Ant.Pitutary(1)
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This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It discusses how the endocrine system regulates long-term metabolic processes through the release of hormones, compared to the nervous system which handles short-term crisis response. It describes the different types of hormones based on whether they are freely circulating or bound to transport proteins. It also summarizes the major glands of the endocrine system including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes; and the hormones they secrete including TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, growth hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
Ant.Pitutary(1)
- 1. ENDOCRINES BY DR.UMA KADAM M.B.B.S. MD ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR PHARMACOLOGY SKNMC
- 2. Nervous system performs short term crisis management Endocrine system regulates long term ongoing metabolic process. Endocrine communication is carried out by endocrine cells releasing hormones Alter metabolic activities of tissues and organs Target cells Paracrine communication involves chemical messengers between cells within one tissue Endocrine versus Nervous system
- 4. A Structural Classification of Hormones
- 5. Hormones can be Freely circulating Rapidly removed from bloodstream Bound to transport proteins
- 6. Receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, eicosanoids are in the cell membranes of target cells Thyroid and steroid hormones cross the membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus Mechanisms of hormone action
- 8. Oxytocin secretory cell Releasing hormone Secretory cell Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Terminals for ADH & Oxytocin Endocrine Cells ADH Secretory cell Hypothalamus Releasing hormones (e.g. CRH, GnRH) Anterior pituitary Tropic & other Hormones (e.g. FSH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH)
- 10. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion
- 11. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion Figure 18.8b
- 12. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Triggers the release of thyroid hormones Thyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of TSH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland Corticotrophin releasing hormone causes the secretion of ACTH Hormones of the Anterior pituitary
- 13. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males Leutinizing hormone (LH) Causes ovulation and progestin production in females and androgen production in males Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) promotes the secretion of FSH and LH Hormones of the Anterior pituitary
- 14. Prolactin (PH) Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) Stimulates cell growth and replication through release of somatomedins or IGF Growth-hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone (GH-IH) Hormones of the Anterior pituitary
- 15. May be secreted by the pars intermedia during fetal development, early childhood, pregnancy or certain diseases Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin Hormones of the Anterior pituitary (intermediate lobe)
- 21. Feedback Mechanism Hypothalamus GHRH SST Pituitary Gland (+) (+) (-) (-) Somatotroph Somatomedins Exercise, stress, sleep, low glucose Growth Hormone Indirect Actions Direct Actions Liver Prolactin Placental Lactogen Insulin Anti-insulin Effects Carbohydrate Metabolism Fat cells Fat cells Lipolysis Diabetogenic Activity Glucose FFA & Glycerol Muscle Lipogenesis Protein Synthesis Chondrocytes Cartilage Formation Bone Growth Growth Hormone Actions:
- 26. Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus GHRIH (-) Somatostatin GHRH (+) Liver
- 35. Anterior Pituitary Abnormalities Hypopituitarism Children: failure of pituitary to develop (hypopituitary dwarfism) Hyperpituitarism (oversecretion) Example: ↑↑ GH => Acromegaly
- 39. Prolactin regulation Prolactin is under tonic inhibitory control by the hypothalamus through release of dopamine Increased levels of estrogen in pregnancy induce release of prolactin Suckling overrides dopamine’s inhibitory control through neurogenic signals from the breast. Suckling increases prolactin levels markedly (100 fold increase within 30 min of breast feeding)
- 40. Increased Prolactin during nursing Increased levels of prolactin in nursing mothers decrease the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus (by negative feedback inhibition) This causes a corresponding decrease in release of LH and FSH (“gonadotropins”) resulting in suppression of ovulation This provides a natural form of contraception while a mother is breast feeding. - GnRH FSH/LH -
- 44. Major Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary gland milk ducts – forces milk from alveoli of breast (oxytocin release stimulated by suckling) -can also induce contraction of pregnant uterus (but not main stimulus of parturition) Breast, Uterus Oxytocin Increased renal absorption of water, excretion of concentrated urine and fluid conservation Renal tubule Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Effects Target Hormone
- 45. NEXT CLASS ON THYROID HORMONES & ANTITHYROID DRUGS