Analysis of CODBR and CEEDBR Protocols in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

BOHR International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Communication Network
2022, Vol. 1, No. , pp. 35–42
https://doi.org/10.54646/bijcicn.006
www.bohrpub.com
Analysis of CoDBR and CEEDBR Protocols in Underwater Wireless
Sensor Networks
S. Rajini1,∗ and M. Ramakrishna2
1Department of IS&E, Vidyvardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India
2Department of CS&E, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
∗Corresponding author: rajinis2001@gmail.com
Abstract. UWSNs (underwater wireless sensor networks) are essential for doing any type of task underwater. Huge
broadcast lag, great error degree, small bandwidth, and restricted energy in Underwater Sensor Networks interest
concentration of utmost investigators. In UWSNs, the efficient use of energy is one of the main problems, as the
substitution of energy sources in this kind of location is extremely costly. UWSNs are utilized in many fields, like
measuring pollution, issuing tsunami cautions, conducting offshore surveys, and strategic tracing. For numerous
functions, the efficacy and dependability of network regarding prominent operation, energy preservation, small
bit error rate, and decreased interruption are fundamental. Nevertheless, UWSN’s exclusive features like small
bandwidth accessibility, large interruptions in broadcast, very vivacious network topology, and extreme possibility
of error present numerous problems in the growth of effective and dependable communication procedures. As
opposed to current deepness-based routing techniques, we are focusing on CoDBR (Cooperative Depth-based
Routing) and CEEDBR (Cooperative Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing) procedures to improve network
lifespan, energy efficacy, and amount.
Keywords: Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing procedure, Depth-based routing procedure, CoDBR,
CEEDBR Procedures.
INTRODUCTION
By detecting, aggregating, and instantly transmitting data
wirelessly to clients, wireless sensor networks (WSN) have
a substantial potential for monitoring maritime environ-
ments. Inadvertently, this has led to the development of
an innovative type of wireless sensor technology known as
underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) [1]. Char-
acteristic UWSN is comprised of numerous sensor nodules
fastened to the ocean base that are wirelessly interlinked
with one or more underwater gateways. Information is
generally communicated inside this sensor network from
the base to the sea external station via multi-hop pathways.
Underwater gateways are the precise nodules armed with
both perpendicular and parallel transceivers. The primary
one is utilized for sending instructions and arrangement
information to the sensor nodules and acquiring the col-
lected information from them. The succeeding one is uti-
lized for relaying the supervised information to the sea’s
external base. Contrasting to narrow water, perpendicular
communication is typically essential for a distant in deep
water for achieving information transfer to the external
base. Audio and radio modems commonly arm this last
one. The audio communication is utilized for performing
manifold equivalent communications for gathering infor-
mation by sensor nodules. Where radio communication
typically created by satellite is engaged for relaying col-
lected information to the seaside sink.
A scalable UWSN offers an encouraging answer for
discovering and detecting aqueous atmospheres for vari-
ous purposes, which operate below numerous significant
limitations. On one hand, these environments are unsuit-
able for human presence due to the variable underwater
activities, high water pressure, and large areas of water that
are the main objectives for unmanned survey. On the other
hand, limited survey is healthier compared to remote
detection because of the extra accurate outcomes, as remote
detection technologies may not be capable of finding suit-
able information concerning the actions occurring in the
unbalanced underwater environment.
35
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36 S. Rajini and M. Ramakrishna
Figure 1. Outline of the UWSN atmosphere.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
UWSN is a network utilized for performing supervising
of charges throughout precise area; this is armed by smart
sensors and automobiles that are improved to connect sup-
portively via wireless connections. External sink regains
the information through sensor nodules. The sink nodule
possesses a transceiver that can regulate audio signals
obtained by underwater nodules. Transceiver also has the
ability to transmit and acquire far-reaching radio frequency
indications for communication with an external base. For
a given purpose, the acquired data are used locally or
connected to another network [2]. Figure 1 is a diagram of
UWSNs.
Network planning includes conventional UWSNs
planned from [3] and instantaneous UWSN planning in
the shape of Internet of Underwater Things projected
from [4]. UWSNs include nodules that are employable
on the exterior and under water. Each nodule should
link to the others in its network and switch data with
the base post. Using audio, electromagnetic, or optical
wave technologies, broadcasting information is one of
the communication strategies used in sensor networks.
Because of its weakening properties in water, audio
interaction is a highly common and widely used approach
among these types of methods. Combination and the
transformation of energy into heat in water are the causes
of the poor transmission factor. Meanwhile, audio signals
operate at low frequencies that enable their transmission
and acquisition across vast distances.
Requirements of UWSNs
This segment gives the vital necessities of UWSNs. Figure 2
represents these requirements.
Longevity
Network period is an important condition of UWSNs.
This possesses an important influence on the price, period,
conservation duties, and execution of underwater sen-
sor nodules. This is vital for expanding the network
period, particularly for mobile sensor nodule processes.
Figure 2. Necessities of underwater wireless sensor networks.
Consequently, firmware possesses an imperative duty in
warranting an efficient manner of hardware characteristics
like sleep types, allowing stoppages for replacing survey-
ing, and being comfortable for setting up. Furthermore, the
routing procedure and positioning of nodules possesses a
massive part in governing energy utilization. This directs
to an important quantity of study that operates on growth
and assessment procedures.
Accessibility
Every sensor nodule connects to all others within a com-
munication extent positioned in the area. Communication
stretch is another vital necessity for UWSN that impact
bulk of nodules, placement viability, and network price
of besieged supervising part. There are two interaction
methods for UWSNs: audio and visual communication.
Underwater audio wireless communication is an extremely
utilized technology as it is reachable and needs commu-
nication over vast spaces. Nevertheless, audio waves still
possess numerous inadequacies, containing smattering,
extreme interruption due to the low broadcast speeds,
great weakening, a small bandwidth, and contrary influ-
ences on underwater beings. To increase the volume of
audio transmission, orbital angular momentum is being
explored as a replacement for multiplexing freedom for
encrypting data onto vortex beams [5]. Because of the
limitations of audio communication, another method is

CoDBR and CEEDBR Protocols Analysis 37
to utilize optical waves. Conferring to [6], the present
study on underwater optical communications focuses on
increasing information speed and broadcast stretch. Opti-
cal waves possess the benefits of advanced information
speed, small dormancy, and energy efficacy at the expense
of reduced communication limits.
Complexity
The requirement for sensor nodule positioning at the site
is also vital for UWSN. Therefore, a difficult issue must be
deemed before establishing networking phases that com-
prise physical feature, firmware, and network arrangement
of nodule location. Furthermore, routing protocol choice
and calculating difficulty aid in vigorously recognizing
routes with no extra data or previous data regarding other
nodules. Separately from that, nodule algorithm difficulty
is an alternative feature that must be counted; meanwhile,
it affects the energy optimization of nodules. Local nodes’
energy utilization is based on their respective computa-
tional difficulty and broadcast power features. Underwater
audio station difficulties like multipath, Doppler change,
substantial weakening, and excessive interruption are also
necessities that influence the functioning of node localiza-
tion procedures.
Security and Privacy
UWSN is connected with safety and confidentiality fea-
tures that connect to sensor nodule connectivity, harmo-
nization, and information transaction duties. The active
characteristics of underwater atmosphere and their atmo-
spheres depict the network of numerous indulgences and
malevolent outbreaks. This is essential for the networks
to create faith before every node can strongly link to the
network to let communication take place for information
interchange. This is necessary to learn what stage of safety
because of the enlarged computational burden and the
quantity of conveyed information, which uses extra energy
within the network.
Environmental Sustainability
The disposition of communication technologies in UWSN
is mandatory to deem the influence on atmosphere and
nature. Ref. [7] stated that biota is affected by ambient
and boat sounds that can guide pressure and increase
extermination danger. Furthermore, an aquatic atmosphere
with intensifying sound can produce behavior variations,
population spreading, and audible damage to fish types.
Applications
UWSN technology can replace conventional methods
by providing real-time monitoring, an aground system
for controlling underwater applications considerably, and
enhanced appliances for information logging. UWSN
usage often falls under one of four categories: scientific,
industrial, military, or safety. Sensor nodules are used in
the military to track enemy movement and locate them.
This may be used to keep an eye on harbors and ports,
handle boundary observation, spot underwater mines,
and detect enemy submarines. Sensor nodules can detect
aquatic atmospheres in the event of natural disasters by
conducting seismic supervision in advance of the disaster.
A wide range of applications necessitates rapid advance-
ments in standards and technology to enable and enhance
the creation of new functionalities. Despite the fact that
there are many different functions, this section reviews
recent developments in the field of UWSN functions that
assist in technical, industrial, and security and disaster
prevention measures.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Underwater sensor networks are drawing the attention of
commerce and academia [8, 9]. On one hand, this allows
an extensive variety of marine functions, and correspond-
ingly, contrary ecological circumstances produce a variety
of challenges for underwater interaction and networking.
Nodule flexibility and scarce disposition can generate diffi-
culty for underwater sensor networks. Because of incessant
nodule activities with water currents, there may not be
a tenacious way from the foundation to a target. So, an
UWSN can be observed as a partly linked network, and the
conventional directing procedures advanced for terrestrial
sensor networks are typically not applied for these atmo-
spheres. Because of this sporadic connectivity, packets are
released when no routes make it to the end.
In [10], the authors’ focus has been on perfect bunch-
ing for UWSN that is compatible with all wave-based
wave communication protocols of FSO (free space optics),
audio, and electromagnetics. Additionally, they suggested
a degenerate prototype that contrasted with the existing
degenerate prototype of energy for communication built
on audio for sensor nodules in free space and communi-
cation supported by electromagnetic waves. In particular,
the authors contrasted the applicability of the four previ-
ously mentioned underwater interaction strategies based
on energy usage and perfect bunching.
In [11], UWSNs are used to learn about ecological
aspects, locations, media access control, routing methods,
and communication repercussions of packet dimensions.
They compared the advantages and disadvantages of
current techniques in order to identify novel learning
instructions for further growth in UWSNs. In [12], the
authors generated a routing procedure to concentrate on
the subjects in UWSN, and in this arrangement, the authors
used a fuzzy logic implication structure to determine the
suitability of sensors for moving packets to the destination.
An evaluation of underwater network procedures until
2000 can be found in [13]. Numerous routing procedures

are projected for UWSNs. It is advised to use the vector-
based forwarding (VBF) protocol to resolve the issue of
high error probability in solid networks. Here, a pipe-
like circuit-switching routing concept is projected from the
beginning to the conclusion, and all floods are discharged
through this pipe. This technique will result in fewer
retransmissions, thus increasing energy efficacy for VBF.
In [14], a two-stage flexible routing answer for continu-
ing supervisory uses with a notion of unified scheduling
of network routings and information routes has been pro-
jected. Afterward, the same authors proposed a procedure
that can control both interruption susceptible and interrup-
tion lenient uses. In this procedure, a cross-layer method
is utilized to generate communication between the routing
purposes and underwater features.
In [15], the authors provided an impression of bunched-
founded topology, in which every nodule in a group will
connect with the gateway nodule; each node of the identi-
cal group will connect with the gateway using one expec-
tation. According to the authors, full-duplex modems are
used for this type of communication. Every network rout-
ing is the responsibility of the gateway nodule, which also
guides route discovery by using investigative communica-
tions with its neighbors and stores the route data to prevent
faults from being revealed in subsequent communications.
A modification of dynamic source routing, which was
originally developed for terrestrial networks, is predicted
in [16], where the authors discussed position-aware source
routing for active acoustic underwater vehicle (AUV) net-
works. It utilizes the time-division multiple access (TDMA)
method for numerous approaches and recognized TDMA
frame controls for computing varieties based on broadcast
interruption, and then routes are decided by utilizing these
changes.
In thesis [17] for function-pointed networks, a chain-
based communication mechanism in cylindrical UWSNs is
envisaged. In this procedure, three structures are shown.
In the first routing structure, a routing procedure founded
on four chains is projected that utilizes the split and cap-
tor methods. The chains are interrelated and utilized for
achieving the finest feasible outcomes for the broadcast
of information. Likewise, in the second routing structure,
the network is separated into two chains on the source of
θ. Chains are interrelated and used for selecting the total
optimal path. The last one is a routing structure based on
a single chain, where every nodule links to its adjacent
neighbor and henceforth recognizes local best achievable
route.
UWSNs are expected to use less energy and dis-
tribute information more evenly, thanks to the autonomous
underwater vehicle assisted routing protocol (AURP),
which is anticipated in [18]. In this procedure, mani-
fold AUVs are utilized for minimalizing whole infor-
mation broadcast. AUVs gather information by sensor
nodule and advance that to the sink. AURP utilizes
varied communication networks. Delay-Sensitive EEDBR
(DSEEDBR), Delay-Sensitive DBR (DSDBR), and Delay-
Sensitive AMCTD (DSAMCTD) are projected in [19]
for time-significant uses. DSDBR utilizes an avaricious
method, with routing based on depth threshold (dth)
source and holding time (Ht). Routing in DSEEDBR and
DSAMCTD is also achieved by computing Ht and differ-
ence in dth.
PROPOSED WORK
The proposed research work is given below.
Routing Techniques
UWSNs contain important amount of sensor nodules orga-
nized at diverse deepness throughout the entire area of
interest. The nodules positioned at the sea/ocean base
cannot connect with the exterior floats precisely; therefore,
multi-hop communication is desired, which is later helped
by the routing algorithm. An effective routing structure
must deliver the ideal route between source and sink.
Planning a routing procedure is dependent on network
requirements as well as the desired stage of accuracy
and optimization, which additionally hangs on supply
availability. Procedures are categorized into the subsequent
groups:
• Energy-based routing: An Energy Optimized Path
Unaware Layered Routing Protocol is used here.
The entire network is divided into levels with every
nodule in a level permitted to converse to sink via
an equal quantity of hops. In communication via
multihopping, the option of relay nodules is founded
on the latter’s space from the sink nodule, i.e., nodule,
nearer to the sink and substantially distant from
the resource, turns out to be the succeeding hop.
The lifespan of system upsurges by permitting non-
dynamic nodules to slumber. Nonetheless, in this
process, the portable kind of nodules is not contem-
plated, so deeming it inappropriate for instantaneous
underwater uses. QELAR, an alternative energy-
based procedure that has been conversed, is precisely
appropriate for portable UWSNs. Nevertheless, this
necessitates the nodules to save a stack of informa-
tion in stock because of the Q-Learning algorithm it
utilizes; so, it is not feasible to use QELAR on a large
scale of UWSNs.
• Geographic information-based routing: The position-
based routing method is also used in numerous
procedures that require the continuous updating of
the position of the neighboring nodules in order
to transfer information. There are several different
techniques that are discussed, including Hop-by-
Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) routing,
Depth-Based Routing (DBR), and Delay Sensitive
Depth-Based Routing (DSDBR).

CoDBR (Cooperative Depth-based Routing) Protocol
Cooperative depth-based routing (CoDBR) protocol for
usage in urgent situations. The current profoundly based
routing methods use collaboration at the network level,
increasing network scale and dependability.
CoDBR chooses forwarder nodule alongside two relays
based on least depth that supportively advance informa-
tion to the end. This upsurges the amount of effective
information distribution to end because, in the event of
link failure, at least one link is proficient of transporting
information effectively to the end. Furthermore, even if
there is no connection botch, it still tolerates high bit error
rate, which later variety can aid to alleviate.
The relays are designated based on depth information.
This is a localization-unrestricted procedure, and only
depth data are utilized for steering packets. In CoDBR,
every nodule interchanges depth data amid every sensor
nodule at the beginning of network. The source nodule
builds the registering of neighbors in their neighboring
catalog. Source nodule chooses a short-depth neighbor
from their neighbor catalog. The choice of relay in CoDBR
is based on least-depth neighbor. This structure contains
two stages: path set up and information communication. In
the first stage, the source nodule inspects the neighborhood
of sink and chooses two relays of short depth to obligingly
advance information to sink. To reach the broadcast stage
of information, data are communicated via a recognized
route. CoDBR attains high dependability and reliability at
the expense of high end-to-end interruption [20].
This is a multi-hop-based routing procedure in which
energy-stable routing significantly reduces the weight on
the sensor nodules to direct/accept information. In the
proposed procedure, nodules are not necessary to possess
data on whole network to route packets; they only need
neighboring energy for choice crafting for the next hop.
In the projected architecture, nodules are separated into
three types as follows.
• Mediator Nodes (MN).
• Hop Nodes (HN).
• Generator Nodes (GN).
Generator Node (GN) is a normal sensor nodule that
senses incident.
Mediator Node (MN) is a nodule that is accessible over a
broadcast stretch of GN with fewer hop count.
Hop Node (HN) is a nodule in stretch of broadcast with
fewer hop count of MN from GN.
Process:
First, GN desires information from MN about HN, in
which ever sensor nodules contain neighboring nodules.
Data such as remaining energy is obtained via subse-
quent means.
• Agent to approximate routing.
• Agent to monitor neighbor.
• Agent approximate advancing information.
• Agent to approximate depth of nodule.
Assumption: Sink to the surface of water.
From overhead agents, every sensor nodule gathers
information about HM, and that is contrasted with fur-
ther nodule information to discover an appropriate HN
entrant. Each MN replies to the appeal by sending over-
head information to GN. AER (agent to estimate routing) is
accountable for local table (LT). As sink directs a transmis-
sion packet to every nodule, AER calculates the hop count
for distinct nodules, which sink stocks in a local chart in a
routing database that stocks two charts.
LT contains subsequent data, such as neighbor nodule
id, hop count, deepness, space, and remaining energy.
Routing table covers preceding nodule, following nod-
ule, source nodule, and TTL.
CoDBR system contains two stages:
(1) Path setup stage.
(2) Data transmission stage.
(1) Path setup stage: In this scenario, each source nodule
creates a multiple-hop route to the sink nodule. The source
nodule checks to see if it is close to the sink nodule
before choosing the sink as its next hop. Source also selects
two relays based on the bottommost depth to obediently
advance information to sink. The source nodule chooses
its next hop end based on the nearest nodule with the
lowest depth among those in its broadcast range if this is
not close to the sink. In the meantime, the network is thin
and nodules are arbitrarily positioned, so source nodule
eyes for adjacent relays. Neighbor relays are indicated on
the foundation with the lowest depth when there are more
than two people. The path preparation stage’s specifics are
provided by the algorithm.
(2) Data transmission stage: Information is transmitted
from source to sink during this stage via the route that
was established during route setup. Information is sent
from the source nodule to the relays and each hop. Relays
retransmit the identical information utilizing an intensified
and advanced system. AF is utilized as path loss, declining
sound, and an indication that desires to be augmented.
When relays convey information to the destination, they do
not combine their personal detected information with the
information of the source information. They only advance
the augmented form of information directed from the
source nodule. Their personal information is conveyed
during their private turn.
Path setup algorithm
S = Total no. of nodes
for i = 1 to S do
SINKREACHED = false

while not (SINKREACHED) do
if Ri > 0 and NextHop = SINK then
Find neighbors N for i
Sort N in ascending order Depth wise
if N >= 2 then
Make 1st neighbor as relay 1
Make 2nd neighbor as relay 2
SINKREACHED = true
else if N <= 1 then
Make 1st neighbor as relay 1
SINKREACHED = true
else
break
else if
else if Ri > 0 and not (NextHop = SINK) then
Find neighbors N for i
Sort N in ascending order Depth wise
if N >= 3 then
Make 1st neighbor as NextHop
Make 3rd neighbor as relay 2
else if N <= 2 then
Make 1st neighbor as Nexthop
else if N <= 1 then
Make 1st neighbor as relay Nexthop
else
break
end if
end if Ri < 0 then
break
end if
end while
end for
CEEDBR (Cooperative Energy Efficient Depth-based
Routing) Protocol
The chief notion of CEEDBR is to control the amount of
information-advancing nodules so that energy consump-
tion can be decreased [21]. In the CEEDBR, among a group
of nodules, the mass is allocated to the nodules founded
on depth and remaining energy. A nodule will possess
extreme mass if it contains the lowermost depth and max-
imum energy outstanding amid neighboring nodules. The
nodule with extreme mass is a contender for advancing
information. This is also significant to test whether the
nodule is active or not.
Protocol Details
This unit enlarges the whole functioning of CEEDBR. This
is a localization-free protocol, and nodules are prepared
with depth sensors only, so it is significant to swap depth
information among local neighbors. For this reason, every
nodule swaps its depth data amid neighboring nodules at
Figure 3. Data transmission path in CEEDBR.
the beginning of the network. Once each nodule is able
to discern the depth information of its nearby nodules, a
method for transmitting information from source to des-
tination is identified, as shown in Figure 3. An algorithm
exists.
CEEDBR procedures contain the following stages:
(1) Optimal forwarder node group choice.
(2) Forwarding node choice.
Optimal forwarder node group choice
Here, the source nodule thanks its neighbors. Nodules that
are neighbors are those whose depth is smaller than the
depth of the source nodule. The number of neighboring
nodules is also limited by a global constraint of depth
threshold (dth). This limits the information that may be
obtained to nodules that are deeper than dth. The depth
difference is defined as the difference between the depths
of the source and surrounding nodules. Amid recognized
neighbors, the source nodule classifies a group of nodules
called an ideal forwarder nodule group. These are named
ideal forwarders as they are deemed the finest applicants
to obtain information from the source nodule and advance
it to the end. In the neighbor recognition stage, this is
significant to distinguish whether the source is inside the
span of any sink or not. When there is a sink nearby,
the information is brought straight to the sink. This gets
forwarded to its subsequent hop-forwarder nodule group
if there is no sink in the span of the source nodule. Lastly,
one nodule out of this nodule group is nominated for
broadcasting information to the following hop-forwarder
nodule group.
The choice standards for forwarder nodule group are
based on important notion of DBR and EEDBR. Nod-
ules with extraordinary bulk dependent on depth and

remaining energy are the problem for CEEDBR. On
request, the optimal forwarder nodule group’s volume can
be adjusted [22].
Forwarding node choice
Here, the source initially classifies a group of nodules
in their broadcast extent as an ideal forwarder nodule
group. Every nodule in this group obtained the detected
data transmitted by the source nodule. In the context of
CEEDBR, amid the forwarder nodule group, a mass is allo-
cated to nodules based upon depth and remaining energy.
Nodule will possess supreme mass if it possesses the small-
est depth and maximum remaining energy amid adjacent
nodules. Nodule with maximum weight is a contender
for advancing information. This is also significant to test
whether nodule is active or not. Information is advanced in
this manner from one forwarder nodule cluster to the next
until it goes to the sink. The data forwarding algorithm is
given below:
1: N = Total number of nodes
2: Sink-inrange = false
3: RE = Residual energy of a node
4: Sink = Transmission range sink
5: Neighbor [j] = All neighbors of node i
6: while (sink-inrange = = true) do
7: for each node j e N do
8: Distance [j] = Euclidean (j, sink)
9: if Re[j]>0 and Distance [j] < Distance [j+1] then
10: Neighbor (j) selects as a forwarder
11: else
12: Neighbor (j+1) selects as a forwarder
13: end if
14: end for
15: end while
RESULTS
The experimental results of CoDBR and CEEDBR in
UWSNs based applications are shown in Figure 4.
Five transmitting nodes are required to operate at full
capacity. As the number of transmitting nodes declines,
the organization’s lifespan significantly improves. It can
likewise be seen that the node kick-the-bucket rate in the
event of CoDBR and CEEDBR is lower compared with DBR
and EEDBR. All four sinks are present at the surface. The
greatest rounds are contrasted with CoDBR and CEEDBR,
which are around 6000 rounds.
Network lifetime is the period of time until all of the
organization’s nodes run out of power. Alive nodes con-
stantly monitor the number of nodes with enough power
left for data transmission. When an organization has a
fair amount of energy usage, its lifespan increases. This
suggests that extensive part of the organization is alive
for a greater part of the time. The increase in network
lifetime is due to the fact that fewer nodes are engaged
Figure 4. (top) CoDBR network lifetime and (bottom) CEEDBR
network lifetime.
with information sending, so absolute energy utilization is
lower.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Improving network lifetime to improve the functioning of
UWSN is a significant and exciting job. The type of under-
water atmosphere makes it extremely costly to substitute
batteries for sensor nodes. Therefore, it is crucial to develop
energy-efficient routing techniques for underwater sensor
networks. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed CoDBR
and CEEDBR procedures and came to the conclusion that
the operation is improved compared to the current depth-
based routing procedures in terms of network period,
energy efficacy, packet interruption, and throughput.
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