![Superovulation Procedures
Hormones used for Superovulation
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
[Short half-life ~2 hours]
Used for commercial SOET
PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin;
eCG)
[Long half-life ~ 2 - 4 days]
Not approved for use in commercial SOET in the
US. Used frequently for research in Europe.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/applicationofgenomicsinanimals-250202140830-0b896f63/85/Application-of-Genomics-in-Animals-pptx11-31-320.jpg)
Application of Genomics in Animals.pptx11
- 3. Application of Genomics in Animals Edited by Dr. Mohammed Mohammed Nabil Lecture in faculty of Veterinary medicine Sphinx university
- 4. What is genomics? POINTS TO COVER How do we use genomics? Application Animal Cloning Genetic engineering Livestock Breeding Industry Transgenic Animals Gene therapy Superovulation Summary
- 5. What is genomics? • Study of how the genome (DNA) of any species is organized and expressed as traits • New technologies allow examination of an organism’s genome as a whole rather than 1 gene at a time • Livestock and poultry genomes sequenced to understand how various genes function (functional genomics)
- 6. How do we use genomics? Identify DNA sequences associated with disease resistance and production traits Animals can be evaluated as soon as DNA can be obtained (even before birth) Best animals to be parents can be determined earlier and more accurately
- 7. Application Increase rate of genetic improvement Detect abnormalities Improve understanding of mechanisms of genetic control Determine parentage Identify superior animals early
- 8. Animal Cloning: To Clone, or not to Clone Dolly
- 9. Cloning Definition: The process of making identical genomic copies of an original animal. Encyclopedia Britannica: An individual organism that was grown from a single body cell of its parent and that is genetically identical to it.
- 10. Stage 1 Cell collected from a sheep’s udder. Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep. Stage 2
- 11. Stage 3 Udder cell is inserted into egg with no nucleus. Stage 4 Insertion is successful
- 12. Stage 5 Electrical charge is supplied.
- 13. Stage 6 Cells begin to divide.
- 14. Stages 7 & 8
- 15. Creating Dolly
- 16. The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change. Geneti c Engineering
- 18. The process of creating transgenetic animals involves three major steps: 1. Obtaining embryos 2. Microinjectioing embryos 3. Culturing and transferring zygotes Transgenetic integration- is expressed by the animal of that desired trait.
- 19. Agriculture Genetically Modified Chickens That Don't Transmit Bird Flu New gene makes a small "decoy" molecule that mimics part of the bird flu virus Virus can’t replicate
- 20. Livestock Breeding Industry Seedstock Producers Produces animals for breeding purposes Sire producing herds Dam producing herds
- 21. Commercial Producers Animals are intended for entering the food chain. Many times buy herd sires May or may not produce replacement females. Livestock Breeding Industry
- 22. Transgenic Animals Transgenesis process of introducing foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal’s genome Transgene DNA introduced Mice Cows Fish Birds Sheep Goats
- 23. Why Transgenesis? • Improve genetic Features of domesticated Animals • Provide animal models for study of human diseases • Pharming using farm animals for production of human pharmaceuticals -mammary glands • Study the genes regulation, development of animals
- 24. How to Get the Transgene Inserted Retroviral Vectors Microinjection Embryonic stem cells
- 25. Fig : The production of transgenic animals by microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs.
- 26. Health Care Insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors may soon be or have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows, sheep, or goats. Human gene is put into the animal genome and the protein can be found in the milk.
- 27. A. What is gene therapy? Why is it used? Gene therapy = Introduction of normal genes into cells that contain defective genes to reconstitute a missing protein product GT is used to correct a deficient phenotype so that sufficient amounts of a normal gene product are synthesized to improve a genetic disorder
- 28. Limitations of Gene Therapy Gene delivery Limited tropism of viral vectors Dependence on cell cycle by some viral vectors (i.e. mitosis required) Duration of gene activity Non-integrating delivery will be transient (transient expression) Integrated delivery will be stable
- 29. Ectogenesis or out-of-the-body- pregnancy Most arguments in favour of abortions rely heavily on the biological fact that the fetus develops inside the female body. Most arguments for the present legal situation in Western countries that women alone decide on whether or not to continue the pregnancy rest on the same biological fact. THE CASE OF ECTOGENESIS
- 30. Superovulation Treatment of a female with gonadotropins (generally FSH) to increase the number of oocytes that are selected to become dominant follicles and ovulate a typical treatment response in cattle would be 8 to 10 ovulations
- 31. Superovulation Procedures Hormones used for Superovulation FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) [Short half-life ~2 hours] Used for commercial SOET PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; eCG) [Long half-life ~ 2 - 4 days] Not approved for use in commercial SOET in the US. Used frequently for research in Europe.
- 32. 2. Superovulation of donor female Goal: hyperstimulate ovaries with gonadotropins Reason: provide higher than normal numbers of follicles that will ovulate How: inject donor with FSH Steps of Embryo Transfer in Cows
- 33. Summary Genomic selection used extensively in dairy cattle breeding High quality genotypes support detection Genomics is revolutionizing animal breeding Of parentage and other errors International collaboration has been important for the success