Analysis and detection of computer viruses and worms

Analysis and Detection of Computer Viruses and Worms'
An Annotated Bibliography
PrabhatK. Singh,ArunLakhotia
Centerfor AdvancedComputerStudies
Universityof Louisiana,Lafayette,LA 70504,
{pks3539, alrun}@cacs.louisiana.edu
Abstract:
This annotated bibliography reviews research in
analyzing and detecting computer viruses and
worms. This document focuses on papers that
give information about techniques and systems
detecting malicious code.
The format of the entries is as follows:
Book/Thesis:
Authors, "article Title", Publisher, City, State,
Year
Electronic Media:
Authors, "article Title", URL
Conference Proceedings:
Authors, "Article Title", Conference Title,
Edition, City, State, pp., Year
Technical Reports:
Authors, "Title", TR. #, Dept., Univ.
Leonard M. Adleman, "An Abstract Theory of
Computer Viruses," Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, Vol. 403, Advances in Computing-
Crypto '88.
This paper applies formal computability theory
to viruses. It presents definition for computer
viruses based on set theory. Viruses have been
broken up into benign, disseminating, malicious,
and Epeian categories. It proves that "detecting
viruses is quite untractable". It identifies several
•areas of possible research including complexity
theoretic and program size theoretic aspects of
computer viruses, protection mechanisms and
development of other models.
J. Bergeron & M. Debbabi & M. M. Erhioui &
B. Ktari. "Static Analysis of Binary Code to
Isolate Malicious Behaviors," Proceedings of the
IEEE 4th International Workshop on Enterprise
Security (WETICE'99), Stanford University,
California, USA, June 16-18, 1999.
This paper addresses the problem of static slicing
on binary executables for the purpose of
detecting malicious code in commercial off-the
shelf software components. The paper first
defines a malicious code. To analyze malicious
code, the executable is first disassembled and
passed through a series oftransformations. These
transformations aid in getting a high level
imperative representation of the code. This leads
to improved analyzability while preserving the
original semantics. Next, the program is sliced to
extract code segments critical from standpoint of
security. The behavior of these segments is
reviewedfor malicious characteristics.
J. Bergeron, M. Debbabi et al., "Detection of
Malicious Code in COTS software: A short
Survey," First International Software Assurance
Certification Conference (ISACC'99),
Washington DC, Mar. 1999
This paper describes the main characteristics of
malicious code and proposes taxonomy for the
existing varieties. A formal definition of
malicious code has been given. A new taxonomy
that is oriented towards the goal of detecting
malicious code has been defined. Differentstatic,
dynamic analysis methods and ad hoc techniques
have been discussed. It discusses several
techniques to detect malicious code in
commercial-off-the-shelfsoftware products. The
paper concludes by looking at the advantages
and disadvantages of static analysis over
dynamicanalysis methods.
J. Bergeron et al., "Static Detection of Malicious
Code in Executable Programs," Symposium on
Requirements Engineering for Information
Security (SREIS'01), Indianapolis, Indiana,
USA, March 5-6, 2001.
This paper approaches the problem of detection
of malicious code in executable programs using
static analysis. It involves three steps: the
generation of intermediate representation,
analyzing the control and data flows, and then
doing static verification. Static verification
consists of comparing a security policy to the
ACM SIGPLAN Notices 29 V. 37(2) February 2002

output of the analysis phase. A brief description
of a prototype tool is also given.
Matt Bishop, "An Overview of Computer
Viruses in a Research Environment," Technical
Report bishop92overview, 1992
http://www.ja.net/CERT/JANET-CERT/
This paper analyzes virus in a general
framework. A brief history of computer viruses
is presented and any presence of threat relevant
to research and development systems has been
investigated. It examines several specific areas
on vulnerability in research-oriented systems.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Vircing" the Invircible,"
May 1995, Not published in print, available at
http://www.claws-and-paws.com/virus/papers/
This is a detailed technical evaluation of an
existing antiviral software, called Invircible. It
reflects on the degree of responsibility, that an
antivirus company needs to shoulder, while it
provides its product information to users. The
author has detailed on the tests and procedures
he has used to evaluate Invircible product's
claimed features and proves that the claims are
far from reality. The write-up is old in terms of
providing techniques for antivirus software
functionality but is still informative on giving
ideas on designing antivirus software.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Macro Virus Identification
Problems," 7th International Virus Bulletin.
Conference, pp. 175-196, 1997
This paper discusses some interesting theoretical
problems to anti-virus software. Two viral sets of
macros can have common subsets or one of the
sets could be a subset of the other. The paper
discusses the problems caused by this. It
emphasizes the difficulties that could be
exploited by the virus writers and methods,
which could be followed to tackle it.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Methodology of Computer
Anti-Virus Research," Doctoral Thesis, Faculty
of Informatics, University of Hamburg, 1998
This thesis is a detailed writing on computer
viruses. It can be treated as a definitive text on
understanding and dealing with computer
viruses. The important topics discussed in this
work include classification and analysis of
computer viruses, state of art in anti-virus
software, possible attacks against anti-virus
software, test methods for anti-virus software
systems and social aspects of virus problem. It
also discusses useful applications of self-
replicating software.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Analysis and maintenance
of a clean virus library," Proc. 3rdInt. Virus Bull.
Conf., pp. 77-89, 1993
This provides the methods adopted to facilitate
the maintenance of large amounts of different
virus samples for the sake of anti-virus research.
The paper presents guidelines and procedures
used to maintain virus collection at the university
of Hamburg's Virus Test Center.
Vesselin Bontchev, "The "Pros" and "Cons" of
WordBasic Virus Upconversion," Vesselin
Bontchev, Proceedings of the 8th International
Virus Bulletin Conference, pp. 153-172, 1998
This paper discusses the ethical problem faced
by anti-virus researchers due to the automatic
Upconversion of WordBasic Viruses to Visual
Basic for Applications version 5. Since a macro
virus written in one language has be
automatically converted to another language it is
yet another unique virus. Due to this inherent
feature of MS Office 97, virus researchers have
to create new virus to prepare an antidote. A side
effect of this activity has reportedly been that
these upconverts are created and "officially"
listed as existing in some anti-virus product
stimulates their creation and distribution by the
virus exchange people. The author has given
suggested solutions for this problem.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Future Trends in Virus
Writing," 4th International Virus Bulletin
Conference, pp. 65-82, 1994.
This paper summarizes some ideas that are likely
to be used by virus writers in the future and
suggests the kind of measures that could be taken
against them.
Vesselin Bontchev, "Possible Virus Attacks
Against Integrity Programs And How to Prevent
Them," Proceedings of the 6th International
Virus Bulletin Conference, pp. 97-127, 1996.
This paper discusses the ways of attacking one of
the most powerful methods of virus detection on
integrity checking programs. It demonstrates
what can be done against these attacks.
David M. Chess, "Virus Verification and
Removal Tools and Techniques," High Integrity
Computing Lab, IBM T. J. Watson Research
Center, Post Office Box 218, Yorktown Heights,
NY, USA, November 18, 1991.
www.research, ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/Che
ss/CHESS/chess.html

This paper describes VERV, A Prototype Virus
Verifier and Remover, and a Virus Description
Language for VERV.
David Chess, "Future of Viruses on the
Internet," Virus Bulletin Conference, San
Francisco, California, October 1-3, 1997.
This paper discusses the role of the Internet in
the Virus problem. It reasons for the availability
of better-equipped crisis teams that may arise
due to the continued growth of the Internet.
Integrated mail systems and the rise in mobile
program systems on the Internet have impacted
the trends in virus spread. The deployment of
network aware software systems on the Internet
has contributed positively to the spread of
network-aware virus. The paper briefly lists
some generic features of the software, which aid
in virus spread.
David M Chess and Steve R. White, "An
Undetectable Computer Virus," Virus Bulletin
Conference, September 2000
This paper extends Fred Cohen's demonstration
on computer Viruses that there is no algorithm
that can perfectly detect all possible viruses. This
paper points out that there are computer viruses,
which no algorithm can detect, even under
somewhat more liberal definition of detection.
Fred Cohen, "A Formal Definition of Computer
Worms and some related Results," Computers
and Security, Vol. 11, pp. 641-652 (1992)
A formal definition for computer worms has
been presented. The definition is based on
Turing's model of computation.
Fred Cohen, "Computational Aspects of
Computer Viruses," Computers and Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4., page 325, 1 June 1989.
It presents a model for defining computer
viruses. It formally defines a class of sets of
transitive integrity-corrupting mechanisms called
"viral-sets" and explores some of their
computational properties.
Fred Cohen, "Computer Viruses-Theory and
Experiments," Computers and Security, Volume
6 (1987), Number 1, pp. 22-35.
This paper brought the term "computer viruses"
to general attention. It describes computer
viruses and also describes several experiments in
each of which all system rights were granted to
an attacker in under an hour.
Fred Cohen, "Computer Viruses," Ph.D. thesis,
University of Southern California, 1985.
This is the first formal work in the field of
computer viruses.
Fred Cohen, "Models of Practical Defenses
Against Computer Viruses", Computers and
Security, Vol. 8, pp. 149-160 (1989)
This paper models complexity based virus
detection mechanisms, that detect modifications
and thereby prevent computer viruses from
causing secondary infections. These models are
then used to show how to protect information in
both trusted and untrusted computing bases,
show the optimality of these mechanisms, and
discuss some of their features. The models
indicate that we can cover changes at all levels of
interpretation with a unified mechanism for
describing interdependencies of information in a
system and discuss the ramifications of this
unification in some depth.
George I. Davida, Yvo G. Desmedt, and Brian J.
Matt, "Defending Systems Against Viruses
through Cryptographic Authentication,"
Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Symposium on
Computer Security and Privacy, pp. 312-318,
1989
This paper describes the use of cryptographic
authentication for controlling computer viruses.
The objective is to protect against viruses
infecting software distributions, updates, and
programs stored or executed on a system. The
authentication scheme determines the source and
integrity of an executable, relying on the source
to produce virus-free software. The scheme
presented relies on a trusted device, the
authenticator, used to authenticate and update
programs and convert programs between the
various formats. In addition, each user's machine
uses a similar device to perform run-time
checking.
M. Debbabi et al., "Dynamic Monitoring of
Malicious Activity in Software Systems,"
Symposium on Requirements Engineering for
Information Security (SREIS'01), Indianapolis,
Indiana, USA, March 5-6, 2001.
The authors discuss a dynamic monitoring
mechanism, comprising of a watchdog system,
which dynamically enforces a security policy.
The authors reason this approach by stating that
static analysis technique will not be able to
detect malicious code inserted after the analysis
has been completed. This paper discusses a
dynamic monitor called DaMon. This is capable

of stopping certain malicious actions based on
the combined accesses to critical resources (files,
communication ports, registry, processes and
threads) according to rudimentary specifications.
Denning, P., "The Science of Computing: The
Internet Worm," American Scientist, Vol. 77,
No. 2, Pages 126-128, March 1989.
A write-up on the November 1988 Internet
Worm incident. This paper gives a brief note on
how the Internet Worm worked. It also discusses
the concerns arising due to the worm incident on
the networks on which commerce, transportation,
utilities, defense, space flight and other critical
activities depended.
Mark W. Eichin and Jon A. Rochlis
"With Microscope and Tweezers: An Analysis of
the Internet Virus of November 1988,"
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, February 9, 1989
This paper defines the Internet "Worm" as a
"Virus." Reasoning has been presented to
substantiate this classification. It discusses the
goals of the teams working on the Virus, and the
methods they employed, and summarizes what
the virus did and did not actually do. The paper
discusses in more detail the strategies it
employed, the specific attacks it used, and the
effective and ineffective defenses proposed by
the community against it. It describes how the
group at MIT found out and reacted to the
"Virus" crisis of 1988. It discusses the flaws that
were exploited to attack systems and propagate
across the Internet. It also enumerates methods
of preventing future attacks and problems.
Gleissner W, "A Mathematical Theory for the
Spread of Computer Viruses," Computers and
Security, Vol. 8, No. 1, Page 35, 1 February
1989.
No description available.
J. D. Howard. "An Analysis of Security Incidents
on the Internet 1989-1995," Ph.D. Dissertation,
Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Institute
of Technology, April 1997
This dissertation analyses the trends in the
Internet Security by investigating 4,299 security-
related incidents on the Internet reported to the
CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) from
1989 to 1995.
C. Ko, G. Fink, and K. Levitt. "Automated
detection of vulnerabilities in privileged
programs by execution monitoring," In Proc. 10th
Annual Computer Security Application Conf.,
pp. 134-144, Orlando, FL, December 1994.
This paper uses concepts of solving Intrusion
Detection Problems to detect vulnerabilities in
programs during execution. Since the intended
behaviors of privileged programs are benign, a
program policy has been developed to describe
this behavior, using a program policy
specification language. Specifications of
privileged programs in Unix have been
presented, along with a prototype execution
monitor, to analyze the audit trails with respect
to this specification.
Jeffrey O Kephart and Steve R. White,
"Measuring and Modeling Computer Virus
Prevalence," Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE
Computer Society Symposium on Research in
Security and Privacy, Oakland, California, pp. 2-
14, May 24-25, 1993
This paper introduces two new epidemiological
models of computer virus spread. Only a small
fraction of all well-known viruses have appeared
in real incidents, partly because many viruses are
below the theoretical epidemic threshold. Models
of localized software exchange can explain the
observed sub-exponential rate of viral spread.
Jeffrey O. Kephart, Gregory B. Sorkin, Morton
Swimmer, and Steve R. White "Blueprint for a
Computer Immune System," Virus Bulletin
International Conference San Francisco,
California, October 1-3, 1997
Since the internet will provide a fertile medium
for new breeds of computer viruses, the authors
have described a immune system for computers
that senses the presence of a previously unknown
pathogen that within minutes, automatically
derives and deploys a prescription for detecting
and removing the pathogen
Jeffrey O. Kephart and Steve R. White,
"Directed-Graph Epidemiological Models of
Computer Viruses," Proceedings of the 1991
IEEE Computer Society Symposium on
Research in Security and Privacy, Oakland,
California, May 20-22, 1991
This paper presents a detailed study of computer
virus epidemics. It presents a theoretical view of
the viral propagation using deterministic and
stochastic approaches. It studies the conditions
under which viral epidemics are likely to occur.
It argues that an imperfect defense against a
computer virus can still be highly effective in
preventing widespread propagation provided that

infection rate does not exceed a well-defined
threshold.
Jeffrey O. Kephart, Bill Arnold, "Automatic
Extraction of Computer Virus Signatures,"
Proceedings of the 4th Virus Bulletin
International Conference, R. Ford, ed., Virus
Bulletin Ltd., Abingdon, England, pp. 178-184,
1994
This paper discusses the idea of automatically
identifying viral signatures from machine code
using statistical methods.
Paul Kerchen, Raymond Lo, John Crossley,
Grigory Elkinbard, Karl Levitt, Ronald Olsson,
"Static Analysis Virus Detection Tools For Unix
Systems," Proceedings of the 13th National
Computer Security Conference, pages 350-- 365,
1990.
This paper proposes two heuristic tools the use
static analysis and verification techniques for
detecting computer viruses in a UNIX
environment. The tools should be used to detect
infected programs before their installation. The
first tool, "detector", searches for duplicate
system calls in the compiled and linked program,
the second tool, "Filter", uses static analysis to
determine all of the files, which a program may
write to. By finding out the files to which the
program can or cannot write, the program can be
identified as a malicious or benign.
Sandeep Kumar, Eugene Spafford, "Generic
Virus Scanner in C++," Proceedings of the 8th
Computer Security Applications Conference, pp.
210-219, Coast TR 92-01, 2-4 Dec 1992
This paper discusses a generic virus detection
tool designed for recognizing viruses across
different platforms. The paper initially discusses
various methods of virus detection and then
describes a generic signature scanner as an anti-
virus tool.
Butler W. Lampson, "A Note on the
Confinement Problem," Xerox, Palo Alto Center,
Communications of the ACM, Vol. 16, No 10.,
1973
This paper explores the problem of confining a
program during its execution so that it cannot
leak information to any other program except it's
caller. A few ways of the above mentioned
information leakage problem have been given
with solutions to prevent it.
Wenke Lee and Salvatore J. Stolfo "Data
Mining Approaches for Intrusion Detection,"
Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Security
Symposium, 2000
This paper discusses research in developing
general and systematic methods for Intrusion
Detection. Ideas from pattern recognition and
machine learning have been used to discover
program and user behavior. Discovered system
features have been used to compute inductively
learned classifiers that can identify anomalies
and known intrusions.
R. W. Lo, K. N. Levitt, and R. A. Olsson. "MCF:
A Malicious Code Filter," Computers and
Security, 14(6): 541-566, 1995.
This paper discusses a programmable static
Analysis tool called "Malicious Code Filter,
MCF, to detect malicious code and security
related vulnerabilities in system programs. The
MCF uses telltale signs to determine whether a
program is malicious without requiring a
programmer to provide a formal specification.
Program slicing techniques are used to reason
about telltale malicious properties. By
combining the telltale sign approach with
program slicing, a small subset of a large
program can be examined for malicious
behavior. The paper also discusses how the
approach can be defeated and then discusses a
countermeasure.
John P. McDermott and William S. Choi,
"Taxonomy of Computer Program Security
Flaws," ACM Computing Surveys, 26(3): 211-
254, 1994.
This paper defines security flaws as "any
conditions or circumstances that can result in
denial of service, unauthorized disclosure,
unauthorized destruction of data, or unauthorized
modification of data." The taxonomy defined in
this paper organizes information about flaws so
that as new flaws are added users will gain a
fuller understanding of which parts of systems
and which parts of the system life cycle are
generating more security flaws than others. The
methodology is similar to the one developed by
Research in Secured Operating Systems (RISOS)
project and Protection Analysis project
conducted by Information Sciences Institute of
the University of Southern California, both of
whom attempted to characterize operating
system security flaws.
John F. Morar, David M Chess, "Can
Cryptography Prevent Computer Viruses?" Virus
Bulletin Conference, September 2000

The relationship between cryptography and virus
prevention is complex. Solutions to the virus
prevention problem involving cryptography have
been proposed, though these solutions do not
contribute much to the prevention techniques
prevalent at present. This paper discusses the
role of encryption in the field of virus authoring
and in the field of Anti-Virus research.
Maria M. Pozzo and Terence E. Gray, "An
Approach to Containing Computer Viruses,"
Computers and Security, Volume 6 (1987), No.
4, pp. 321-331.
This paper presents a mechanism for containing
the spread of computer viruses by detecting at
run-time whether or not an executable has been
modified since its installation. The detection
strategy uses encryption and is held to be better
for virus containment than conventional
computer security mechanisms, which are based
on the incorrect assumption that preventing
modification of executables by unauthorized
users is sufficient. Although this detection
mechanism is most effective when all the
executable on a system are encrypted, a scheme
is presented that shows the usefulness of the
encryption approach when this is not the case.
J. Reynolds, "The Helminthiasis of the Internet,"
RFC1135, Information Systems Institute,
University of Southern California, Dec 1989
This RFC summarizes the infection and cure of
the Internet Worm. It discusses the impact ofthe
worm on the Internet community, ethics
statements, role of the news media, rime in the
computer world, and filture prevention of such
incidents. This RFC also reviews four
publications that describe in detail, the computer
program (a.k.a. Internet Worm or Internet Virus)
that infected the Internet in the evening of
November 2, 1988
Fred Schneider. "Enforceable Security Policies.
Cornell University,"
http://cstr, cs.cornell, edu:80/Dienst/U1/1. O/Displ
_qy_/ncstrLcornell/TR99-1759
A precise characterization is given for the class
of security policies enforceable with mechanisms
that work by monitoring system execution.
Security automata are introduced for specifying
exactly the class of security policies discussed.
Techniques to enforce security policies specified
by such automata are also discussed.
Mathew G. Schultz, Eleazar Eskin, Erez Zadok
and Salvatore J. Stolfo, "Data Mining Methods
for Detection of New Malicious Executables,"
Computer Science Department, Columbia
University, New York, USA.
This paper presents a framework for detection of
malicious executables with viral characteristics.
The motivation for this work is that signatures
for new viruses are not known and hence the data
mining technique presented in this work will be
able to solve this problem in a better way than
the current signature-based methods of virus
detection. The paper compares results of
traditional signature based methods with the
other learning algorithms. The Multi-Naive
Bayes method had the highest accuracy and
detection rate over unknown programs and had
double the detection rates of signature-based
methods.
John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, "The "Worm"
Programs-Early Experience with a Distributed
Computation," CACM, 25(3): 172-180, 1982
This is an exploratory paper for its time. This
paper discusses issues found in the early
exploration of distributed computing. Authors
talk about the motivations and definitions for a
worm program from the distributed computation
perspective. Not much work had been done in
building distributed systems in 1982. The
authors wanted to obtain real experience (similar
to Arpanet routing and Grapevine). The worm is
a computation that lives on one or more
machines. The piece on an individual computer
is a segment. The segments maintain
communications, so that if one fails another can
be started in its place on another machine.
They also talk about the protocols and problems
in controlling the growth of worm programs.
Multi-casting is used to maintain
communication. If a host is not heard for a
period of time it is assumed dead and removed
from the worm. A specified segment is given the
responsibility for finding a new idle machine.
The biggest problem is controlling growth while
maintaining stable behavior. A few applications
of the worm programs are also discussed.
Eugene H. Spafford, "The Internet Worm
Program: An Analysis," ACM Computer
communication review, 19(1), pp. 17-57, Jan
1989
This paper is an analytical commentary on the
Internet Worm program, which infected the
Internet on the evening of November 2na1988.
The paper defines Worms and Viruses. It
discusses the flaws in computer systems that
were exploited by the Worm to spread across the

Internet. Patches to these flaws are also
discussed. A high level description of the
functioning of the Worm program is also
provided. The paper then carries a detailed
analysis of the Worm.
Eugene H. Spafford, "Computer Viruses as
Artificial Life," Department of Computer
Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907-1398, COAST TR 94-02, 1994
This paper talks about how computer viruses
operate, their history, and the various ways
computer viruses are structured. It then examines
how viruses meet properties associated with life
as defined by some researchers in the area of
artificial life and self-organizing systems. The
paper concludes with some comments directed
towards the definition of artificially "alive"
systems and related experiments.
Gerald Tesauro, Jeffrey O. Kephart, Gregory B.
Sorkin, "Neural Network for Computer Virus
Recognition," IEEE Expert, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 5-
6, Aug 1996
This paper describes a neural network for generic
detection of boot sector viruses that infect the
boot sector of a floppy disk or a hard drive.
K Thompson, "Reflections on Trusting Trust,"
Comm. ACM 27(8), 761-763 (August 1984)
This ACM classic highlights the issues of
trusting a third party. Thompson explains how a
backdoor can be inserted in a C compiler, which
in turn will insert a backdoor in the Unix "login"
program. The backdoor may give unauthorized
access into a system.
David Wagner, Drew Dean, "Intrusion Detection
via Static Analysis," IEEE Symposium on
Security and Privacy, May 2001
This paper describes static analysis methods for
host based intrusion detection using program
specification for its internal behavior. The
specification is automatically derived for the
program under analysis. It involves a
combination of dynamic monitoring and static
analysis to reduce false alarms during detection.
Ian Whalley, Bill Arnold, David Chess, John
Morar, Alia Segal, Nortan Swimmer, "An
Environment for controlled Worm Replication
and Analysis or: Internet-inna-Box," Virus
Bulletin Conference, September 2000
The paper outlines a functional prototype of a
worm replication system. Techniques and
mechanisms for constructing and utilizing an
environment enabling the automatic examination
of worms and network bases viruses have been
described. The paper involves a very brief
description of some well-known worms from the
past and the present. It elaborates on techniques
used by worms to spread across networks.
Finally an anatomy of the worm replicator
system is presented.
Steve R. White, "Open Problems in Computer
Virus Research," Virus Bulletin Conference,
Munich, Germany, October 1998
This paper identifies some challenging open
issues on computer virus detection and
protection. It lists out five problems in this field,
namely, Development of New Heuristics for
virus detection, the study of viral spread and
epidemiology, deploying distributed digital
immune system for detecting new viruses,
detection of worm programs and proactive
approaches towards detection ofvirus programs.
Tarkan Yetiser, "Polymorphic Viruses,
Implementation, Detection and Protection,"
VDS Advanced Research Group, P.O. Box 9393,
Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/-janda/polymorph
.html
Discusses Polymorphic viruses and engines. It
looks at general characteristics of polymorphism
as currently implemented.

Analysis and detection of computer viruses and worms

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