Ap exam big idea 2 abstraction
- 1. L.O: STUDENTS WILL REVIEW BIG IDEA 2: ABSTRACTION DO NOW: READ PAGE 21-26
- 2. EK 2.1.1A Digital data is represented by abstractions at different levels. This and ALL digital data is “abstraction” because it was written in code. The computer turned the code into binary. It passed through wires and When we look at it we see an image but UNDERNEATH and INSIDE, it is the “ones’ and “zeros” of binary.
- 3. EK 2.1.1B At the lowest level, all digital data are represented by bits Everything done on a computer or in a computer is turned into bits (ones and zeros) inside the computer, where you CAN’T see!
- 4. EK 2.1.1C At a higher level, bits are grouped to represent abstractions, including but not limited to numbers, characters, and color. Bits are turned into something recognizable Low-level language= The computer’s language deep INSIDE the computer High level language = the programming languages humans use and what humans see on the screen
- 5. EK 2.1.1D Number bases, including binary, decimal, and hexadecimal, are used to represent and investigate digital data.
- 6. EK 2.1.1D Number bases, including binary, decimal, and hexadecimal, are used to represent and investigate digital data.
- 7. EK 2.1.1E At one of the lowest levels of abstraction, digital data is represented in binary (base 2) using only combinations of the digits zero and one. ALL digital data (anything you see) is binary inside computers
- 8. EK 2.1.1F Hexadecimal (base 16) is used to represent digital data because hexadecimal representation uses fewer digits than binary. ONE hex number equals FOUR binary digits
- 9. EK 2.1.1G Numbers can be converted from any base to any other base.
- 10. EK 2.1.2A A finite representation is used to model the infinite mathematical concept of a number. “floating points” are used for REALLY BIG numbers
- 11. EK 2.1.2B In many programming languages, the fixed number of bits used to represent characters or integers limits the range of integer values and mathematical operations; this limitation can result in overflow or other errors. In some programming language, if the number is too big, it OVERFLOWS!
- 12. EK 2.1.2C In many programming languages, the fixed number of bits used to represent real numbers (as floating point numbers) limits the range of floating point values and mathematical operations; this limitation can result in round off and other errors.
- 13. EK 2.1.2D The interpretation of a binary sequence depends on how it is used. This binary sequence COULD be ANYTHING! Grades, an instruction, a video, a poem, a recipe…etc It all depends on how it is used. MOST computer languages (ex. Java, python) have special segments that TELL the computer HOW to interpret the binary sequence
- 14. EK 2.1.2E A sequence of bits may represent instructions or data. This binary sequence COULD be ANYTHING! An instruction, grades, video, a poem, a recipe… It all depends on how it is used. MOST computer languages (ex. Java, python) have special segments that TELL the computer HOW to interpret the binary sequence
- 15. EK 2.1.2F A sequence of bits may represent different types of data in different contexts. This binary sequence COULD be ANYTHING! An instruction, grades, video, a poem, a recipe… It all depends on how it is used. MOST computer languages (ex. Java, python) have special segments that TELL the computer HOW to interpret the binary sequence
- 16. EK 2.2.1A The process of developing an abstraction involves removing detail and generalizing functionality
- 17. EK 2.2.1A The process of developing an abstraction involves removing detail and generalizing functionality
- 18. EK 2.2.1B An abstraction extracts common features from specific examples in order to generalize concepts.
- 19. EK 2.2.1C An abstraction generalizes functionality with input parameters that allow software reuse.
- 20. EK 2.2.2A Software is developed using multiple levels of abstractions, such as constants, expressions, statements, procedures, and libraries.
- 21. EK 2.2.2B Being aware of and using multiple levels of abstraction in developing programs helps to more effectively apply available resources and tools to solve problems.
- 22. EK 2.2.3D In an abstraction hierarchy, higher levels of abstraction (the most general concepts) would be placed toward the top and lower level abstractions (the more specific concepts) toward the bottom.
- 23. EK 22.3E Binary data is processed by physical layers of computing hardware, including gates, chips and components. I understand Java, Python, Snap, pictures, videos, music We are the hardware: We only understand binary. We turn the binary into what he understands and vice versa. That’s a form of abstraction!
- 24. EK 2.23G A chip is an abstraction composed of low- level components and circuits that perform a specific function. What I do is a form of abstraction because you can program me. You tell me something in a high level language like Java. I remember it in binary
- 25. EK 2.23H a Hardware component can be low level like a transistor or high level like video card. I can store ALL the Walking Dead episodes in me in binary that’s abstraction!! We can store information in 1s and zeros. That’s abstraction!
- 26. EK 2.23I Hardware is built using multiple levels of abstractions, such as transistors, logic gates, chips, memory, motherboards, special purpose cards and storage devices. We can store all kinds of digital data, videos, music etc… in ones and zeros, that’s abstraction!
- 27. EK 2.2.3J Applications and systems are designed, developed, and analyzed using levels of hardware, software, and conceptual abstractions.
- 28. EK 2.2.3K Lower-level abstractions can be combined to make higher-level abstractions, such as short message services (SMS) or email messages, images, audio files, and videos.
- 29. EK 2.3.1A Models and simulations are simplified representations of more complex objects or phenomena.
- 30. EK 2.3.1B Models may use different abstractions or levels of abstraction depending on the objects or phenomena being posed.
- 31. EK 2.3.1C Models often omit unnecessary features of the objects or phenomena that are being modeled. I don’t see the moons, asteroids or comets in this model!
- 32. EK 2.3.1D Simulations mimic real world events without the cost or danger of building and testing the phenomena in the real world.
- 33. EK 2.3.2A Models and simulations facilitate the formulation and refinement of hypotheses related to the objects or phenomena under consideration. This model can help explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion!
- 34. EK 2.3.2B Hypotheses are formulated to explain the objects or phenomena being modeled. This computer models and simulations can help explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion!
- 35. EK 2.3.2C Hypotheses are refined by examining the insights that models and simulations provide into the objects or phenomena Computer simulations and models can help us understand people’s shopping habits
- 36. EK 2.3.2D The results of simulations may generate new knowledge and new hypotheses related to the phenomena being modeled Simulations and computer model can help develop new hypotheses and new knowledge
- 37. EK 2.3.2E Simulations allow hypotheses to be tested without the constraints of the real world. With computer simulations, we can study hypotheticaal zombie epidemics…zero human suffering and casualities
- 38. EK 2.3.2F Simulations can facilitate extensive and rapid testing of models. Example: flight simulators!
- 39. EK 2.3.2G The time required for simulations is impacted by the level of detail and quality of the models, and the software and hardware used for the simulation.
- 40. EK 2.3.2H Rapid and extensive testing allows models to be changed to accurately reflect the objects or phenomena being modeled.
- 41. ASSIGNMENT: COMPLETE THE ABSTRACTION QUESTIONS