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Andhra Women in
- 3. Women in Freedom Movement The history of Indian Freedom Struggle would be incomplete without mentioning the contributions of women. The sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place. They fought with true spirit and undaunted courage and faced various tortures, exploitations and hardships to earn us freedom. When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward and took charge of the struggle. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. Woman's participation in India's freedom struggle began as early as in1817. Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare. Many women including Rani Channama of Kittur, Rani Begam Hazrat Mahal of Avadh fought against British East India company in the 19th century; 30 years before the “First War of Independence 1857”.
- 5. The Women Duvvuru Subbamma Unnava Laskshmi Bai Sangam Lakshmi Bai Artula Kamala Devi Sarojini Naidu Kanuparthi Varlakshmmama Chodagam Ammana Raja Sri Sivaraju Subbamma Padmaja Naidu Durga Bai Deshmukh
- 6. Duvvuri Subbamma(1880-964) She was born into a lower middle class Brahmin family of the Vaidiki sect. She had no education when young and was married at 10 years of age to a poor man, Duvvuri Venkayya. Who died a decade later. Luckily she was related to Tirupati Venkata Sastri, a popular poet of the area, and he instructed her in classical literature. Then nationalism inspired her and she became a follower of Gandhi. She was the 1st lady who came forward to participate as a freedom fighter. She has a very good grip on Ramayana ,Mahabharata , Bhagavath Geetha and used quotations from them according to the situation.
- 7. During this time she worked with Ponaka Kanakamma and Unnava Lakshmibayamma. She was the first woman leader in Andhra to be sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for political activities. She was imprisoned for participating in Salt Satyagraha for a year in Rajahmundry Central Jail. She attended every session of the Congress, and started a women’s wing of the Andhra Congress in 1921. She campaigned to separate Andhra from Madras. In 1924 she started a school for women, the Sanatana Stree Vidyalaya, at Rajamundry, where places were reserved for widows. Garimella Satyanarayana ‘s Makkodu E Theladorathanam was sung by her.
- 8. Unnava Lakshmibai (1882 – 1956) She Was born into a middle class family in Guntur. Married Unnava Lakshmi Narayana at the age of 10. The couple together supported Widow Remarriages, Which resulted in their Exile from their village. She believed in educating girls and sheltered many destitute widows. She later joined the Independence Movement. When her husband was arrested in Paladi Seema for not paying taxes and gathering the farmers, she took charge of Non – Cooperation movement and toured village after village.
- 9. The couple started a school for girls named “SARDANEEKETHAN”. She believed in independence of women. Even with her aim for development of women she took active part in in the Freedom Movement. She was arrested for participating in Salt Satayagraha. She was awarded Swarna Kankanam.
- 10. Sangam Lakshmi Bai(1911 – 1979) She was born at Telangana in 1911. Her father was Donthula Ramaiah and mother Sitamma named her Sathamma. She was educated at Sharda Niketan. She was too a child bride and a child widow. She married Durga Prasad Yadav. She was a full-time social and public worker. She entered politics by boycotting Simon Commission during student life. She took active part in Salt Satyagraha and imprisoned for one year in 1930-31. She was member of Andhra Vidya Mahila Sangam for 18 years
- 11. She was founder-member and Honorary secretary, Indira Seva Sadan (Orphanage), Radhika Maternity Home, Vasu Shishu Vihar and Masetti Hanumanthu Gupta High School in Hyderabad. She was executive of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee for a few years and All India Congress Committee. She was elected to the Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly in 1952. She held the position of Deputy Minister of Education in Government of Andhra Pradesh from February, 1954 to October, 1956. She was elected to the 2nd Lok Sabha in 1957 and 3rd Lok Sabha in 1962. She got elected for 4th Lok Sabha in 1967, as a member of Indian National Congress from Medak constituency. She worked as in-charge, Acharya Vinoba Bhave's first Paidal Yatra in Telangana and President of Hyderabad Yadava Mahajana Samaajam and Vice-President of All India Students Conference, Hyderabad Food-Council and Andhra Yuvti Mandali.
- 12. Artula Kamala Devi(1920 - 2001) Born in Nalgonda District to Lakshmi Narasamma and Palli Venkata Ramireddy. Was named at birth Rukmini, was married to Artula Ramachandra Reddy at the age of 12. Inspired by Kamala Devi Chatopadhya he renamed her Kamala Devi. She finished her at Madapati Hanumantha Rao Girl’s High School Metric and joined the communist party activities with her husband.
- 13. She was a Revloutionary.She has taken active role as a worker in the activities of Andhra Maha Sabha. Has taken training in female self defense in the program conducted at Vijayawada during 1943. She was a dynamic personality who fought for the women’s rights. The couple were blessed with a child in 1944 and named him as Viplav Reddy in line with their philosophy. It was at that time that the Nizam Government has imposed Martial Law in the District of Kolanupaka forcing all those who participated in the armed struggle against Nizam to go into exile. She was trained in guerrilla warfare and handling weapons. Striving for the welfare of weaker sections in the society, she has toured Countries like Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Russia. In 1998, Kakatiya University gave Kamala Devi, a Honorary Doctorate.
- 15. Sarojini Naidu (1879 – 1949) Born in Hyderabad to Aghore Nath Chattopadhyay and Barada Sundari Devi in1879. Alma mater University of Madras, King's College London, Girton College, Cambridge. Naidu met Govindarajulu Naidu, A doctor by profession and married him. At that time, Inter-caste marriage were not allowed, but her father approved the marriage. Naidu joined the Indian national movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. During 1915–1918, she travelled to different regions in India delivering lectures on social welfare, women's empowerment and nationalism. She also helped to establish the Women's Indian Association (WIA) in 1917.
- 16. In 1925, Naidu presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress at Kanpur. In 1930 during the salt satyagraha, she was one of the women protesters at the Dharsana salt works, Gujrat. Hundreds of satyagrahis were beaten by soldiers under British command at Dharasana. She played a leading role during the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed along with Gandhi and other leaders. In 1942, she was arrested during the "Quit India" movement. In 1905, her first collection of poems, named "The Golden Threshold" was published. Her poems were admired by many prominent Indian politicians like Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Her collection of poems entitled "The Feather of The Dawn" was edited and published posthumously in 1961 by her daughter Padmaja. Naidu served as the first governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh from 1947 to 1949;the first woman to become the governor of an Indian state.
- 18. Kanuparthi Varlakshmmama(1896 – 1978) Varalakshmamma was born to Palaparthi Seshayya and Hanumayamma in1896, one of seven boys and three girls. She married Kanuparthi Hanumantha Rao at 13 years. Her husband supported in her activities wholeheartedly, as stated by of Varalakshmamma by Polapragada Rajyalakshmi in her Biography of Kanuparti Varalakshmamma. Starting at the age of 12, she was involved in the Indian freedom movement. She worked towards improving the lot of women and encouraged them to actively participate in the freedom movement. Varalakshmamma started her literary career with a series of articles in 1920, under a running title, Maa Chettuneeda Muchatlu, published in the Andhra Patrika weekly. In this column, Varalakshmamma discussed important issues such as education for women. The popular column ran for six years.
- 19. In 1928 Veralakshmamma started a column in the new magazine, Gruhalakshmi. Her new column, Sarada Lekhalu was under the pseudonym Sarada. The letters were addressed to an imaginary friend, Kalpalata. In these letters, Varalakshmamma discussed issues such as the Sharda Act, divorce law, the khadi movement, non-cooperation, erasing untouchability, unfounded customs, physical exercise, the changes implemented in measurements and weights and microphones.
- 20. Chodagam Ammanna Raja(1909-999) She was born to Shri Gandham Veerayya Naidu and Srimathi Nagaratnamma in Bandar in1909. She was one of eleven children. She was educated in Rajahmundry and completed graduation (B.A.) and L.T. in Madras in 1932. She married Shri Chodagam Janardhana Rao in1940. They had a daughter Urmila and son Kishore. Chodagam Janardhan Rao was a Chief civil engineer. She was elected in the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1937 from Eluru constituency as a member of Indian National Congress with the support of Sarojini Naidu and Durgabai Deshmukh. With the beginning of Second World War in September 1939, all the members of Congress party had resigned from the Assembly.
- 21. She participated in Satyagraha movement in 1940 with Mahatma Gandhi She was again elected as a Member of Madras Legislative Assembly from Eluru constituency in 1946. She was elected as Deputy Speaker of Madras Legislative Assembly between 1946 and 1952. She was a Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha from Congress party from 3 April 1962 to 2 April 1968. She resigned from the politics in 1968 and worked untiringly for the welfare of women. She helped many people devastated during the 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone.
- 22. Sri Sivaraju Subbamma(1873 – 1948) Her father name is Sri Velicheru Karanam. She got married to Sri Lakshmi Narayana. She participated in Civil Disobedience Movement and got rigorous imprisonment for 6 months. Along with Sri Duvvuri Subbamma, Sri Sivaraju Subbamma also fearlesssly critisised British Govertment and gave speeches against British Government. When Sri Sivaraju Subbamma goes to any marriages in her relatives or friends houses, in that function, there she used to read Bhagavatam and tells it's meaning. Then the people in function used give some money, which she donates to poor people.
- 24. Padmaja Naidu (1900 – 1975) At the age of 21, she joined the Indian National Congress in Hyderabad. She was jailed for taking part in the “Quit India” movement in 1942. After Independence, she became the Governor of West Bengal. She was also associated with the Red Cross and was the chair of the Indian Red Cross from 1971 to 1972. She toured along with her mother and gave lectures. The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling is named after her. She spread the message of Khadi and inspired people to boycott foreign goods. There was a scandal regarding her affair with Jawaharlal Nehru.
- 26. Durga Bai Deshmukh (1909 – 1981) Born in Rajahmundry into a middle class Brahmin family. At the age of 8 she was married but left her husband after puberty and followed Gandhi. Studied in Hindi medium, also built Hindi school for girls in Kakinada. When the Indian National Congress had its conference in her hometown of Rajahmundry in 1923, she was a volunteer and translated Gandhi’s speech. She participated in Gandhi-led Satyagraha activities. This led to British Raj authorities imprisoning her three times.
- 27. Durgabai was the president of the Blind Relief Association. In that capacity, she set up a school-hostel and a light engineering workshop for the blind. Durgabai was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India. She was instrumental in the enactment of many social welfare laws. She was a member of the Planning Commission. To commemorate her legacy Andhra University, Visakhapatnam has named its Department of Women Studies as Dr. Durgabai Deshmukh Centre for Women's Studies. In, 1953 she married the then Finance Minister of India Chintaman Deshmukh. Durgabai Deshmukh authored a book called The Stone That Speaketh. Her autobiography Chintaman and I was published one year before her death in 1981.
- 29. Conclusion The role played by women in the Freedom Movement was creditable and invited the admiration even leaders of the Revolt. Let us elucidate the role of Indian women who participated in the freedom struggle against British East India Company and British Empire and made great and rich contributions in various ways. Though the above women contributed immensely to the Indian National Movement their names have not been written in the book of history.
- 31. Submitted to Ramana Sir - By Amy . P 1312AH17 R . Jaya Keerthana 1312AH16