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Honey bee
Species of honey bee
Social organization of honey bee
Life history
Methods of bee keeping
Products of bee keeping
 Beekeeping (or apiculture,
from Latin: apis "bee") is the maintenance
of honey bee colonies, commonly
in hives, by humans.
 A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in
order to collect their honey and other
products that hive produces
(including beeswax, propolis, pollen,
and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to
produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.
 Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild
bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to
domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art
around 4,500 years ago.
 It wasn't until the 18th century that European
understanding of the colonies and biology of bees
allowed the construction of the moveable comb
hive so that honey could be harvested without
destroying the entire colony.
 Previously the method of extraction oh honey
was very much crude but after the invention of
artificial hive by Longstroth(1951), it became
scientific and commercial.
Honey bee classification
 Phylum Arthropoda
 Class Insecta
 Order Hymenoptera
 Family Apidae
 Genus Apis
Habit and habitat
Honey bees are:
 Organized social insects
 Active more in spring
 Exhibit polymorphism and division of
labour.
 Bee hives hang down from the branches
 Workers communicate by the ‘Waggle
dance’
 Rate of dance α Distance of food
Species
Apis
dorsata
Apis
indica
Apis
mellifera
Apis
florea
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of bees
Apis Dorsata F.
Characters:
 Commonly called ‘Rock bee’.
 Largest bee of about 20mm, called the GIANT
HONEY BEE.
 A single comb makes 60 pounds of honey which
Is maximum amount of a comb.
 Workers pollinate 12,000 flowers daily.
 Workers are very small and active , and due to
their ferocious nature they are NON
DOMESTICABLE.
Apis indica F.
Characters:
 Commonly called as Indian bee or Asian bee.
 Slightly smaller than A.dorsata.
 Prefer to live in dark places by making parallel
combs of one foot in protected areas.
 This Is very gentle species so can be
domesticated easily.
 Production of honey is 6 to 7 pounds per comb,
which is much less than the first one.
Apis florea F.
Characters:
 Called as the little bee.
 Smaller than the both species.
 They are not gregarious i.e social. So make a
single comb.
 Due to docile nature i.e obedient, and rare
stinging habit, their nest can be easily removed.
Apis mellifera F.
Characters:
 It Is called as European bee.
 Although bee produces less honey but it is the
BEST SPECIES for COMMERCIAL point of
view.
 Its ITALIAN variety is reared everywhere in
Europe and America in artificial hives.
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of bees
Life history
 Royal jelly consists of:
 Digested honey,
 Pollen,
 Mixed with a glandular secretion.
Swarming
 The process of leaving off the colony by
the queen is termed as swarming.
 When Hive get over crowded in the
summer by the food, the queen left the
hive with some of the old drones and
workers and establishes a new hive at
another place.
In old hive, a worker is given the
royal jelly and become new queen,
and orders to kill the other sisters in
the hive.
Supersedure.
 When old queen dies or lost the ability to lay
eggs, a new active and vigilant queen takes the
place of old queen and is called the supersedure.
Absconding
 When colony migrates from one
place to other due to destruction of
comb by termites or moths or due to
scarcity of nectar producing flowers,
it is called absconding.
 It is different from swarming.
Nuptial or marriage fight
The second swarm is led by the
7 day old virgin queen which is
followed by the drones.
Drone start copulating during the
flight and dies after transferring
the sperms.
Methods of apiculture
HIVE:
Two types of hives are used:
1. Indigenous method of bee
keeping
e.g. wall or fixed hive
2. Movable hive.
Modern Method Of apiculture
They are divided into 5 types:
1. Typical Movable Hive
2. Queen Excluder
3. Honey Extractor
4. Uncapping Knife
5. Other Equipments
Typical moveable hive
 It is a six type:
(a) Stand
(b)Bottom board
(c)Brood chamber
(d)Super
(e)Inner cover
(f) Top Cover
Typical moveable hive
 Size and number of frames are
variable according to the need.
 The perforation size of zinc sheet is
only 0.375 cm but the thorax of
queen is 0.43 to 0.45cm so queen
cannot pass through the pore.
Parts of typical moveable hive
 a) STAND: basal
part of hive.
 It is adjusted to
make a slope so
that rainwater
comes down
quickly.
b)BOTTOM
BOARD:
 Situated above
the stand and
forms the proper
base. It has two
gates one gate is
for entrance and
other is for exit.
c) BROOD
CHAMBER:
Most important part
provided with5 to 10
frames.
 In each frame a wax
sheet is held at vertical
position where bees
start making walls and
cells.
 Every sheet of wax is known as
COMB FOUNDATION , which
attracts the bees for the comb
preparation on both the sides it helps
in obtaining a regular strong worker
brood cell come which can be used
repeatedly
d) SUPER: It is without
cover and the base.
It is provided in many
frames containing comb
foundation to provide
adational space for
expansion of the hive.
e) INNER COVER:
 Wooden piece used for
covering of the super,
has many holes for
proper ventilation.
f) TOP COVER: plain
and sloping zinc sheet
fitted on it protect the
colony from rain.
2. QUEEN EXCLUDER
 Consists of wire
guaze, extrans guards
and drone traps.
 Workers can pass
through it but queen
cannot.
3. HONEY EXTRACTOR:
 It functions on
principle of
centrifugal force.
 By
centrifugation ,
pure honey is
thrown out without
any damage to the
comb.
4. UNCAPPING KNIFE:
 Honey filled combs are
sealed by wax which is
removed by heated
uncapping knife.
5. OTHER
EQUIPMENT
 Some materials like
protective garments,
gloves, net veil, bee net,
brush etc are required for
easy and well planned
handling of bees.
Products of bee keeping
 HONEY: have very high nutritional value.
Production of honey
 Production of honey: It is a not direct plant
product because the nectar, pollen and cane
sugar bearing secretions of flowers are
ingested by honey bees and get mixed with
the saliva and undergo certain chemical
changes due to enzyme action.
 Some ingredients are added to the
mixture and reduce the water content .
 The whole mixture is collected in the
honey sac until it reaches the hive.
 Honey is concentrated by a strong
current of air produced by the rapid
beating of worker’s wings, crawling over
the cells.
Chemical Composition of honey
 Levulose: 38.9%
 Dextrose: 21.3%
 Maltose: 8.81%
 Enzymes and pigments: 2.21%
 Water: 17.2%
 Ash: 0.2%
Storage of honey
Consists of:
1) Granulation of honey: 10 parts of dextrose
combine with 1 part of water and make crystals.
Due to less solubility levulose is not crystallized
and gives cloudy appearance.
Fermentation of honey:
 Due to crystallization of dextrose 9% moisture is
released which dilutes the remaining levulose of
honey.
 Yeast present in air, flowers and soilsferment the
honey.
Economic importance of honey
 Food value:
Used in the formation of candles cakes and
bread.
Medicinal value: it is laxative, antiseptic and
sedative and used in Ayurvedic and Unani
medicinal systems.
Act as a curative of ulcers on tongue and alimentary
canal.
Typhoid germs are killed by it.
Other uses: It is used as preservative, in brewing
industry, in poultry and fishing industries. It is
used to stimulate the growth of plants, the
bacterial culture, in insect diet.
Made by :
Tehreem sarwar
Presented by:
Tehreem sarwar
and
Mudassara kousar.
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of bees

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Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of bees

  • 1. Honey bee Species of honey bee Social organization of honey bee Life history Methods of bee keeping Products of bee keeping
  • 2.  Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin: apis "bee") is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans.  A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.
  • 3.  Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago.
  • 4.  It wasn't until the 18th century that European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony.  Previously the method of extraction oh honey was very much crude but after the invention of artificial hive by Longstroth(1951), it became scientific and commercial.
  • 5. Honey bee classification  Phylum Arthropoda  Class Insecta  Order Hymenoptera  Family Apidae  Genus Apis
  • 6. Habit and habitat Honey bees are:  Organized social insects  Active more in spring  Exhibit polymorphism and division of labour.  Bee hives hang down from the branches  Workers communicate by the ‘Waggle dance’  Rate of dance α Distance of food
  • 10. Characters:  Commonly called ‘Rock bee’.  Largest bee of about 20mm, called the GIANT HONEY BEE.  A single comb makes 60 pounds of honey which Is maximum amount of a comb.  Workers pollinate 12,000 flowers daily.  Workers are very small and active , and due to their ferocious nature they are NON DOMESTICABLE.
  • 12. Characters:  Commonly called as Indian bee or Asian bee.  Slightly smaller than A.dorsata.  Prefer to live in dark places by making parallel combs of one foot in protected areas.  This Is very gentle species so can be domesticated easily.  Production of honey is 6 to 7 pounds per comb, which is much less than the first one.
  • 14. Characters:  Called as the little bee.  Smaller than the both species.  They are not gregarious i.e social. So make a single comb.  Due to docile nature i.e obedient, and rare stinging habit, their nest can be easily removed.
  • 16. Characters:  It Is called as European bee.  Although bee produces less honey but it is the BEST SPECIES for COMMERCIAL point of view.  Its ITALIAN variety is reared everywhere in Europe and America in artificial hives.
  • 19.  Royal jelly consists of:  Digested honey,  Pollen,  Mixed with a glandular secretion.
  • 20. Swarming  The process of leaving off the colony by the queen is termed as swarming.  When Hive get over crowded in the summer by the food, the queen left the hive with some of the old drones and workers and establishes a new hive at another place.
  • 21. In old hive, a worker is given the royal jelly and become new queen, and orders to kill the other sisters in the hive.
  • 22. Supersedure.  When old queen dies or lost the ability to lay eggs, a new active and vigilant queen takes the place of old queen and is called the supersedure.
  • 23. Absconding  When colony migrates from one place to other due to destruction of comb by termites or moths or due to scarcity of nectar producing flowers, it is called absconding.  It is different from swarming.
  • 24. Nuptial or marriage fight The second swarm is led by the 7 day old virgin queen which is followed by the drones. Drone start copulating during the flight and dies after transferring the sperms.
  • 25. Methods of apiculture HIVE: Two types of hives are used: 1. Indigenous method of bee keeping e.g. wall or fixed hive 2. Movable hive.
  • 26. Modern Method Of apiculture They are divided into 5 types: 1. Typical Movable Hive 2. Queen Excluder 3. Honey Extractor 4. Uncapping Knife 5. Other Equipments
  • 27. Typical moveable hive  It is a six type: (a) Stand (b)Bottom board (c)Brood chamber (d)Super (e)Inner cover (f) Top Cover
  • 28. Typical moveable hive  Size and number of frames are variable according to the need.  The perforation size of zinc sheet is only 0.375 cm but the thorax of queen is 0.43 to 0.45cm so queen cannot pass through the pore.
  • 29. Parts of typical moveable hive  a) STAND: basal part of hive.  It is adjusted to make a slope so that rainwater comes down quickly.
  • 30. b)BOTTOM BOARD:  Situated above the stand and forms the proper base. It has two gates one gate is for entrance and other is for exit.
  • 31. c) BROOD CHAMBER: Most important part provided with5 to 10 frames.  In each frame a wax sheet is held at vertical position where bees start making walls and cells.
  • 32.  Every sheet of wax is known as COMB FOUNDATION , which attracts the bees for the comb preparation on both the sides it helps in obtaining a regular strong worker brood cell come which can be used repeatedly
  • 33. d) SUPER: It is without cover and the base. It is provided in many frames containing comb foundation to provide adational space for expansion of the hive.
  • 34. e) INNER COVER:  Wooden piece used for covering of the super, has many holes for proper ventilation. f) TOP COVER: plain and sloping zinc sheet fitted on it protect the colony from rain.
  • 35. 2. QUEEN EXCLUDER  Consists of wire guaze, extrans guards and drone traps.  Workers can pass through it but queen cannot.
  • 36. 3. HONEY EXTRACTOR:  It functions on principle of centrifugal force.  By centrifugation , pure honey is thrown out without any damage to the comb.
  • 37. 4. UNCAPPING KNIFE:  Honey filled combs are sealed by wax which is removed by heated uncapping knife.
  • 38. 5. OTHER EQUIPMENT  Some materials like protective garments, gloves, net veil, bee net, brush etc are required for easy and well planned handling of bees.
  • 39. Products of bee keeping  HONEY: have very high nutritional value.
  • 40. Production of honey  Production of honey: It is a not direct plant product because the nectar, pollen and cane sugar bearing secretions of flowers are ingested by honey bees and get mixed with the saliva and undergo certain chemical changes due to enzyme action.
  • 41.  Some ingredients are added to the mixture and reduce the water content .  The whole mixture is collected in the honey sac until it reaches the hive.  Honey is concentrated by a strong current of air produced by the rapid beating of worker’s wings, crawling over the cells.
  • 42. Chemical Composition of honey  Levulose: 38.9%  Dextrose: 21.3%  Maltose: 8.81%  Enzymes and pigments: 2.21%  Water: 17.2%  Ash: 0.2%
  • 43. Storage of honey Consists of: 1) Granulation of honey: 10 parts of dextrose combine with 1 part of water and make crystals. Due to less solubility levulose is not crystallized and gives cloudy appearance.
  • 44. Fermentation of honey:  Due to crystallization of dextrose 9% moisture is released which dilutes the remaining levulose of honey.  Yeast present in air, flowers and soilsferment the honey.
  • 45. Economic importance of honey  Food value: Used in the formation of candles cakes and bread.
  • 46. Medicinal value: it is laxative, antiseptic and sedative and used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal systems. Act as a curative of ulcers on tongue and alimentary canal. Typhoid germs are killed by it. Other uses: It is used as preservative, in brewing industry, in poultry and fishing industries. It is used to stimulate the growth of plants, the bacterial culture, in insect diet.
  • 47. Made by : Tehreem sarwar Presented by: Tehreem sarwar and Mudassara kousar.