.Analyzing data
- 2. Qualitative Data Analysis techniques deal with non-numerical data, usually linguistic units in oral or written form. Using qualitative procedures often puts a heavier burden on the researcher, who needs to develop insights, intuitions and understanding concerning the data. Quantitative Data Analysis tecniques have been well defined and differentiated. Speecific approaches for analyzing data obtained from descriptive, correlational, multivariate and experimental research
- 3. Procedures carried out such as unstructured observations, open interviews, examining records, diaries and other documents The data usually in the form of words in oral or written modes. The researchers identify, delimit and sort the relevan segments of the text according to an organizing scheme.
- 4. Two main types of techniques can be identified in analyzing qualitative data: A) Deriving a set of categories fore dealing with text segments from the text itself. B) An ordering system of categories already exists at the beginning of the procdess and the ressearcher applies this systmen to the data.
- 5. Data obtained from descriptive research are generally analyzed with the aid of descriptive statiscs. Descriptive statics refers to a set of procedires which are used to describe different aspects of the data. The types of descriptive statics are: frequencies, central tendencies, and variabilities.
- 6. Frequencies: are used to indicate how ofen a phenomenon occurs and they are vased on counting the number of occurrences. Also provides information on the performance of the subjects on tests and questionaires. Can also be reported verbally by describing how frequently a phenomenon occurred among certain groups of learners through a frequency table.
- 7. Central tendency measures: Provide information about the average and the typical behavior of subjects in respect of a specific phenomenon. Variability: Provides information on the spread of the behaviors or the phenomena among the subjects of the research. It indicates how heterogeneous or homogeneous subjects are with regard to the behavior.
- 8. Correlational techniques are used for analyzing data obtained from descroptive research which examines existing relationships between variables, with NO manipulation of variables. A correlation is a statistical procedure which is very useful for differente purposes in research and it is also used for examining the reliability and validity of data collection procedires, for subsequent types of more advanced statistical analysis.
- 9. Data obtained from multivariate research an be analyzed through a set of tenchiques where a number of dependent variables and one or a number of independent variables are analyzed simultaneously.
- 10. Multiple regresion: through this it is possible to examine the relationship and predictive power of one or more independent variables with the dependent variable. Discriminant analysis: the result of the analysis indicate the relativie contribution made by the independent variables to the dependent variable, and these then need to be tested for their significance. Factor analysis: helps the researcher make large sets of data more manageable by identifying a factor or factors that underline the data.
- 11. The different designs call for different methods of analysis. T-test: is used to compare the means of two groups. It determines how confident the researcher can be that the differences found between two groups as a result of a treatment are not due to chance
- 12. One way analysis of variance: is used to examine the differences in more than two groups. It indicates how confident the resarcher can be that the differences observed among are not due to chance. Factorial analysis of variance: Analizes the effect of different treatments in more complex conditions, such as with different types of learners, or different profieciency levels. All these are expressed as independent variables which are considered in the analysis of variance.