An Overview on Nano-Technology

International Journal of Trend in
International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456
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An Overview o
A. C.
Department of BCA & MSC.SS, Sri Krishna Arts & Science College,
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is used to exploit matter
of a molecular, supramolecular and atomic scale. The
earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology
referred to the particular technological goal of
precisely exploiting atoms and molecules
fabrication of macro-scale products, also now referred
to as molecular nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very
broad, including fields of science as assorted as
surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology,
semiconductor physics, micro-fabrication, etc.
The associated research and applications are equally
assorted, ranging from extensions of conventional
device physics to completely new approaches based
upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new
materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct
reign of matter on the atomic scale.
Keyword: nano-scale, atomic scale, nano
molecular self-assembly, supramolecular.
INTRODUCTION
Rise of Nano-Technology:
The hypothesis that seeded nanotechnology were first
discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard
Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the
Bottom, in which he narrates the probability of
synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely
[1].
By Feynman's theory, K. Eric Drexler used the term
"nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which
proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Overview on Nano-Technology
C. Sountharraj1
, P L. Subramanian2
1
Assistant Professor, 2
Student
Sri Krishna Arts & Science College, Kuniyamuthur, Coimbatore
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is used to exploit matter
a molecular, supramolecular and atomic scale. The
earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology
referred to the particular technological goal of
precisely exploiting atoms and molecules for
scale products, also now referred
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very
broad, including fields of science as assorted as
surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology,
fabrication, etc.
The associated research and applications are equally
assorted, ranging from extensions of conventional
device physics to completely new approaches based
assembly, from developing new
ith dimensions on the nanoscale to direct
scale, atomic scale, nano-technology,
assembly, supramolecular.
The hypothesis that seeded nanotechnology were first
discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard
Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the
Bottom, in which he narrates the probability of
synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
technology" was first used by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known
By Feynman's theory, K. Eric Drexler used the term
"nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which
proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which
would be able to create a facsimile of itself and of
other items of whimsical complexity with atomic
control [2].
In 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute
(with which he is no longer affiliated) to help increase
public cognizance and understanding of
nanotechnology concepts and implications.
In the 1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the
growth of nanotechnology in modern aeon.
Initially, the invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope in 1981 which equip unparalleled
visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was
successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in
1989.
Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous
atomic force microscope that year [
Second, Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry
Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who
simultaneously won the 1996 No
Chemistry. C60 was not at the outset by the name
nanotechnology; the term was used concerning
subsequent work with related graphene tubes (called
carbon nanotubes and sometimes called Bucky tubes)
which is a proposed potential applications for
nanoscale electronics and devices.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT:
Nanotechnology is the controller of functional
systems at the molecular scale
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10
meter [4].
By resemblance, typical carbon
lengths, or the crevasse between these atoms in a
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
www.ijtsrd.com
6 | Sep – Oct 2018
Oct 2018 Page: 933
Kuniyamuthur, Coimbatore, India
would be able to create a facsimile of itself and of
r items of whimsical complexity with atomic
founded The Foresight Institute
(with which he is no longer affiliated) to help increase
public cognizance and understanding of
nanotechnology concepts and implications.
1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the
growth of nanotechnology in modern aeon.
Initially, the invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope in 1981 which equip unparalleled
visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was
nipulate individual atoms in
Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous
year [3].
Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry
Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who
simultaneously won the 1996 Nobel Prize in
was not at the outset by the name
nanotechnology; the term was used concerning
subsequent work with related graphene tubes (called
carbon nanotubes and sometimes called Bucky tubes)
which is a proposed potential applications for
nanoscale electronics and devices.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT:
Nanotechnology is the controller of functional
systems at the molecular scale
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9
, of a
By resemblance, typical carbon-carbon bond
lengths, or the crevasse between these atoms in a

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a
DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2
On the other hand, the tiny cellular life
bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around
200 nm in length
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
A sheet of newspaper is near 100,000 nanometers
thick
On a comparison scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the size of
the Earth
INVETIGATION approaches:
Nano material
Top down approches
Bottom up approches
NANO MATERIALS:
Interface and colloid science has given a better
advancement to abundant materials which may be
useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon
nanotubes and other fullerenes, and s
nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with
fast ion transport are also linked to nanoionics and
nanoelectronics
Evolution of applications engulf semiconductor
nanoparticles to be used in the succeeding
generation of products, such as display
technology, , solar cells and biological
imaging,lighting; see quantum dots.
Recent implementation of nanomaterials consist
of range of biomedical applications, such as tissue
engineering, drug delivery, and biosensors.
Zinc oxide:
Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain
resistant.
Silver ion:
Healing property
Aluminum silicate:
Scratch resistance
Gold ion:
Chip fabrication, drug delivery.
BOTTOM UP
In the bottom up approach non identical materials and
devices are formulated from molecular components of
their own. They chemically assemble themselves by
cognizing the molecules of their own breed.
0.15 nm, and a
helix has a diameter around 2 nm.
On the other hand, the tiny cellular life-forms, the
genus Mycoplasma, are around
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
A sheet of newspaper is near 100,000 nanometers
On a comparison scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the size of
Interface and colloid science has given a better
advancement to abundant materials which may be
useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon
nanotubes and other fullerenes, and sundry
nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with
fast ion transport are also linked to nanoionics and
Evolution of applications engulf semiconductor
nanoparticles to be used in the succeeding
generation of products, such as display
nology, , solar cells and biological
Recent implementation of nanomaterials consist
of range of biomedical applications, such as tissue
engineering, drug delivery, and biosensors.
Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain
In the bottom up approach non identical materials and
mulated from molecular components of
their own. They chemically assemble themselves by
cognizing the molecules of their own breed.
Examples of molecular self assembly
crick base pairing, nano-
TOP DOWN
In top down approach nano objects and materials are
generated by huge entities without bouncing its
atomic reactions usually top down approach is
rehearse less as liken to the bottom up approach.
Solid-state techniques can also be acquainted
with creating devices known as
nanoelectromechanical
which are affiliated to
systems or MEMS.
MEMS became empirical once they could be
fabricated using remold
fabrication technologies, normally used to
urge electronics.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE
There are several influential modern developments.
The atomic force microscope (AFM)
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
scanning probes that launched
[6].
Varity of assorted techniques of
such as:
Optical lithography.
X-ray lithography,
Dip pen nanolithography
Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer)
Were also developed.
Lithography in MEMS theme is typically the
relocation of a pattern into a photosensitive material
by selective exposure to a ra
light.
Why the properties of material/structure are
different at nanoscale?
Ratio of surface area to volume structure will be
increasing (most atom are at or close to the
surface which make them more poorly bonded and
more reactive)
Quantum mechanical effect are significant (size
and structure on the same scale as the wavelength
of electron and quantum confinement occurs
resulting in reshape of electronic and optical
property).
CARBON NANOTUBES ARE 20TIMES
STRONGER THAN STEEL.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 934
Examples of molecular self assembly are Watson
-lithoghraphy [5].
nano objects and materials are
generated by huge entities without bouncing its
atomic reactions usually top down approach is
rehearse less as liken to the bottom up approach.
can also be acquainted
with creating devices known as
electromechanical systems or NEMS,
which are affiliated to microelctromechanical
MEMS became empirical once they could be
fabricated using remold semiconductor device
fabrication technologies, normally used to
TECHNIQUE:
There are several influential modern developments.
atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are
that launched nanotechnology
Varity of assorted techniques of nanolithography
Dip pen nanolithography
Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer)
Lithography in MEMS theme is typically the
a pattern into a photosensitive material
by selective exposure to a radiation source such as
Why the properties of material/structure are
Ratio of surface area to volume structure will be
increasing (most atom are at or close to the
surface which make them more poorly bonded and
Quantum mechanical effect are significant (size
and structure on the same scale as the wavelength
of electron and quantum confinement occurs
resulting in reshape of electronic and optical
CARBON NANOTUBES ARE 20TIMES

FUTURE:
Nanotechnology may make it possible to
manufacture flimsier, strudy, and programmable
materials that entails less energy to produce than
conventional material and that promise
extraordinary fuel efficiency in land
transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
The future of nanotechnology could very well
comprises the use of nanorobotics.
These nanorobots have the latent to take on human
tasks as well as tasks that humans could never
complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone
layer could potentially be able to be accomplished.
There would be an purenano surgical field to help
cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to
bone spurs.
There would be almost nothing, that couldn’t be
patched up(eventually) with the establishment of
nano surgery.
DRAW BACK:
Nano-particles can get into the body through the
skin, lungs and digestive system, thus generating
free radicals that can engender of cell damage.
Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they
will be able to cross the blood-brain ba
The most menacing Nano-application used for
military purposes is the Nano-bomb
engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that
can persist in wiping out a community, country or
even a civilization.
Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can
be big threat for GRAY GOO [8].
CONCLUSION:
Nanotechnology is an innovative technology that has
just started; it is an anarchistic science that will
all what we recognized before. This innovative
technology will help us to keep ourselves healthy,
because of nano-robots which repair the damage in
our body. The other advantage is that it helps the
scientist to analyze the atoms in the substance and
make them smaller, lighter but yet a stonger substance
to be used in future, just with the help of
tubes that are known to be a hundred times stronger
than steel, in addition to that it is flexible too.
this new technology it is much more easy to convert
energy, for instance the windmill that is being creat
with nano-technology blades are much more efficient
in converting energy than the ordinary ones existing
now. Now nano-technology covers almost all the field
of science so as to bring a betterment in all
Nanotechnology may make it possible to
manufacture flimsier, strudy, and programmable
materials that entails less energy to produce than
conventional material and that promise
extraordinary fuel efficiency in land
nd space vehicles.
The future of nanotechnology could very well
These nanorobots have the latent to take on human
tasks as well as tasks that humans could never
complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone
potentially be able to be accomplished.
There would be an purenano surgical field to help
cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to
There would be almost nothing, that couldn’t be
patched up(eventually) with the establishment of
particles can get into the body through the
skin, lungs and digestive system, thus generating
free radicals that can engender of cell damage.
particles are in the bloodstream, they
brain barrier[7].
application used for
bomb that contain
engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that
can persist in wiping out a community, country or
ng behavior can
technology that has
science that will shift
all what we recognized before. This innovative
elp us to keep ourselves healthy,
robots which repair the damage in
our body. The other advantage is that it helps the
scientist to analyze the atoms in the substance and
make them smaller, lighter but yet a stonger substance
future, just with the help of carbon nano-
tubes that are known to be a hundred times stronger
than steel, in addition to that it is flexible too. With
more easy to convert
energy, for instance the windmill that is being created
technology blades are much more efficient
in converting energy than the ordinary ones existing
technology covers almost all the field
of science so as to bring a betterment in all
prospective. It is expected that nano
cover a lot more domains in further for the effective
living on earth. Further the invension will be covered
in the field of nano-science so as to make for lives
better and easy. It is expected to have stunning results
in future.
REFERENCE
1. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KqHvAwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22The+term+
%22nano-
technology%22+was+first+used+by+Norio+Tanig
uchi+in+1974,+though+it+was+not+widely+kno
wn.%22&source=bl&ots=4WT5MumDTc&sig=g
1aOAy9dXjC8LcCSRruEZRxhfE4&hl=en&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwj7q5Hw6NbdAhUKY48KHauC
ByYQ6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22
The%20term%20%22nano
technology%22%20was%20first%20used%20by
%20Norio%20Taniguchi%20in%201974%2C%20
though%20it%20was%20not%20widely%20know
n.%22&f=false
2. https://www.nanotechnologyworld.org/what
nanotechnology
3. http://www.uap-
bd.edu/Press&media/Concepts_of_Nanotechnolog
y_of_pro_dr_sultanmahmud.html
4. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1qeuad/nanotec
hnology-refers-to-the-projected
construct-items-from-the/
5. https://www.slideshare.net/kirtisingh20
hnology-ppt
6. http://www.academia.edu/11082984/Nano_Electr
o_Mechanical_System
7. https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General
-Studies/notes/awareness-in
technology.html
8. https://medcraveonline.com/JACCOA/JACCOA
02-00053.php
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 935
prospective. It is expected that nano-technology will
cover a lot more domains in further for the effective
living on earth. Further the invension will be covered
science so as to make for lives
better and easy. It is expected to have stunning results
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KqHvAwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22The+term+
technology%22+was+first+used+by+Norio+Tanig
uchi+in+1974,+though+it+was+not+widely+kno
wn.%22&source=bl&ots=4WT5MumDTc&sig=g
1aOAy9dXjC8LcCSRruEZRxhfE4&hl=en&sa=X
Ewj7q5Hw6NbdAhUKY48KHauC
ByYQ6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22
The%20term%20%22nano-
technology%22%20was%20first%20used%20by
%20Norio%20Taniguchi%20in%201974%2C%20
though%20it%20was%20not%20widely%20know
https://www.nanotechnologyworld.org/what-is-
bd.edu/Press&media/Concepts_of_Nanotechnolog
y_of_pro_dr_sultanmahmud.html
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1qeuad/nanotec
projected-ability-to-
https://www.slideshare.net/kirtisingh2011/nanotec
http://www.academia.edu/11082984/Nano_Electr
https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General
in-the-fields-of-nano-
https://medcraveonline.com/JACCOA/JACCOA-

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