 0 (R V/H sync)
CEC
HEAC
(HEC/ARC)
HEAC
(HEC/ARC)
TMDS Channel 1 (G Control)
TMDS Channel 2 (B Control)
TMDS Clock Channel
HDMI Source HDMI Sink
CEC Bus
Utility Line/+5V
Detect High / Low
Hot Plug Detect Line
Video
Audio
Control/Status
Video
Audio
Control/Status
HDMI Anatomy (v1.4)
CEC (Consumer Electronics Control)
This protocol provides high level
control functions between all of the
various audiovisual products in a
user's environment.
HEAC (HDMI Ethernet and Audio Return
Channel)
It provides Ethernet compatible data
networking between connected devices
and an audio return channel (ARC) in
the opposite direction from TMDS.
The DDC carries two kinds of data:
HDCP and EDID.
Audio, video and auxiliary data is transmitted across the three
TMDS(Transition Minimized Differential Signaling ) data channels.
Extended Display Identification Data (EDID)
• It is a metadata format for display
devices to describe their capabilities to
a video source (e.g. graphics card or
set-top box).
• The data format is defined by a
standard published by the Video
Electronics Standards Association
(VESA).
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
(HDCP is the copyright data)
HDCP, EDID HDCP, EDID
• Audio Return Channel (ARC)
• HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC)

128
• TMDS: Transition Minimized Differential Signaling
• CEC: Consumer Electronics Control
• DDC: Display Data Channel
• SCL: DDC Clock
• SDA: DDC Data
• 𝑰𝟐
𝑪: Inter Integrated Circuits
⇒ The SCL (Clock) and the SDA (Data) are used to obtain the flat panel
display information for TV set using the I²C protocol.
• HEAC: HDMI Ethernet and Audio Return Channel
• ARC: Audio Return Channel
• HEC: HDMI Ethernet Channel

DDC (Display Data Channel)
− A pair of wires in HDMI interface.
− The DDC connects multiple devices on the same pair of wires.
− The protocol chosen by the DVI and HDMI to manage this multi-device two-way communication is 𝑰𝟐
𝑪.
− The DDC carries two kinds of data:
• EDID (Extended Display Identification Data) is the data that a display device sends to a source device
about its resolution, refresh rate, colour space, audio format and so on, so that the source device can
generate the required signal to match (It enable automatic detection of the monitor’s capability).
• HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) is the copyright data. First, the source device
requests the key from the display device and validates it. Then, the source device sends the
encrypted AV content over four TMDS pairs and the decryption key over the DDC.
129
TMDS

130
Set-up box
I'm a
protected
movies
I'm a TV
What are
you?
OK, show this
Television
HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)

131
I'm a
protected
movies
I'm a
recorder
What are
you?
You can not
record this!
Set-up box
Television

− High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection encrypts data over HDMI.
− HDCP helps bring high-definition digital content to consumers by providing copy protection over HDMI
− Developed by Intel Corporation to prevent copying of digital audio and video content as it travels across
HDMI, DVI etc.
− Supported by the majority of CE manufacturers, government and content providers.
− Emphasizes that HDMI is a smart cable
132

HDMI TMDS Clock to Pixel Relationship
− The color information is coded as 10-bit resolution by the so-called transition minimized differential signaling
(TMDS®) encoder for bandwidth minimization and DC balancing.
− TMDS Clock is 1/10 bit transfer rate
8 Bit Per Component Example:
• 8 bits per color = 24 bits per pixel
• Each 8 bit color value is coded as a 10-bit TMDS code, mapped to one Tx lane
• TMDS clock runs at 1/10 the serialized bit rate, so …
• 1 TMDS clock = 1 pixel
− For 1600x1200@24bpp, 60Hz refresh, pixel clock ~162MHz
− TMDS Clock = 162MHz; Bit rate per lane = 1.62GT/s
133

Low Voltage Differential Signal (LVDS) Driver.
− The differential signal helps to cancel noise and allows the use of lower voltages for signaling.
− Ultimately allowing for higher data rate.
134

HDMI Data Islands Related Packets
135
Active Video
Data island packets occur
in the vertical and
horizontal blanking
V
Sync
Pulse
Vertical Sync Delay(Lines)
Vertical Sync Pulse Width
(Lines)
Vertical
Blanking
Vertical Res
Active Lines
Vertical
Total Lines
Horizontal Blanking Horizontal Resolution - Active (Pixels)
Horizontal Rate
– Rate each line
Is rendered
Data Islands
Audio Sample Packets
Audio Clock Regeneration
Audio Channel Status
1
2
3
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
748
749
750
H Sync Delay (Pixels)
H Sync Pulse Width
HSYNC Pulse
≈ ≈ ≈

136

137

138
HDMI Cable Limitation
– HDMI is a fragile interface, not least because of the difficulties of manufacturing twisted-pair HDMI cable
to the fine tolerances required to handle the extraordinary bandwidth requirements of the HDMI signal.
– The primary limiting factor is cable length.
– 15m is generally considered the maximum reliable length, but in practice with higher resolutions and
frame rates, this limitation is much shorter.
– Several methodologies such as following approaches have been employed to reduce the error rate of
longer cable length.
• Improved cable deign and characteristics
• Active repeaters (error correction)
• Fiber optic encoder/decoder (replacing the cable altogether)

139
HDMI Cable Limitation
– The “Eye Pattern” is what the [TMDS] digital signal looks like on an oscilloscope.
– The traces of many 1s and 0 overlap together on the oscilloscope to form a pattern that resembles an eye
shape.
– The longer the cable length, the poorer the data signal will become.

140
HDMI version
1.0–1.2a 1.3–1.3a 1.4–1.4b 2.0–2.0b 2.1
Release date
•Dec 2002 (1.0)
•May 2004 (1.1)
•Aug 2005 (1.2)
•Dec 2005 (1.2a)
•Jun 2006 (1.3)
•Nov 2006 (1.3a)
•Jun 2009 (1.4)
•Mar 2010 (1.4a)
•Oct 2011 (1.4b)
•Sep 2013 (2.0)
•Apr 2015 (2.0a)
•Mar 2016 (2.0b)
Nov 2017
Signal specifications
Max. transmission bit rate (Gbit/s) 4.95 10.2 10.2 18.0 48.0
Max. data rate (Gbit/s) 3.96 8.16 8.16 14.4 42.6
Max. TMDS character rate (MHz) 165 340 340 600 N/A
Data channels 3 3 3 3 4
Encoding scheme TMDS TMDS TMDS TMDS 16b/18b
Encoding efficiency 80% 80% 80% 80% 88.8%
Compression – – – –
DSC 1.2
(optional)
Color format support
RGB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Y′CBCR 4:4:4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Y′CBCR 4:2:0 No No No Yes Yes
Color depth support
8 bpc (24 bit/px) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
16 bpc (48 bit/px) No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Color space support
SMPTE 170M Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ITU-R BT.601 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
sRGB No Yes Yes Yes Yes
xvYCC No Yes Yes Yes Yes
sYCC601 No No Yes Yes Yes
AdobeYCC601 No No Yes Yes Yes
Adobe RGB (1998) No No Yes Yes Yes
ITU-R BT.2020 No No No Yes Yes
Audio specifications
Max. sample rate per channel (kHz) 192 192 192 192 192
Max. aggregate sample rate (kHz) 768 1536 1536
Sample size (bits) 16–24 16–24 16–24 16–24 16–24
Maximum audio channels 8 8 8 32 3

141

142

HDMI 2.0a supports ST2084 (PQ) and ST2086 (Mastering Display Color Volume Metadata).
HDMI 2.0b followed up on HDMI 2.0a and added support for HLG and the HDR10 .
The HDMI 2.1 Specification will supersede 2.0b will support dynamic metadata and High Frame Rate.
143

144
HDMI 2.0a, HDMI 2.0b and HDMI 2.1
– HDMI 2.0a supports ST2084 (PQ) and ST2086
(Mastering Display Color Volume Metadata).
– HDMI 2.0b followed up on HDMI 2.0a and
added support for HLG and the HDR10 .
– The HDMI 2.1 Specification will supersede
2.0b will support dynamic metadata and
High Frame Rate.

145
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbXFHloybtE&feature=emb_title

1) Higher video resolutions support a range of high resolutions and faster refresh rates including 8K60Hz and
4K120Hz for immersive viewing and smooth fast-action detail.
1) Resolutions up to 10K are also supported for commercial AV, and industrial and specialty usages.
2) Dynamic HDR support ensures every moment of a video is displayed at its ideal values for depth, detail,
brightness, contrast and wider color gamut—on a scene-by-scene or even a frame-by-frame basis.
3) The Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable supports the 48G bandwidth for uncompressed HDMI 2.1 feature
support.
 Very low EMI emission
 Backwards compatible with earlier versions and can be used with existing HDMI devices.
4) eARC (Enhanced Audio Return Channel) simplifies connectivity, provides greater ease of use, and
supports the most advanced audio formats and highest audio quality.
 It ensures full compatibility between audio devices and upcoming HDMI 2.1 products.
146
HDMI 2.1 Specifications (2017)

5) Enhanced gaming and media features ensure an added level of smooth and seamless motion and
transitions for gaming, movies and video.
⇒ Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) reduces or eliminates lag, stutter and frame tearing for more fluid and
better detailed gameplay.
⇒ Auto Low Latency Mode (ALLM) allows the ideal latency setting to automatically be set allowing for
smooth, lag-free and uninterrupted viewing and interactivity.
⇒ Quick Media Switching (QMS) for movies and video eliminates the delay that can result in blank
screens before content is displayed.
⇒ Quick Frame Transport (QFT) reduces latency for smoother no-lag gaming, and real-time interactive
virtual reality.
147
HDMI 2.1 Specifications (2017)

Higher Resolutions and Faster Refresh Rates:
− HDMI technology enables end-to-end 8K and 4K solutions with higher refresh rates with a single upgraded
cable for seamless integration with the HDMI eco-system.
− In addition to 4K and 8K, a range of resolutions are supported including 5K and 10K.
− Multiple resolution support includes 5K and 10k resolutions for PC displays, digital signage, surveillance,
and various commercial and industrial AV solutions.
148
HDMI 2.1 Specifications

Higher Resolutions and Faster Refresh Rates:
− 8K60 enables smooth and sharp viewing of content with high-speed action
− 4K120 enables ultra fast-motion UHD images to be crisp and razor sharp – in particular sports, action
movies, high-performance gaming and VR benefit significantly.
149

Additional Supported Features and Capabilities (Dynamic and Static HDR, WCG):
− Both uncompressed and compressed bandwidth are supported and enabled to deliver a full range of
features
− Supports the latest color spaces such as BT.2020 with 10 or more bits per color and at higher frame rates
− The HDMI 2.1 specification supports multiple static and dynamic HDR solutions.
− Dynamic HDR enables a noticeable progression in overall video image quality from SDR to static HDR, and
now static HDR to dynamic HDR.
150
SDR Static HDR Dynamic HDR

Additional Supported Features and Capabilities (Dynamic and Static HDR, WCG):
151
Dynamic HDR ensures every moment of a video is displayed at its ideal values for depth, detail, brightness, contrast, and wider color
gamuts—on a scene-by-scene or even a frame-by-frame basis
Dynamic HDR image descriptor in metadata can be specific to each individual scene…or even on a frame-by-frame basis
frame-by-frame basis
Static HDR uses a single image descriptor in metadata that is a compromise that applies to every scene and every frame of the whole movie
Image descriptor

Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable:
− Supports the full range of uncompressed HDMI 2.1 Specification features including 8K video with HDR
− A more reliable high quality cable for robust, higher-bandwidth performance
− Exceptionally low EMI emitted by the cable minimizes adverse impacts on nearby devices.
− It features exceptionally low EMI (electro-magnetic interference) which reduces interference with nearby
wireless devices.
− Utilizes existing HDMI connectors Types A, C and D
− Includes the HDMI Ethernet Channel
− Cable is backwards compatible and can be used with the existing HDMI devices.
152
Up to 48Gbps bandwidth

eARC (Enhanced Audio Return Channel):
153
• An HDMI cable from an Xbox to be connected to the audio system
• An HDMI cable to send the video to the TV
• An optical cable to send the TV apps audio back to the audio system.
HDMI HDMI
Audio Cable
A traditional non-ARC setup
Built-in Tuner
Audio System
Xbox
• The HDMI cable connected to the TV can send the TV audio
back to the audio system.
• A two-way street, if you will.
• eACR can transfer audio over an HDMI cable from the TV’s
HDMI ARC port to a soundbar or receiver.
• This is practical when you want to output TV audio to an
external device.
A setup wit ARC
HDMI HDMI
Simplifies cabling by
combining the upstream
audio capability into a
single HDMI cable.
Built-in Tuner
Xbox
Audio System

− eARC simplifies connectivity, provides greater ease of use, and supports the most advanced audio
formats and highest audio quality.
− eARC is an HDMI 2.1 feature which ensures full compatibility between audio devices and upcoming HDMI
2.1 products.
154
Audio/video
Receiver

155

156
1. Connect the Sound Bar HDMI OUT eARC/ARC port
and the TV HDMI IN eARC/ARC port using an HDMI
cable.
2. Connect the playback device HDMI OUT port and
the TV or Sound Bar HDMI IN port using an HDMI
cable.
3. Enable the eARC function for the Sound Bar.
4. NOTE: The procedure for enabling the eARC
function will differ depending on the Sound Bar
model.
Sound Bar
Blu-ray Disc Player
TV

eARC Object-Based Audio Support:
− eARC supports the most advanced high-bitrate home theater audio formats, object-based audio,
uncompressed 5.1 and 7.1, and 32-channel uncompressed audio.
− Object-based audio provides an immersive multi-dimensional experience and enhanced audio detail
and depth
157

TOSLINK, ARC and eARC Comparison:
− The eARC Data Channel is a bi-directional, 1 MHz common mode signal which is transmitted over the
eARC (HEAC) differential pair. This channel provides auto discovery and other features listed above.
158
Function TOSLINK:
GOOD
HDMI-ARC:
BETTER
HDMI-eARC:
BEST
Cable Used Optical S/PDIF HDMI HDMI with Ethernet
Stereo Support Yes Yes Yes
Compressed 5.1 Yes Yes Yes
Uncompressed 5.1 No No Yes
Uncompressed 7.1 No No Yes
High Bitrate & object based up to 192kHz,
24-bit
(eg; Dolby Atmos®, DTS:X™)
No No Yes
Maximum Audio Bandwidth ~384 Kbits/second ~1 Mbits/second 37 Mbits/second
Discovery No CEC eARC data channel
eARC Capability (Audio EDID, etc.) None CEC eARC data channel
Lip Sync Correction No (Optional) (Mandatory)
TV Mutes & Controls Volume No Yes (CEC) Yes (CEC)
Powering TV Powers Audio Device No Yes (CEC) Yes (CEC)
ARC Fallback No N/A Yes
TOSLINK (from Toshiba Link)
It is a standardized optical fiber
connector system

Enhanced Refresh Rate Features:
− Ensure an added level of smooth and seamless motion and transitions for gaming, movies, and video.
159
Variable Refresh Rate (VRR):
− Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) is a gaming
feature which produces a more fluid and
better detailed gameplay experience.
− Variable Refresh Rate syncs up source and
display with continually changing refresh
rate, up to a frame-by-frame basis.
Variable Refresh Rate (VRR)

160
Frames transmitted as soon as
rendered without restraints
Variable Refresh Rate (VRR):
− 3D graphics processor transmits video frames at the moment
they are rendered, without being constrained to a fixed
output or frame rate.
− Each frame is rendered, delivered and displayed at its
optimal quality.
− Reduces or eliminates…
• Game interaction lag
• Frame stutter, skipping, and freezing
• Frame tearing

161
Quick Media Switching (QMS):
− With Quick Media Switching (QMS) a source device can instantly
switch the resolution or frame rate of its content without any display
blackout, such as when switching between 60fps and 24fps video.
− The QMS-capable system will:
 Instantly change refresh rate
 Eliminate screen blackout
 Provide seamless transition
− No matter the source or content –Quick Media Switching is super
smooth, eliminating delay that may result in display stutter or blank
screens before the content is displayed

162
Quick Frame Transport (QFT):
− Each video frame travels faster from the source even though the source does not increase its frame rate
and results in deceasing latency.
− This reduces lag for gaming, real-time interactive virtual reality, and enables more responsive karaoke.

Auto Low Latency Mode (ALLM):
− Auto Low Latency Mode (ALLM) allows the ideal latency setting to automatically be established for
various entertainment applications, allowing for uninterrupted viewing and interactivity.
− Auto Low Latency Mode enables latency mode auto-switching from applications such as movies and
video to low latency applications such as gaming and real- time interactive virtual reality.
− The latency setting is optimized for whatever application is used.
163
HDMI 2.1 Specification

− The Ultra High Speed HDMI Certification Program is a mandatory certification program for all Ultra High
Speed HDMI Cables; and ensures quality Ultra High Speed HDMI Cables reach the market and support 4K
and 8K video, HDR, VRR, eARC, and all other HDMI 2.1 features.
− Cables are also required to be tested and certified to ensure low EMI to reduce the possibility of
interference with wireless networks, streaming media players, Bluetooth devices and mobile phones.
− All certified cables of any length must pass certification testing at an HDMI Forum Authorized Testing
Center (Forum ATC).
− Once certified, cables will be required to affix an Ultra High Speed HDMI Certification Label to each
package or unit of sale enabling consumers to verify the certification status of the product.
164
Ultra High Speed HDMI® Cable Certification Program

− To identify the cable, make sure the packaging displays the required Ultra High Speed HDMI Certification
Label shown above.
− Please note the label includes the official Cable Name Logo printed on it. The name is also required to
appear on the outer cable jacket itself.
165
Ultra High Speed HDMI® Cable Certification Program

Format Data Rate
166

167
Data Bit Depth

− DVI can only support digital video, No HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection),
TMDS protocol.
− A single link DVI connection consists of four TMDS links; each link transmits data over one
twisted pair.
− A single link DVI employs a single 165 MHz transmitter that supports resolutions up to
1920×1200@60 Hz (2560×1600@ 30 Hz).
− In a Dual link DVI there is a second transmitter increasing the bandwidth and supporting
resolutions up to 2560×1600@60 Hz (3840 × 2400@ 30 Hz).
− There are several types of DVI connectors.
⇒ DVI-I (DVI-Integrated) combines digital and analog signals in the same connector
(digital may be single or dual link)
⇒ DVI-D carries digital signals only (single link or dual link).
⇒ DVI-A carries only analog signals.
168
Digital Video/Visual Interface (DVI)

169
Max Resolution Bandwidth Signal Types
Single link DVI-D 1920 x 1200 3.96 Gbit/s Digital
Single link DVI-I 1920 x 1200 3.96 Gbit/s Digital and Analog
Dual link DVI-D 2560 x 1600 7.92 Gbit/s Digital
Dual link DVI-I 2560 x 1600 7.92 Gbit/s Digital and Analog
Digital Video/Visual Interface (DVI)
A single link DVI connection consists of four TMDS links

What is a USB Type-c (2013)?
− USB 2.0 (up to 480 Mb/s): the main drawback is low currents (not more
than 500 mA), which often caused problems when connecting
external drives.
− USB 3.0 (Blue USB, up to 5 Gb/s, 8-pin): maximum current is 900 mA.
• Such a small current of 900 mA to power the laptop battery at 8000-
10000 mAh is clearly not enough).
• More demanding power accessories began to appear on the market.
• The manufacturers’ tendency to make devices thinner and more
compact forced them to abandon ports such as HDMI, Thunderbolt,
classic USB, Ethernet.
− USB Type-c: 24-pin in USB 3.1 Type C (to provide normal power supply).
171
USB, Universal Serial Bus
• 4 pairs of contacts provide power and ground
• 4 contacts are responsible for data transmission at
speeds less than SuperSpeed
• 8 pins transmit data at high speeds SuperSpeed
• 2 pins auxiliary
• 1 contact is responsible for data configuration
• 1 pin provides +5 Volt power for active cables
• 2 pins determine cable orientation (which side is
inserted)

172
• USB-C is the latest connector type developed by the USB
Implementer’s Forum (USB-IF).
• In their effort to consolidate many different capabilities
previously reserved for specific cables, into one standard
connector type, USB-IF’s new and rapidly evolving
standards have a lot of people wondering.
(Type C Type A)

176
USB4 data transfer modes

177
DisplayPort
− DisplayPort (DP) is a digital display interface developed by a consortium of PC and chip manufacturers
and standardized by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA).
− The interface can also carry audio, USB, and other forms of data.
− DisplayPort was designed to replace VGA, FPD-Link (Flat Panel Display Link), and Digital Visual Interface
(DVI).
− Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) is a miniaturized version of the DisplayPort audio-visual digital interface.
− The interface is backward compatible with other interfaces, such as HDMI and DVI, through the use of
either active or passive adapters. Mini DisplayPort

178
DisplayPort version
1.0–1.1a 1.2–1.2a 1.3 1.4–1.4a 2.0
Release date
May 2006 (1.0)
Mar 2007 (1.1)
Jan 2008 (1.1a)
Jan 2010 (1.2)
May 2012 (1.2a)
Sep 2014
March 2016 (1.4)
April 2018 (1.4a)
June 2019
Main link
Number of lanes 4 4 4 4 4
Maximum total bandwidth 10.80 Gbit/s 21.60 Gbit/s 32.40 Gbit/s 32.40 Gbit/s 80.00 Gbit/s
Maximum total data rate
8.64 Gbit/s
17.28 Gbit/s 25.92 Gbit/s 25.92 Gbit/s 77.37 Gbit/s
Encoding scheme 8b/10b 8b/10b 8b/10b 8b/10b 128b/132b
Auxiliary channel
Maximum bandwidth 2 Mbit/s 720 Mbit/s 720 Mbit/s 720 Mbit/s ?
Maximum data rate 1 Mbit/s 576 Mbit/s 576 Mbit/s 576 Mbit/s ?
Encoding scheme Manchester II 8b/10b 8b/10b 8b/10b ?
Color format support
RGB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Y′CBCR 4:2:0 No No Yes Yes Yes
Y-only (monochrome) No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Color space support
sRGB No Yes Yes Yes Yes
scRGB No Yes Yes Yes Yes
xvYCC No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Adobe RGB (1998) No Yes Yes Yes Yes
DCI-P3 No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Simplified color profile No Yes Yes Yes Yes
ITU-R BT.2020 No No Yes Yes Yes
Audio specifications
Max. sample rate 192 kHz 768 kHz 768 kHz 1536 kHz ?
Max. sample size 24 bits 24 bits 24 bits 24 bits ?
Maximum audio channels 8 8 8 32 ?
DisplayPort

179
Thunderbolt Technology
− Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Intel (in collaboration with Apple)
that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. Originally codenamed Light Peak.
− Thunderbolt is a high-speed protocol that can dynamically adjust data and video bandwidth depending
on the device and/or application.
− Intel developed Thunderbolt with Apple, and perhaps not coincidentally, OEM systems based on rival
AMD’s (Advanced Micro Devices) CPUs have never had this technology.
− AMD officials dismissed the need for Thunderbolt, even though officials indicated that they could ship
Thunderbolt controllers without the need to integrate them.

180
• Ice Lake is Intel's codename for the 10th generation Intel Core mobile processors (CPU).
• Tiger Lake is Intel's codename for the 11th generation Intel Core mobile processors (CPU).

181
Thunderbolt 3 includes USB 3.1

182
− Thunderbolt combines PCI Express (PCIe) and DisplayPort (DP) into two serial signals, and additionally
provides DC power, all in one cable (Dual-protocol (PCI Express and DisplayPort)).
− This two fundamental I/O protocol is combined in Thunderbolt technology within a single meta-protocol.

− Thunderbolt technology is based on a new architecture with full-duplex
links. Thunderbolt port is capable of providing the full bandwidth of the
link in both directions.
− The Thunderbolt protocol physical layer is responsible for link
maintenance including hotplug detection, and data encoding to
provide highly efficient data transfer.
− The heart of the Thunderbolt protocol architecture is the transport layer.
− DisplayPort and PCI Express protocols are mapped onto the transport
layer.
− Mapped protocol packets between a source device and a destination
device may be routed over a path that may cross multiple Thunderbolt
controllers.
184

− At the destination device, a protocol adapter recreates the
mapped protocol in a way that is indistinguishable from what
was received by the source device.
− Thunderbolt technology-enabled product devices appear as
PCI Express or DisplayPort devices to the operating system of the
host PC. So available standard drivers are capable of using
them.
− Host-side Thunderbolt controllers have one or more DisplayPort
input interfaces, a PCI Express interface along with one or more
Thunderbolt technology interface.
− A single chip, the host-side controller enables system vendors to
easily incorporate Thunderbolt technology into their designs.
185
Memory

187
Thunderbolt Technology, Thunderbolt 4

188
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBjJWEWU7Pk

189
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF9ppPaAmLY

190
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF6w1gyK5-c

− It is now basis of the USB4 protocol specification.
− The small lightning-bolt icon means that port will support everything from USB 3.2 to USB4, and a high-
speed Thunderbolt 4 cable will cover all of your bandwidth.
− Though Thunderbolt 4 and USB4 share the same underlying protocol, Thunderbolt 4 includes more
compatibility requirements than USB4 does.
191

192

193

194
Thunderbolt accessory configurations
− More Thunderbolt ports and more ways to connect than ever before

195
Thunderbolt family of accessories
− Thunderbolt 4 computers and cables are fully compatible extension to existing Thunderbolt 3 accessories
and cables.

196
Thunderbolt 4 modern docks
− Thunderbolt 4 docks offer up to four Thunderbolt 4 ports to simplify connectivity and redefine the modem
workspace.

197
Intel® Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O (VT-d): Enhancing Intel
platforms for efficient virtualization of I/O devices.
Intel VT-d enables protection by restricting direct memory access (DMA) of
the devices to pre-assigned domains or physical memory regions. This is
achieved by a hardware capability known as DMA-remapping.
Truly universal cable connectivity solution for work and play

198
How Thunderbolt 4 is different than Thunderbolt 3

199
What is new in Thunderbolt
− Same industry leading 40Gb/s performance and more
− Double the minimum video and data requirements of Thunderbolt 3
• Video: Support for two 4K display or one 8K display
• Data: PCIe at 32 Gb/s for storage speed up to 3000 MB/s
− Expanded End-to-End Solution Capabilities
• Accessories with four Thunderbolt ports
• Universal 40Gb/s cables up to 2 meters in length
• Required PC charging one at least one computer port (for thin and light notebooks that require less that 100W to
charge)
• Required PC wake from sleep when computer is connected to a Thunderbolt dock
• Required Intel VT-d based direct memory access (DAM) protection
− USB 4 Specification Compliant

Different Display Types
Type Pros Cons
Direct View (CRT)
Cheap (if you can find one)
Good resolution
Heavy, big (deep) , max screen size limited(20-30
inch), soon to be obsolete
LCD
Competitive price, suitable for rooms with high
ambient light, 30-50 inch
cool, low power
Motion blur more apparent than Plasma, better in
low light, Limited resolution
Back light life?
Colorimetry?
Plasma
Brighter colors, less motion blur, wider viewing angle,
30-50 inch
More power consumption than LCD, less
competitive price, Limited life?
Burn-in , Hot
Rear Projection Larger screen size at lower cost More bulky then flat panel, more components to fail
Front Projection Best solution for screens over 60 inches
Costly installation, not suitable for rooms with high
ambient light
201

Issues for Studio Projects
Infrastructure
Standards , Cabling, Patching , Routing ,Timing , Choice of HD Format
− Glue Products
− Cameras and Lenses
− VTRs and Hard Disk Recorders
− Character Generators
− Video Monitoring
− Audio Monitoring
202

Patching and Routing
− Routing
• Bandwidth requirements
• Switching speed
• Mixing Sources
− Patching
• Terminations
• Patch Panels
Timing
− Camera Timing
− Tri level syncs in HD signal
− BB is an SD signal
Studio Infrastructure
203

Glue products
− Time code Generators
− Sync Pulse Generators
− Quad/Multi-way splitters
Cameras and Lenses
− Studio floor and camera skirts
− Lenses must be up to the job
Video Monitoring
− Use of LCD/OLED on the increase
− Monitor Scanning Frequency range
− Switching HD/SD
− Aspect Ratio
Glues, Cameras & Monitors
204

Different Media Formats
Media Tape Hard Disk Optical Disc Solid State
Pros
Rugged,
inexpensive,
portable,
archive-able,
works across
the entire
production
chain
Fast read/write,
large capacity,
IT friendly
Rugged,
inexpensive,
portable, archive-
able, IT friendly
works across the
entire production
chain
Rugged, fast
read/write, small,
no moving parts,
IT friendly
Cons
Real-time
workflow,
humidity, IT
unfriendly
Heavy, fragile,
expensive, not
archive-able
Not as fast
read/write as HDD
or Solid-state
media
Expensive,
limited capacity,
not archive-able,
expensive
205

Issues for OB Unit
Cabling
Monitoring
− Different Display Quality
• Main Engineering Monitor
• Camera Line up monitor
• Program & Preview
• Audio Desk monitor for checking lip-sync
• Monitor splitters can introduce a further 2F delay
Synchronization
− HD and SD Signals being combined
− Up/Down Conversion delays
– SD out to monitor +1F delay
− Transcoding of different HD Formats (Standards Conversion ,Up and Down conversion)
− Audio/Video
– Lip Sync with 5.1 Audio 206

Standard stereo sound
− Based on digital AES/EBU signals
− 2 channels per AES/EBU conection
• Stereo pair on channel 1 and 2 (AES/EBU 1)
• Dolby E on channels 3 and 4 (AES/EBU 2)
− 20 or 24 bits per sample.
− 48kHz sample frequency.
− 32kHz and 44.1kHz sample rate converted to 48kHz.
− CD emphasis only but now not used very much.
Surround sound
− De-facto standard is Dolby E.
− 7.1 maximum.
− Normally used as 5.1.
− A few adopters using Dolby E as 5.1 + Stereo. Surround sound in HDCAM-SR
Audio Monitoring
207

HD In Practice
Camerawork
− Four times the resolution, Five times the pixels.
− Tight focus is really important.
− Tracking shots need careful focus control.
− Focus aids help a lot (viewfinder detail and crispening).
− Use skin detail, Requires good makeup.
Camera craft
− HD cameras have a different color gamut.
− Some customers find an improved red response.
− Greater care in handling human flesh tones.
(Also affects makeup)
− Viewfinders present particular challenges
− Viewfinder lag may require a degree of forward thinking.
− Resolution may not be good enough.
208

HD In Practice
Editing in HD
− Greater storage required.
− Higher bandwidth input/output required.
Lighting
− Increased lighting levels provide greater depth of field.
− HD has a greater sense of 3D without a narrow depth of field. We no longer need to use a shallow
depth of field to help create the 3D image.
− With HD a too shallow depth of field looks out of place.
− On HD productions we light to a higher level than is usual for our standard definition studios in order to
obtain a deeper depth of field.
209

HD In Practice
Makeup
− Broadcasters are realizing that makeup is important
• Increased resolution shows up facial features much more.
• The greater visual detail achievable requires a more evenly distributed make-up application method
for faces.
− Actors, presenters, and other on-screen talent
• Increased concern that HD will “age” them.
• Generating most requests for makeup training.
• Makeup mistakes show up to a greater extent.
− Makeup artists
• New techniques formally used in film.
• Finer makeup.
210

Questions??
Discussion!!
Suggestions!!
Criticism!!
211

An Introduction to HDTV Principles-Part 4

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to An Introduction to HDTV Principles-Part 4 (20)

More from Dr. Mohieddin Moradi (7)

Recently uploaded (20)

An Introduction to HDTV Principles-Part 4