Answer Key Booklet Contents

Contents
Answer Key
Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1
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Answer Key
Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 1
UNIT 1
The Five-Paragraph Essay
Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Exercise 2 (pp. 3–4)
A. 1. a 2. b 3. c
B. Answers will vary.
1. To achieve this goal, I focused on three points:
the content of an essay, correct grammar, and
advanced level vocabulary. It is the thesis of the
essay because it states what the entire essay is
about.
2. As soon as I started to write for college, I realized
that college writing was different from the writing
I was used to doing. It is the topic sentence because
it states what the body paragraph is about.
3. The details in the body paragraph give
explanations and examples to support the topic
sentence.
4. It sums up the ideas of the essay, and it brings it
to a close.
Exercise 3 (pp. 5–7)
A. Answers will vary.
B. 1. Thesis statement: “To achieve this goal, I focused
on three points: the content of an essay, correct
grammar, and advanced level vocabulary.” No,
the thesis statement is not different from the
thesis statement of the short essay on page 3.
2. Each topic sentence supports the thesis statement.
First body paragraph topic sentence: “As soon as
I started to write for college, I realized that college
writing was different from the writing I was used
to doing.”
Second body paragraph topic sentence: “I realized
I had to improve my understanding of grammar
in order to write for college.”
Third body paragraph topic sentence: “I soon
realized that academic writing required a much
more sophisticated vocabulary.”
3. The body paragraphs of the five-paragraph essay
expand on the information provided in the single
body paragraph of the short essay by giving
examples and anecdotes. The body paragraphs
of the five-paragraph essay are more analytical in
nature.
4. No, the conclusion in the five-paragraph essay is not
different from that of the short essay on page 3.
Part 2: Developing the Five-Paragraph Essay
Exercise 1 (p. 9)
1. Hook: “It was a sunny day in the summer of 1998
when my family moved out of the city to the
suburbs.”
2. I did not like leaving because I would lose my
friends and the places where I had had so much
fun. It was very sad for me to see my friends
standing in front of the old house as we said our
last goodbyes.
3. Thesis statement: “Little did I know that this
move would turn out to be one of the best
moments of my life.”
4. Topic: “Little did I know that this move . . . ”
5. Controlling idea: “ . . . would turn out to be one
of the best moments of my life.”
Exercise 2 (p. 10)
Body Paragraph 1
Answers will vary.
1. As soon as I started to write for college, I realized
that college writing was different from the writing
I was used to doing.
2. The writer gives supporting details. In high
school, most of the writer’s writing dealt with
personal experiences with family, childhood,
and friends. In contrast, college writing is
focused on a variety of unfamiliar issues, such
as reacting to a piece of literature or writing
about the community. The most important thing
for the writer was to understand the assigned
topic before attempting a first draft. The writer
wanted to include examples, statistics, and direct
quotations whenever possible for support. These
details support the topic sentence because they
elaborate on the topic sentence.
3. b
Body Paragraph 2
Answers will vary.
1. I realized that I had to improve my understanding
of grammar in order to write for college.
2. The writer gives supporting details. Before
the writer came to college, grammar was not

2 Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key
a strong point. The writer often created run-on
sentences or sentence fragments. The writer was
more concerned with what to say than how it
was said. The professors would not accept this
kind of writing and made the writer revise many
times. Consequently, the writer made grammar
the second priority. The writer reviewed the basic
grammatical structures such as subjects and verbs
and checked all work for verb tense consistency
and punctuation. As a result, the writer’s work
became more complex because the writer included
transitional words, gerunds, and embedded
clauses. These details support the topic sentence
because they elaborate on the topic sentence.
3. a
Body Paragraph 3
Answers will vary.
1. I soon realized that academic writing required a
much more sophisticated vocabulary.
2. The writer gives supporting details. The writer
was accustomed to writing letters and informal
essays, so the writer usually wrote the way the
writer speaks with family and friends. It was
common for the writer to include slang and
abbreviated terms, which were appropriate in
social contexts but were unacceptable in formal
essays. The writer’s third goal became improving
vocabulary. The writer bought a dictionary and
thesaurus, became more aware of how often
the same words and phrases were repeated
throughout the essay, and looked for synonyms
to replace words that the writer thought were too
simple for a college essay. The writer also focused
more on the rules of spelling and corrected any
errors. These details support the topic sentence
because they elaborate on the topic sentence.
3. a
Exercise 3 (p. 11)
1. 3
2. The first sentence restates the thesis: “Academic
writing requires critical thinking skills, an
understanding of the topic, high level vocabulary,
and correct grammar.”
3. d
Part 3: Unity and Coherence
Exercise 1 (p. 12)
Having my friends and family together at my
wedding was an amazing experience. I had not seen
some of my uncles, cousins, and aunts for many years.
My cousin Tom lives in London, where he works as
an engineer. Both my mother and father were born in
different countries, so my relatives are scattered all
over the world. I really like traveling and have been to
Europe and Asia. Although we try to get together for
important occasions, this was the first time everyone
could attend. Most importantly, my good friends had
never met my relatives. Developing good friendships
takes a lot of work. Watching them all dancing,
laughing, and having a wonderful time will stay in my
memory forever.
The band we hired played music that the guests
loved and we danced for hours. My original guest
list had over 200 people, but I had to cut it down to
150. It was difficult finding a group that could play all
the diverse styles that I wanted at the wedding. Most
bands specialize in one or two different kinds of music.
However, these musicians really knew all types of
music—from 1940s jazz and swing to salsa, merengue,
and even hip-hop. My brother was once in a rock and
roll band. In short, there was music to suit everyone’s
tastes. I loved the singer’s dress. It was incredible. Even
my grandparents danced all night.
Exercise 2 (p. 14)
1. a, c, d
2. a, b, d, e
Exercise 3 (p. 15)
2. b
3. a
Exercise 4 (p. 16)
Answers will vary.
2. Learning a foreign language takes a lot of
patience and effort. Moreover, it helps to have a
good ear and be able to spend some time in the
host country.
3. The college student was told to revise her essay a
third time. Nevertheless, she has still made great
progress with her writing skills.
4. John Steinbeck, a famous American author, wrote
many books concerning the human condition. For
example, his novel The Grapes of Wrath dealt with
the problems of the Great Depression.
5. Academic writing requires standard grammar,
sophisticated vocabulary, and proper
organization. In contrast, e-mail messages use
abbreviations, symbols, and slang.
6. Nowadays research is often done on the Internet.
Previously, important information was stored on
special film called microfiche.

Exercise 5 (p. 17)
Answers will vary.
A. If you want to make rice, first boil some water.
Next, add rice. Then cook for about 20 minutes.
B. If you want to learn Spanish, the most important
thing is to take a Spanish class. The second
priority is to practice speaking Spanish with
friends. Then visit a Spanish-speaking country.
Exercise 6 (p. 18)
2. She
3. this
4. they
5. we
6. us
7. They
8. us
Exercise 7 (p. 19)
2. As a teenager, I reported on school events, edited
articles for the high school newspaper, and
published some of my stories.
3. Some of the rewards of being an author are
learning about historical events, researching the
lives of famous people, and discovering facts
about yourself.
4. Attending workshops on writing has taught me
how to receive criticism, become a more focused
writer, and take more risks.
Part 4: Editing Your Writing
Exercise 1 (p. 20)
2. I felt very confident because I had spent a long
time practicing.
3. Since it was my graduation, I bought a beautiful
new outfit.
4. Although the ceremony was very long, nobody
was bored.
5. We went out for a fancy meal after the ceremony
ended.
6. My family took a lot of photographs which I still
enjoy looking at.
Exercise 2 (p. 21)
1. RO
2. RO
3. C
4. RO
5. C
Exercise 3 (p. 22)
2. The nineteenth-century British novelist Charlotte
Brontë wrote Jane Eyre, and her younger sister Emily
was the author of the classic Wuthering Heights.
3. Upton Sinclair was concerned about social and
political problems of his times, so he wrote The
Jungle, exposing the unsanitary conditions of the
meatpacking industry.
4. Jane Austen’s original version of Pride and Prejudice
was written when she was only twenty years old,
yet it was not published for almost two decades.
5. The anthropologist Margaret Mead went to
Samoa to collect data for her book, for she was
interested in researching the role of adolescent
girls in a non-Western culture.
6. Writers often use biographical information, or
they adapt the background of other people for
their story.
Exercise 4 (p. 23)
2. Margaret Mitchell was able to write the epic novel
Gone with the Wind because she understood the
decline of the southern plantation owners.
3. Although Somerset Maugham was a doctor, he
wrote many important novels, short stories, and
plays.
4. Some of the Harry Potter books have already been
made into movies since they are so popular.
5. When Wallace Stevens received the Pulitzer Prize
for his collected poems, he was vice president of
an insurance company.
Exercise 5 (p. 24)
Answers will vary.
2. When I visited her, she showed me photos of her
vacation.
3. Because she had a demanding job, she never had
time to visit with friends.
4. Since I was her favorite, I always got a special gift.
5. After she got married, she started working
downtown.
Exercise 6 (p. 25)
While I was visiting China, I (1) experienced
experience a special kind of warmth from the people
I (2) came come in contact with. I was always aware
of their special quality of friendliness. I (3) had have
the unique experience of being in Beijing on the night
the Chinese (4) won win their bid to host the 2008
summer Olympics. On that night, I (5) was am one of
a million and a half people who poured into the streets
to express their joy and gratitude. I walked with them
and (6) shook shake hands with as many people as
I could while I sang out the words: “gong xi ni ba”

(congratulations). My words (7) were are always met
with big smiles and enthusiastic handshakes. Those
parents with kids on their shoulders, teenagers, and
many others (8) felt feel as if the rest of the world was
welcoming them into the global community. Now I wish
them the best, and I am hoping to return one day. If you
take a trip to China, you will experience the same kind
of hospitality.
Part 5: Putting It All Together
Exercise 1 (p. 26)
1. Hook: “Difficult life-changing experiences become
the memories that stay forever in our minds.”
2. We have to learn to balance the positive and
negative effects that these situations have on us.
The day after I finished my first year at college, I
had one of these life-changing experiences.
3. Thesis statement: “Going on a job interview at an
international bank taught me an important lesson.”
4. Topic: Going on a job interview at an international
bank.
5. Controlling idea: The writer learned an important
lesson.
Exercise 2 (p. 26)
a. 4 d. 3 g. 6
b. 1 e. 5
c. 7 f. 2
Exercise 3 (p. 27)
A. I was in a rush to get there, (1) so I decided to take
a taxi. The traffic was so horrible that the driver was in
a bad mood. (2) When he He closed the door, my new
skirt got caught. I tried desperately to pull it out, but it
ripped. I thought about asking the driver to stop, (3) but
I was too embarrassed to say anything. Although I was
very upset (4) , . I tried to be calm. The ride was much
longer than I expected, (5) and the air conditioning was
not working. I did not want anything negative to block
my mind (6) . I was eager to have this job. I wanted to
have a good interview and make a strong impression (7)
, since .Since I learned in school that first impressions
are the most valuable.
B. Finally when I arrived at the bank, I (1) looked
look at my skirt. The torn hem was hanging and was
covered with dirt. Once inside, I (2) went go into
the ladies room. I tried to wash my skirt and hold it
together with a safety pin. A few minutes later, I was in
the waiting room when the secretary (3) called call me.
I was embarrassed and afraid that I wouldn’t get the job
because of my sloppy appearance. The most interesting
part was that the manager asked me what (4) happened
happen. When I (5) told tell her the story, she started
to laugh. She (6) couldn’t can’t stop. She wanted to ask
me something about myself, but she (7) kept keeps on
laughing. Now I was sure I would not get the job. She
said, “I will never forget this. I never thought that I (8)
would will have such a good time today. You know,
when you have to interview a lot of people in one day,
it can become very boring.” Despite this ordeal, she
assured me that I had the right qualifications, and in the
end she offered me the position.
Exercise 4 (p. 28)
1. We never know when a negative experience can
end up being a positive influence on our life and
can stay in our minds forever.
2. d
Exercise 5 (p. 28)
1. them
2. it
3. she
4. it
5. mine
6. me
7. us
8. This
Exercise 6 (p. 29)
1. Sometimes when essays are written too quickly
the sentences do not flow naturally. Therefore,
you should always read your essay out loud to
make sure it does.
2. The sonnets of Shakespeare always rhyme. In
contrast, modern poetry usually uses free verse
that does not rhyme.
3. Writing a good play requires a strong story
line. Moreover, you need realistic dialogue and
believable characters.
4. William Shakespeare wrote comedies as well as
tragedies. For example, The Taming of the Shrew
and A Midsummer Night’s Dream both have happy
endings.
5. Computers have grammar and spell check.
Nevertheless, a good writer should not depend on
these tools.
Exercise 7 (p. 30)
1. A few years ago, I went to China to research a
book, meet some old friends, and visit the famous
temples.
2. One day we toured the Ming Dynasty gardens,
walked through the narrow streets, and visited
the Great Wall.
3. I ate with chopsticks, sampled spicy foods, and
drank exotic teas.

4. The Chinese are famous for creating silk screens,
painting lacquer boxes, and inventing calligraphy.
5. I enrolled in a Chinese culture class where I
learned how to write a few characters, speak a
few words, and recognize the different tones of
the language.
UNIT 2
Process Analysis Essays
Exercise 3 (p. 34)
1. F 3. F 5. T
2. T 4. T
Exercise 4 (p. 34)
Answers will vary.
1. He had supernatural powers that helped him see
the dead.
2. Sonja’s offerings to the priests saved his mother.
3. Families clean their homes, decorate the Buddhist
altars, and light lanterns.
4. Both children and adults participate in Bon Odori.
5. Day of the Dead and Halloween
Part 2: Brainstorming and Outlining
Exercise 2 (p. 35)
Answers will vary.
1. Costumes: masks, makeup, traditional dress
2. Foods: marshmallows, hamburgers, apple pie
3. Music/Dance: national anthem, folk, circles
4. Decorations: balloons, streamers, confetti
Exercise 3 (p. 36)
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 (p. 38)
A. 1. The Day of the Dead is celebrated to remember
the dead.
2. People buy candles, incense, copal, fruit, flowers,
and candies.
3. The merchants build stalls to protect themselves
and their products from the sunlight.
4. Families go to the cemetery to decorate and to
watch over the graves of dead relatives.
5. Answers will vary.
B. 1. Hook: “Mexican culture is full of colorful
traditions.”
2. One of them is the celebration of the Day of the
Dead. This special holiday for remembering the
dead takes place on November 2 of every year. On
that day, families believe that their dead relatives
will return home to eat and drink. The background
information tells about celebration of the Day of
the Dead. It tells when the celebration occurs and
tells what the holiday is for.
3. Thesis: “In my native town, Puebla, preparation
begins three weeks before the holiday.” Answers
will vary.
4. Body paragraph 3 explains the process of families
decorating and watching over the graves of dead
relatives.
5. a
Part 3: Developing Your Ideas
Exercise 1 (p. 41)
The writer prepares a turkey for Thanksgiving
dinner.
Exercise 2 (p. 42)
A. 1. The writer searched the Internet for recipes and
got advice from friends.
2. All the ingredients have to be fresh, especially the
herbs.
3. While the cornbread is baking, the other stuffing
ingredients are being prepared.
4. The size of the turkey determines the cooking
time.
B. 1. Hook: “The cashier gave me a free 12 pound
turkey because my food receipt was over fifty
dollars.”
2. Thesis statement: “I did not know how to cook
a turkey, but since I had gotten one, I decided it
was a good opportunity to learn how.” Answers
will vary. I wanted to learn how to cook a turkey,
since I had gotten one at the supermarket.
3. before, eventually, while, now, first, second, after,
next, finally, then
4. defrost, prepare, roast, take out, put in, take off,
place, marinate, wash, poke, add, mix, brush,
make, follow, bake, cut, sauté, chop, cool off,
mash up, fill, sew, cook
5. Body paragraph 3 explains the steps in defrosting
and preparing a turkey before it is roasted.
6. The family said that the turkey was amazing
and that the writer should prepare Thanksgiving
dinner next year.
Exercise 3 (p. 44)
first, second, third, next, after this, then, finally

Exercise 4 (p. 44)
A. a. 6 c. 1 e. 2
b. 5 d. 3 f. 4
B. Before you begin, decide on a topic that you want
to research. Second, review what has been written on
the topic. Third, organize the information in order of
importance. Next, develop a term paper outline. After
this, write the first draft of the paper. Finally, edit and
revise your work.
Exercise 5 (p. 45)
2. Before you buy a computer disk, make sure it is
compatible with your computer.
Make sure the computer disk is compatible with
your computer before you buy it.
3. Before you use the new computer disk, format it.
Format the new computer disk before you use it.
4. After you save your essay on a disk, print it out.
Print out your essay after you save it on a disk.
5. As soon as you finish reading your email, log out.
Log out as soon as you finish reading your email.
6. After you close all programs, shut down the
computer.
Shut down the computer after you close all
programs.
Exercise 1 (p. 49)
2. Obon is celebrated by the Japanese in the summer.
3. The fragrant fruit is protected from the sun by the
stalls.
4. The grave must be guarded by the relatives of the
dead.
5. The children were fascinated by the fireworks.
6. Traditional food is sold to the families by the
merchants.
Exercise 2 (p. 50)
2. Litter and trash should be picked up.
3. Children must not be allowed to play with
fireworks.
4. Hot dogs and hamburgers must be cooked
thoroughly.
5. Music should not be played too loudly.
6. Flags may be displayed in front of the houses.
Exercise 3 (p. 50)
1. Sushi is eaten in Japan.
2. Many festivals are organized by the city
government.
3. Special breads and cakes are baked for the
celebration.
4. The turkey must be defrosted in the refrigerator.
5. Green is worn by many people in the United
States on Saint Patrick’s Day.
6. A lot of flowers and chocolates are sold on
Valentine’s Day.
Exercise 4 (p. 51)
1. X
2. The gifts offered to the spirits are blessed by the
families.
3. X
4. X
5. The Buddhist altars are decorated by families.
6. X
Exercise 5 (p. 52)
Every year, the falling autumn leaves signal the
approach of Halloween. It is one of the most popular
holidays in the United States, and it (1) is enjoyed by
both children and adults. Many parties are held on this
occasion when special costumes, masks, and wigs (2)
are worn. Some of the most popular costumes that are
(3) chosen chose are from children’s fairy tales as well
as witches, ghosts, and famous movie stars. Prizes are
often given for the most unusual and creative disguises.
Faces are (4) painted paint with odd designs and colorful
makeup. The fronts of many houses (5) are decorated
with gravestones, monsters, and jack-o-lanterns. These
lanterns are (6) made making from pumpkins, which
are carved out to create scary faces. On the night of
Halloween, children go trick-or-treating, which means
going from house to house to collect candy. For kids
and adults alike, Halloween is great fun. But remember,
young children should (7) to be accompanied by an adult
at all times.
Exercise 1 (p. 53)
A. a. 2 c. 3 e. 1
b. 5 d. 6 f. 4
First, check with your counselor for available
scholarships. Second, select three or four scholarships
that are appropriate for you. Third, go to the Internet
and review the requirements. Next, request an
application form. After this, complete the application.
Finally, submit the application and wait for a response.
Exercise 2 (p. 53)
1. Before you enter a Japanese tea house, take off
your shoes. OR Take off your shoes before you
enter a Japanese tea house.

2. After you sit in the proper position, begin the
ceremony. OR Begin the ceremony after you sit in
the proper position.
3. As soon as you pour hot water into the tea bowl,
stir the mixture. OR Stir the mixture as soon as you
pour hot water into the tea bowl.
4. Before you taste the tea, admire the design of the
bowl. OR Admire the design of the bowl before
you taste the tea.
5. After you drink the tea, pass the bowl to the next
person. OR Pass the bowl to the next person after
you drink the tea.
Exercise 3 (p. 54)
1. Baseball players are idolized by the fans.
2. Tickets can be bought on the Internet by fans.
3. The games are often sponsored by large
corporations.
4. A special vest must be worn by the umpire.
5. Baseball is watched by millions of viewers on TV.
Exercise 4 (p. 54)
1. Changes to the schedule must be approved by the
principal.
2. The electric drill must be plugged in.
3. Banks and other businesses are closed on national
holidays.
4. Potatoes and other vegetables are grown in Idaho.
5. A weekend edition is published by The New York
Times.
Exercise 5 (p. 55)
In college, students have many responsibilities, and
one of them is to understand the rules of the university.
International students may be confused by some of these
rules. For instance, on most American college campuses,
alcohol consumption is (1) prohibited prohibit because
of the many alcohol-related deaths among young
people. Educators believe that students should be (2)
made make aware of the dangers of excessive drinking.
Another issue is smoking in public spaces, which (3)
is permitted in some countries around the world. In
the majority of American schools, smoking is not (4)
allowed allowing in the cafeterias, dormitories, and
student unions. However, in most classrooms, food and
drinks may (5) to be consumed. Before students enter
a classroom or lecture hall, they are (6) expected expect
to turn their cell phones off. Plagiarism and cheating on
exams (7) is be not tolerated; serious consequences may
result.
UNIT 3
Cause and Effect Essays
Exercise 3 (p. 62)
1. F 3. T 5. T
2. F 4. T
Exercise 4 (p. 62)
Answers will vary.
1. While his peers spent money on fraternities and
parties, Mighty invested in the stock market. He
searched for answers on his own.
2. He made a documentary while traveling around
the country asking people from many different
backgrounds what they thought happiness was.
3. You don’t need material wealth to enjoy your life;
you just have to live it to the fullest.
Exercise 2 (p. 64)
Answers will vary.
A. 1. Happiness: love, friendship, success, enjoy
2. Actions: complete, advance, finish, start
3. Results: turn into, make possible, end result,
culminate
2. Accomplishing your goals leads to peace of mind.
3. Succeeding in a difficult situation brings about
contentment.
4. Completing a college degree makes it possible to
enjoy a good career.
5. Finishing what you started leads to self-
satisfaction.
Exercise 3 (p. 65)
A positive outlook helps you find happiness in
relationships, keeps you healthy, and makes you
more able to confront difficult situations.
Exercise 4 (p. 66)
Answers will vary.
1. Hook: “Happiness is a state of being that
everyone wants to achieve.”
2. A positive outlook can help you be happy and
change the outcome of your life.
3. Thesis statement: “It can enrich your relationships,
improve your health, and guide you through some
of life’s greatest challenges.” A positive outlook on
life can make your relationships stronger, make you

healthier, and give you the strength to face life’s most
difficult moments.
4. Body paragraph 1 topic: A positive outlook helps
you find happiness in professional, social, and
personal relationships. Body pargraph 2 topic:
Having a positive outlook also makes a person
healthy. Body paragraph 3 topic: Finally, people
with positive outlooks are stronger and capable of
confronting difficult situations.
5. Laughter releases a chemical substance called
serotonin into your blood stream; stress causes
high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer
6. The conclusion restates the introduction in
different words.
Exercise 1 (p. 69)
According to the writer, family support, motivation,
and the ability to focus lead to success in college.
Exercise 2 (p. 70)
Answers will vary.
1. Students may experience self-doubt, face financial
hardships, and be overwhelmed by the work
load.
2. They might be too tired to study after returning
home late from their jobs, or they might decide to
go to a party instead of studying.
3. Students have many obligations to fill and may
arrive home late at night, so they may find it
difficult to finish their homework and make their
studies a priority.
4. You could waste valuable time and money if you
aren’t focused.
Exercise 3 (p. 71)
2. c 3. a 4. c 5. a
Exercise 4 (p. 73)
2. Since people are receiving better medical
treatment, they are living longer. OR People are
living longer since they are receiving better
medical treatment.
3. Because orchestras are trying to attract a younger
audience, reduced rates at concert halls are
available for many high school students. OR
Reduced rates at concert halls are available for
many high school students because orchestras are
trying to attract a younger audience.
4. Since research has shown that yoga reduces stress,
more and more individuals are practicing it. OR
More and more individuals are practicing yoga
since research has shown that it reduces stress.
Exercise 5 (p. 73)
2. As a result of the high pollen count, my allergies
are very bad this season.
3. Because of my excellent work, I received the
highest grade in the class.
4. Due to the destructive fire, the building had to be
demolished.
Exercise 6 (p. 74)
2. The fire caused major damage to the school
auditorium; consequently, we will have the
performance in the town hall. OR The fire
caused major damage to the school auditorium.
Consequently, we will have the performance in
the town hall.
3. The Great Depression was devastating; as a result,
many farmers moved to California. OR The Great
Depression was devastating. As a result, many
farmers moved to California.
4. Airlines have cut back services; as a result,
flights no longer provide meals. OR Airlines have
cut back services. As a result, flights no longer
provide meals.
5. The reviews were great; therefore, the theater
added more performances. OR The reviews
were great. Therefore, the theater added more
performances.
Exercise 1 (p. 77)
2. If you study hard, you will pass the test.
3. If you get a roommate, you will share the rent.
4. If you go to bed early, you will wake up refreshed.
5. If you read more, you will increase your vocabulary.
Exercise 2 (p. 78)
2. If I owned a car, I wouldn’t travel by bus.
3. If people didn’t watch a lot of TV, they would
read books.
4. If I knew how to cook, I could make dinner for
the whole family.
5. If we have a lot of rain in the spring, I won’t go
camping.
Exercise 3 (p. 78)
Answers will vary.
2. I would buy a beach house if I had more money.
3. If people receive better health care, they will live
longer.
4. I would learn a foreign language if I could go
back to school.
5. If home owners used solar energy, they would
save money on their heating bills.

Exercise 4 (p. 79)
If you (1) like liked music, think about taking a
music appreciation course. If you (2) would have any
talent in that direction, you may want to join a choir. I
joined a choir two years ago and I enjoy it very much.
I know that if I didn’t have my rehearsals, I (3) would
will be very unhappy. I look forward to working with a
conductor, learning challenging pieces, and singing with
a group. If I (4) miss missed a rehearsal, I feel a little
depressed. Even if we work on a difficult piece, I (5)
would find the challenge exhilarating. If music is not the
hobby for you, you should (6) find found one that can
bring you happiness. If you do, you (7) will would not
be sorry.
Exercise 1 (p. 80)
1. b 3. b 5. a
2. a 4. c 6. c
Exercise 2 (p. 81)
1. The construction industry is thriving since there is
a high demand for new housing. OR Since there is
a high demand for new housing, the construction
industry is thriving.
2. Because of fierce competition for jobs, many
young adults want to go to college. OR Many
young adults want to go to college because of
fierce competition for jobs.
3. Because people are living longer, second careers
are more common. OR Second careers are more
common because people are living longer.
4. Newspapers and magazines are losing subscribers
since readers obtain more up-to-date information
from the Internet. OR Since readers obtain
more up-to-date information from the Internet,
newspapers and magazines are losing subscribers.
5. Due to a great need for nurses, many students
are entering the profession. OR Many students are
entering the profession due to a great need for
nurses.
6. As a result of the building of the Suez Canal,
ships are able to travel faster from the west to the
east. OR Ships are able to travel faster from the
west to the east as a result of the building of the
Suez Canal.
Exercise 3 (p. 81)
1. Microwaves are time-saving; therefore, people
are cooking less. OR Microwaves are time-saving.
Therefore, people are cooking less.
2. Crime rates are high; consequently, more police
patrol the streets. OR Crime rates are high.
Consequently, more police patrol the streets.
3. Globalization is increasing; as a result, English
has become a more popular language. OR
Globalization is increasing. As a result, English
has become a more popular language.
4. Shopping malls are huge; consequently,
consumers have more choices. OR Shopping malls
are huge. Consequently, consumers have more
choices.
5. Cell phones are convenient and economical;
as a result, many people have cancelled their
home service. OR Cell phones are convenient
and economical. As a result, many people have
cancelled their home service.
6. The exam was challenging; therefore, many
students failed. OR The exam was challenging.
Therefore, many students failed.
Exercise 4 (p. 82)
1. If you work hard, you will succeed in your career.
2. If you work at a job you like, you will accomplish
more in less time.
3. If you travel around the world, you will learn
about new cultures.
4. If you have a DVD drive, you will be able to
watch movies on your computer.
5. If you plant perennials, you will have flowers
again next year.
6. If you purchase tickets online, you will save money.
Exercise 5 (p. 83)
Answers will vary.
1. If you did not play an instrument, you could not
join an orchestra.
2. If you had a long semester, you would have less
vacation time.
3. If we had a microwave, we wouldn’t cook
everything on the stove.
4. If I owned a laptop, I could work efficiently.
5. If I had any credit cards, I would not pay with
cash.
Exercise 6 (p. 83)
Today, people work long hours and have too
many responsiblities; as a result, they have very little
leisure time. If people spent more time with family and
friends, they (1) would will be happier. Often parents
do not have enough time to spend with their children.
Therefore, young children do not receive the parental
attention they need. If parents (2) had have more home
time, they could play games with their children, and
participate in more school activities. If parents (3) spent

spend more time with their children, children would
do better in school. Furthermore, if workers had more
leisure time, they (4) could can go on more family
vacations. Teenagers (5) would have had more time to
communicate with their parents if they did not have
so many responsibilities. If leisure time (6) increased
increase, the family unit would be stronger and society
as a whole would benefit.
UNIT 4
Argumentative Essays
Exercise 3 (p. 90)
1. F 3. F 5. F
2. T 4. T 6. F
Exercise 4 (p. 90)
Answers will vary.
1. He is the first person to be charged with the crime
of piracy, and other arrests may follow.
2. Its function is to protect intellectual property
between nations.
3. They are losing large profits and are afraid they
won’t survive.
Exercise 2 (p. 92)
A. law property computers
legal
break the rules
commit a crime
own a copyright
possession
download
share files
program
Exercise 3 (p. 93)
Academic policy rules are broken by cheating and
plagiarism.
Exercise 4 (p. 95)
Answers will vary.
A. 1. Some students plagiarize because it saves time.
2. The writer feels that copying someone else’s
work and submitting it as your own is not only
immoral but also academically unacceptable. We
know this because the writer says, “However,
plagiarism is wrong because it is irresponsible as
well as against academic policy.”
3. They don’t develop their critical thinking and
writing skills and they might fail their final exams.
B. 1. Hook: “College and high school students often
look for shortcuts to make their work easier.”
2. Thesis statement: “However, plagiarism is
irresponsible from a social and academic
standpoint.” Answers will vary. Example:
Plagiarism affects your relationships with your
classmates and teachers, and it hinders your
academic progress.
3. d
4. There are some students who feel that because they
are so busy, they have no choice but to plagiarize.
5. Three: Plagiarism damages classroom relationships,
it also violates school policies, and it prevents
students from realizing their own potential.
Exercise 2 (p. 99)
Answers will vary.
1. The first reason the writer gives is that cable
companies charge too much money for the service.
2. The writer gives detailed price information for the
various packages the cable company offers. These
facts strengthen the writer’s argument, because
they are specific examples of how the cable
company’s prices can be very expensive.
3. The quality of satellite service is inferior, and
many buildings do not allow tenants to use
satellite dishes.
4. Cable companies say they are losing money and
that getting free cable is against the law.
Exercise 3 (p. 100)
1. R 3. C 5. C
2. C 4. R 6. R
Exercise 4 (p. 102)
2. Once an invention is patented, only the owner can
make, sell or distribute the product. Therefore,
anyone else who wants to profit from this item
must get permission from the owner. OR Once an
invention is patented, only the owner can make,
sell or distribute the product; therefore, anyone
else who wants to profit from this item must get
permission from the owner.
3. Novels, plays, newspapers, and other original
printed materials are protected by copyright
law. However, visual images such as drawings,
photographs, and cartoons are still illegally
copied off the Internet. OR . Novels, plays,
newspapers, and other original printed materials
are protected by copyright law; however, visual

images such as drawings, photographs, and
cartoons are still illegally copied off the Internet.
4. There continues to be illegal videotaping of
movies in public movie theaters. Consequently,
the U.S. Congress found it necessary to pass the
Family Copyright Act of 2005. OR There continues
to be illegal videotaping of movies in public
movie theaters; consequently, the U.S. Congress
found it necessary to pass the Family Copyright
Act of 2005.
Exercise 1 (p. 105)
Answers will vary.
2. Whereas some people like to go to a movie
theater, others prefer to watch movies at home.
3. Even though baseball is the most popular sport in
America, soccer is the leading sport in Europe.
4. While shopping online is very convenient, many
people prefer to see the merchandise before they
buy it.
5. Although air travel is expensive, the time saved
makes it worthwhile.
Exercise 2 (p. 106)
A. 2. What they decided to do is ridiculous .
3. It is essential that you check the painting’s
authenticity.
4. We advise that you buy jewelry only from a
reputable dealer.
5. The board demands that the school hire master
teachers.
6. I don’t agree with what he said.
B. 1. I believe that viewers have a right to use free
unauthorized cable service.
2. Cable companies complain that they are losing
money and that obtaining free cable is unlawful.
3. We feel that these companies have a monopoly.
4. In conclusion, I think that people should be
allowed to use unauthorized cable service unless
we have reasonable options.
Exercise 3 (p. 107)
2. The city residents recommend that the mayor
lower the fare for public transportation.
3. Parents believe that the community should
provide after-school programs for teenagers.
4. It is crucial that the government offer free health
care for all citizens.
5. Most employers insist that their workers arrive on
time.
Exercise 4 (p. 107)
Identity theft occurs when someone steals your
name, social security, or credit card number and uses
it for his/her own purposes. Although most people
feel safe from identity theft (1) , thousands of people
each year fall victim to this new form of crime. We
recommend that you (2) to protect yourself from this
hideous crime. Do not disclose personal information
(like your social security number) to strangers. Destroy
all unused bank and credit card statements. Keep an
eye on your credit cards. Although credit cards make
life easier (3) , you need to be cautious when using
them. In case you become a victim of identity crime,
follow these steps. We advise that you (4) should file a
police report as soon as you realize that something is
wrong. It is crucial that you (5) to notify your credit card
companies and bank immediately. We also suggest that
you (6) could keep records of all your documents in a
safe place. Therefore, if you become a victim, you will
have all the necessary information to facilitate the filing
process.
Exercise 1 (p. 109)
1. R 3. R 5. C
2. C 4. R 6. R
Exercise 2 (p. 109)
1. A lot of companies copy the ingredients found
in famous perfumes. Furthermore/in addition/
moreover, other companies steal patterns
for dishware, sheets, and towels. OR A lot of
companies copy the ingredients found in famous
perfumes; furthermore/in addition/moreover,
other companies steal patterns for dishware,
sheets, and towels.
2. Many college students know that plagiarism
is illegal. However/nevertheless, websites
that sell essays continue to grow. OR Many
college students know that plagiarism is illegal;
however/nevertheless, websites that sell essays
continue to grow.
3. Writing a research paper takes time and patience.
Furthermore/in addition/moreover, it takes
determination. OR Writing a research paper takes
time and patience; furthermore/in addition/
moreover, it takes determination.
4. Media-related property theft has resulted in
legal retaliation. However/nevertheless, the
number of individuals illegally obtaining media
online has increased. OR Media-related property
theft has resulted in legal retaliation; however/

nevertheless, the number of individuals illegally
obtaining media online has increased.
5. Many consumers try to keep up with modern
technology. However/ nevertheless, this is
almost impossible because what is popular today
becomes obsolete tomorrow. OR Many consumers
try to keep up with modern technology;
however/ nevertheless, this is almost impossible
because what is popular today becomes obsolete
tomorrow.
Exercise 3 (p. 110)
Answers will vary.
1. Although people in the United States greet
each other buy shaking hands, people in other
countries greet each other by bowing.
2. While opponents say that television has a lot
of violence, many people believe it can be an
educational tool.
3. Whereas many people go on vacation in the
summer, I prefer to vacation in the winter when
it’s less crowded.
4. Although smoking has proven to be a dangerous
habit, I still see many people smoking.
5. Even though cell phone users believe they have
the right to talk whenever they want, many
people believe that cell phones should be banned
from restaurants.
Exercise 4 (p. 111)
1. It is mandatory that cyclists in the United States
wear helmets.
2. The government believes that people should be
punished for stealing intellectual property.
3. It is essential that a driver check the car’s oil and
tires before taking a long trip.
4. The taxpayers propose that the mayor build a
new highway.
5. Colleges recommend that students have their own
computers.
Exercise 5 (p. 111)
To complete a research project on the Internet, it is
important that you (1) must find a good search engine.
(2) Although there There are many available (3) , some
are better than others. Once you have chosen your
search engine, it is essential that you (4) should narrow
your search to a specific topic. Type in the keywords
for your search. We recommend that you (5) will check
your spelling carefully. If you misspell too many words,
you will not get the right results. As soon as you have
your list of websites, we suggest that you quickly (6)
to scan the list. (7) While/whereas some Some people
choose websites randomly, others find that the first five
to ten are usually the best. Be prepared to look at a lot
of websites before you find what you need. Open the
sites and skim them to find out if the information will
work for your project. (8) Even though/although it It is
tempting to copy the material that you have found, it is
mandatory that you (9) to use your own words when
you write your paper. You should include the website
address in your final report.
UNIT 5
Classification Essays
Exercise 3 (p. 118)
1. T 3. F 5. F
2. T 4. T
Exercise (p. 118)
Answers will vary.
1. College students looking for a job and people
who want to advance in their professions need to
learn new skills.
2. Some computer skills needed are Microsoft Word,
Excel, Access, and e-mail systems.
3. Skills 2006 was a study based on a survey
conducted to find out whether new job applicants
had the necessary skills.
4. Companies now want employees to be technically
trained for the jobs.
5. There will not be enough graduates to fill these
positions.
Exercise 3 (p. 121)
Graphic design programs for web pages and
animation are discussed.
Exercise 4 (p. 123)
Answers will vary.
A.1. Flash MX has transitional pages, which are links
that guide you from one slide (or portion of the
slide) to another. You can also have animated
introductions and create diverse effects with the
buttons at the bottom of the pages.
2. Photoshop allows you to repair old photos by
adjusting the light and shadow.
3. Swish provides a greater variety of font designs.
4. Two-dimensional animations are flat while
3-dimentional animations have depth.
B. 1. Hook: “Graphic design has become an essential
tool in desktop publishing.”

2. Thesis statement: “Graphic design programs are
classified according to their function.” Graphic
design programs are categorized according to the
functions they perform.
3. They are being grouped according to function.
4. The category for body paragraph 1 is programs
used to develop a web page.
5. The category for body paragraph 2 is programs
used to design flyers, posters, and cards.
6. The category for body paragraph 3 is animation
programs used to produce a 2- or 3-dimensional
style.
7. b
Exercise 1 (p. 126)
Computer scientists, computer engineers, computer
support specialists, and system analysts
Exercise 2 (p. 127)
Answers will vary.
A. 1. They have to be able to do research and be
problem solvers.
2. They rank the second highest.
3. The highest paid people with associate degrees
will be respiratory therapists, cardiovascular
technologists, and nuclear medicine technologists.
4. These professionals should be able to
communicate written information and medical
instructions to their clients.
5. Computer science and health and human services
as well as their related skills are the forces that
will drive the economy.
B. 1. Answers will vary. Example: Many young people
are wondering where the jobs of the future may
be.
2. Thesis statement: “However, if you are one of
the many students who are still confused about
which career to pursue, here are the jobs that will
have the most growth in the number of people
employed over the next decade.” Answers will
vary. If you are not sure about your career path,
you may want to consider one of these jobs that
will be employing the most people within the
next ten years.
3. The information is presented in order of the
highest, the second highest, the third highest
percentage of growth.
4. Body paragraph 1: The highest percentage of
growth; body paragraph 2: The second-highest
percentage of growth; body paragraph 3: The
third-highest growth rate.
5. The writer uses statistics.
Exercise 3 (p. 129)
Answers will vary.
1. Group 1: landscaper, farmer, park ranger
Principle of classification: people who work in
nature
2. Group 2: linguist, interpreter, speech therapist
Principle of classification: people who work with
language
3. Group 3: civil engineer, architect, surveyor
Principle of classification: people involved in
building and construction
Exercise 4 (p. 131)
1. the greatest
2. the same
3. the fewest
4. almost the same
5. the smallest
Part 4: Revising Your Writing
Exercise 1 (p. 134)
2. V, eating
3. S, being
4. V, taking
5. S, learning
6. S, studying
Exercise 2 (p. 134)
Answers will vary.
2. I always enjoy swimming in the ocean.
3. Volunteering in the community can be a
wonderful experience.
4. Many people dislike watching scary movies.
5. Repairing computers is a useful skill to learn.
6. If you want to feel better, you should avoid eating
fatty foods.
Exercise 3 (p. 134)
2. improving
3. memorizing
4. researching
5. discovering
6. taking
Exercise 4 (p. 134)
Answers will vary.
2. I am interested in taking a computer graphics
course this semester.
3. I am nervous about speaking in front of a large
audience.
4. I am responsible for taking care of my sister.
5. I am concerned about passing my driver’s test.

6. I am involved in planting new trees in my
community.
Exercise 5 (p. 136)
1. The principal expected the teachers to arrive on
time.
2. The company is planning to hire new employees.
3. Barbara expects to graduate next year.
4. All hospitals require doctors to pass their medical
exams.
5. We decided to learn a foreign language.
6. Employment agencies advise job applicants to
dress appropriately for their job interviews.
Exercise 6 (p. 136)
Answers will vary.
1. The professor agreed to give the final exam early.
2. The policeman asked us to park on the other side
of the street.
3. My doctor advised me to eat more fruit and
vegetables.
4. The mayor needs to give a speech next week.
5. My best friend wants to travel the world before
she’s 40.
6. Many children learn to write at a very early age.
Exercise 7 (p. 137)
Answers will vary.
2. My parents let me go to Europe last summer to
study.
3. The lifeguard had all the swimmers leave the pool.
4. The judge made the jury stay for the weekend.
5. The bus driver let all the passengers ride for free.
6. The airlines made all the travelers turn off their
electronic devices.
Exercise 8 (p. 137)
(1) Finding Find the right career may seem like an
overwhelming task for many. If you are looking for
job opportunities, you need (2) to take enough time to
explore all the options. Begin by (3) assessing assess
your skills. Decide what you are good at doing and
what you enjoy. Are you interested in designing or
creating things with your hands? Perhaps you are more
accustomed to (4) sitting sit at a computer. Do you like
working indoors or do you enjoy (5) being be outside
in nature? Some people prefer (6) to work on a team,
while others dislike working with others. This may be
the most important decisions you will ever make, so
explore your talents and abilities carefully, and do not
let anyone (7) to influence you.
Exercise 1 (p. 139)
1. preparing
2. forming
3. receiving
4. Arriving
5. writing
6. Practicing
Exercise 2 (p. 139)
1. to
2. at
3. in
4. for
5. with
6. about
Exercise 3 (p. 140)
1. b 3. c 5. c
2. a 4. a 6. c
Exercise 4 (p. 140)
1. fasten
2. to enter
3. drive
4. to attend
5. work
6. to read
Exercise 5 (p. 141)
Answers will vary.
1. Group 1: Africa, Europe, Asia
Principle of classification: continents
2. Group 2: Vietnam, Japan, Thailand
Principle of classification: countries that are in
Southeast Asia
3. Group 3: Switzerland, Italy, France
Principle of classification: countries that are in
Europe
Exercise 6 (p. 141)
There are many good reasons for taking a
temporary position. For college students who are
interested in (1) entering enter the workforce, a
temporary position can be very beneficial. If young
people are concerned about (2) choosing choose the
wrong profession, career counselors advise them (3) to
get experience in a variety of fields. They recommend
(4) to working in a company on a temporary basis to
determine if the job is suitable. Today companies receive
hundreds of resumes for one job opening. Therefore,
potential workers need to be good at (5) communicating
communicate, writing, and problem solving in order
to compete. A temp job allows someone to learn the
necessary skills needed to obtain a better position in the

future. It may even help to impress potential employers.
Companies expect employees to (6) apply applying
themselves and sharpen their skills. Job seekers need
to show how valuable they are if they want (7) to get
hired. While working as a temporary employee, they
can prove themselves on the job and let the company (8)
to know they are ready for a full-time position.
UNIT 6
Reaction Essays
Exercise 3 (p. 148)
1. F 3. F 5. F
2. F 4. T
Exercise 4 (p. 148)
Answers will vary.
1. Photography does not have rules while the
composition of a photograph does.
2. The main center of interest stands out when it
contrasts with the surroundings.
3. Contrast includes light and dark, large and small,
rough and smooth, near and far, straight and
curved, sharp and out of focus.
4. A change in viewpoint can result in different
lighting effects, so a range of pictures can result
form changing the viewpoint.
Exercise 1 (p. 150)
A. 1. f 3. d 5. e
2. c 4. a 6. b
Elements “Playing in
Street Sprinkler”
“Children Playing
Baseball”
Main center of
interest
shiny, umbrella-
like fountain
rectangular
scenery,
semicircular
playing children
Foreground straight water
sprinkler pole,
arched water
spray; smooth
street; straight
fence posts;
vertical buildings
curved clothes line
and curved arm of
boy getting ready
to throw a baseball,
vertical houses;
round wheels
Background vertical buildings;
straight road
curved clothesline;
straight bat
Exercise 2 (p. 151)
Answers will vary.
A.“Children Playing Baseball”
playful, active, competitive
“Playing in the Street Sprinkler”
refreshing, soothing, carefree, peaceful, nostalgic,
friendly
Exercise 3 (p. 152)
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 (p. 155)
Answers will vary.
A. 1. The children are not touching and are confined in
a dark room.
2. In “Village School,” the boys are widely spaced
apart from each other and they are sitting in rows.
In contrast, the children are bunched together
and touching each other in “Children’s Puppet
Theater.”
3. The mood is cheerful, friendly, lively and
exuberant with laughter and screaming. The
children have their mouths wide open with smiles
on their faces and one boy is covering his ears.
4. The children’s expressions capture the mood and
feelings of the two photographs.
5. The lighting emphasizes the children’s intellect.
They appear dignified with strong personalities
and have a look of hope.
B. 1. Hook: “Looking at children in different settings,
you can see the honesty of their expressions. They
may be happy or sad, playful or serious, but there
is always an integrity about their emotions.”
2. Here are two photographs of children. One is
called “Village School” by Margaret Bourke-
White, who included this picture in her book Eyes
on Russia, published in 1934. The other is called
“Children’s Puppet Theatre, Paris 1963” by Alfred
Eisenstadt.
3. Thesis statement: “In both photographs, the
children are staring at something, but the mood
and feeling of the two are completely different.”
4. Answers will vary. Example: There is no
communication between the boys and there is a
sense of isolation.
5. a, b, c, e, f
6. Lighting, contrasts of color and shapes, position
of objects and people, line and mood
7. One photograph is more structured and the other
is more free. Both focus on the children’s faces,
and both capture the children’s personalities and
their individuality.

Exercise 1 (p. 158)
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 (p. 159)
A. 1. The emotions are communicated through
their facial expressions, body movements, and
positioning.
2. The somber mood is created by the empty, dark,
enclosed space as well as the passive expressions
on the boys’ faces.
3. By having only boys, the photograph looks rigid.
4. The person in charge must be very strict.
B. 1. Hook: Seeing the emotions expressed in children’s
faces can elicit powerful responses from the viewer.
Children laughing hysterically, teeth showing,
can brighten up your day. Thoughtful, solemn, or
introverted feelings can touch you deeply.
2. Thesis statement: “Although different, both
photographs display a transparency of feelings
reflected in the body language and facial
expressions of the subjects.” Answers will vary.
Example: The two photographs are different, yet
they are similar in that they portray feelings with
body language and facial expressions.
3. Answers will vary. Example: The writer describes
the body language and actions of the children
to give a clear idea of how spontaneous the
actions are. The children are not posed but are in
spontaneous positions.
4. Answers will vary
Exercise 3 (p. 161)
2. for
3. by
4. of
5. in
6. to
7. to
Exercise 4 (p. 162)
Answers will vary
1. A young boy is standing on the right side of the
picture.
2. Rows of laundry are hanging above the children.
3. A group of children is standing on a wagon on
the left side of the picture.
4. A barrel is on the periphery.
5. Several tall buildings are in the background.
6. A sidewalk is in the foreground.
Exercise 5 (p. 163)
A. 2. e 4. b 6. d
3. a 5. f
Answers will vary.
B. 2. Her bright smile suggests the strong rays of
sunshine.
3. Running like a jaguar suggests great speed and
agility.
4. Puppies are friendly, innocent, and carefree.
5. Amusement parks suggest lots of activity with
people having a good time.
6. Thick velvet curtains suggest something heavy
and dark without any light getting through.
Part 4: Revising Your Writing
Exercise 1 (p. 166)
2. NR, Mathew Brady, who was one of the first
photojournalists, took pictures of the U.S. Civil
War.
3. R, The photographs that were taken by Lewis
Hines depict children working in factories.
4. R, Many of the people that were photographed by
Ben Shahn during the 1930s were tenant farmers.
Exercise 2 (p. 167)
2. Subjects that/who are being photographed
outdoors should not face the sun.
3. Ansel Adams took photographs that show
magnificent scenes in nature.
4. Film that has expired should not be used.
Exercise 3 (p. 167)
2. Thomas Edison, who contributed to the film
industry, invented the light bulb.
3. The digital camera, which allows people to send
photos over the Internet, is used worldwide.
5. Louis Daguerre, who developed the diorama, was
a French inventor.
Exercise 4 (p. 168)
2. There are many photographs whose sizes have
been changed.
3. Richard Avedon, whose pictures were of famous
celebrities, was a world-renowned portrait
photographer.
4. Yousuf Karsh, whose photograph of Winston
Churchill brought him international fame, was
born in Armenia.
5. Galleries whose exhibits are very controversial
attract large crowds.
Exercise 5 (p. 169)
The camera, (1) which was invented in 1837, has
had many different professional and personal uses.

One of the earliest professional photographers of that
time was Julia Cameron, (2) whose who objective was
to make photographs the way a painter would create a
painting. These photographs looked like the portraits
(3) , that were painted then. Mathew Brady, who was
the greatest photojournalist of the Civil War period
(4), informed the public about the realities of war.
Photojournalism was also used to depict life during
the Great Depression. For example, photographers
like Dorothea Lange took emotional photos of the
dust storms in Oklahoma, (5) which whose displaced
families from their homes. Photos have become a
necessity for families (6) who they want to chronicle the
milestones in their childrens’ lives. Photos, (7) which
are an essential part of any wedding, are cherished by
brides all over the world.
Exercise 1 (p. 170)
1. on
2. by
3. for
4. with
5. of
6. in
Exercise 2 (p. 170)
1. d. 3. b 5. c
2. e 4. a
Exercise 3 (p. 170)
Answers will vary
1. The cinematographer who is best known for
special effects is George Lucas.
2. The photos that we took on the beach were
overexposed.
3. I broke my camera lens that was for my new
camera.
4. The camera case that was bought in Italy was stolen.
5. The Eiffel Tower was crowded with people who
were all taking pictures at the same time.
6. Reporters who take pictures of celebrities invade
people’s privacy.
Exercise 4 (p. 171)
1. Nobuoshi Araki, who is one of the most famous
modern Japanese photographers, was born in
Tokyo.
2. The camera obscura, which was made from a
box with a small pin hole opening, was a type of
primitive camera,.
3. Alfred Stieglitz, who was married to the famous
painter George O’Keefe, worked hard to make
people accept photography as an art form.
4. The Polaroid camera, which was invented by Edwin
Land in 1948, produced instant photographs.
5. The first practical process of photography was
invented by Daguerre, who was born in 1789.
6. The first Kodak Brownie camera, which cost
$1.00, was mass produced in 1900.
Exercise 5 (p. 172)
1. The man whose camera was stolen filed a police
report.
2. The woman whose bag was lost lives in New York.
3. The local 24-hour photo shop, whose promotional
advertisements enticed lots of customers, has a
booming business.
4. The $500 prize went to the young photographer
whose subject matter was her cat.
5. The students whose applications were turned
down were advised to reapply in the spring.
Exercise 6 (p. 172)
For anyone (1) who is thinking of photography as a
career, there are many alternatives. For those (2) whose
who ambition is to be where the action is and who are
not afraid of taking risks, photojournalism provides
many thrilling possibilities. However, you may find
yourself in a forest fire that could be life-threatening.
Do you like to work in the outdoors? Then wildlife
photography is a job (3) that who captures animals
in their natural habitat. If creating posters, magazine
layouts, and brochures in a large corporation sounds
interesting to you, there’s advertising photography.
Law-enforcement photographers shoot crime scenes,
(4) which who help police solve important cases.
Sports photographers, (5) whose their job is to freeze
one perfect moment in time, often need to take one or
two rolls of film in quick succession to get the desired
shot. Fashion photography, (6) which who may seem
glamorous to some people, is really focused on selling
clothing and can be very competitive. Do you ever
wonder how restaurant menus can make the French
fries look better in the picture than on your plate? Then
you might want to take pictures of food. However,
taking pictures is not as easy as (7) like baking bread.
Taking a photograph is like painting a picture. It
requires skill, creativity, and an eye for detail.

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