Application of Satellite Data to Rapidly and Effectively Evaluate Rates of Deformation
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InSAR uses radar data from satellites to measure and monitor ground deformation over large areas with high precision. It works by comparing phase differences between radar images taken at different times. Recent satellite missions like Sentinel-1 and upcoming NISAR provide free and frequent data. Case studies in Texas show InSAR can detect subsidence and uplift related to oil/gas production, wastewater disposal and other human and natural causes at rates of centimeters per year over areas of 100 km squared with resolutions of tens of meters. Available data and analysis software allow low-cost, rapid evaluation of deformation trends.
Application of Satellite Data to Rapidly and Effectively Evaluate Rates of Deformation
- 1. 1 Application of Satellite Data to Rapidly and Effectively Evaluate Rates of Deformation Presented by: June 9, 2021 Presented To: Dr. Zhong Lu & Dr. Feifei Qu Steve Young & Hai Pham Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
- 2. 2 Outline • Description of InSAR – How it works – Satellites (past, present, future) • Applications – Houston Area • Harris, Fort Bend, Wharton & Matagorda counties – West Texas • Winkler, Ward, Pecos counties • Summary
- 3. 3 Radar - Radio Detection and Ranging In its simplest form, a radar operates by: • Sending a signal into space - when the signal encounters an object then some of the signal redirected back to the radar antenna • Receiving the “echoed” signal back from the encountered objects Precise timing of the echo delays allows determining of the distance and or “range”
- 4. 4 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Radar that bounces a microwave radar signal off the Earth’s surface to detect physical properties – Involves a radar antenna moving over target – Creates two and three-dimensional images of objects Microwave Bands X-band C-band L-band Reflected by branches Reflected by leaves Reflected trunks & ground Improved Performance for measuring ground surface
- 5. 5 The interferogram used to create surface of land deformation: • Over areas of ~100 km x 100 km • with a horizontal resolution of tens of meters • with vertical centimeter to sub-centimeter precision under favorable conditions. Interferometric SAR - InSAR •Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) combines information from two or more radar images of the same area acquired from at different times and “interferes” (differences) them, resulting in maps called interferograms that show ground displacement (range change) between to time periods
- 6. 6 InSAR: Data Analysis • Factors – Topography conditions – Atmosphere conditions • clouds • humidity – Satellite conditions • Calculations – time of travel – amplitude reduction – phase shift
- 7. 7 Remote Sensing: Polar Orbit passing over Gulf Coast in evening passing over Gulf Coast in morning
- 8. 8 Radar Satellites • Sentinel-1A/B are the first set of radar satellites that provide free data; • Future Missions: NISAR (USA) – 2023; ALOS-4 (Japan) – 2022; Canada, China, Argentina, DLR, ESA, …. Japanese JERS-1 Japanese ALOS-1 ALOS-2 L-Band German TerraSAR-X German TanDEM-X Italian COSMO-SkyMed X-Band 1992 1995 2002 2006 2007 2008 2010 2014 European ERS-1 European Envisat Sentinel-1A/B Canadian Radarsat-1 Canadian Radarsat-2 C-Band European ERS-2 KOMPSAT-5
- 9. 9 Satellite GAME Changer: NISAR • Joint mission with U.S. and India • Available in 2022-2023 • L-band (NASA) / S-band (ISRO) • 12 revisit days • ~10 m resolution • Open data and software – 1 to 2 days after observations Temporally-dense high-resolution SAR satellite datasets such as NISAR will provide invaluable opportunities to detect deformation caused by natural and anthropogenic hazards. http://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/ *ISRO – India Space Research Organization
- 10. 10 Houston Area Fault traces based on InSAR (black dashed lines); Fault traces based on LiDAR (white lines); (Qu et al., 2019)
- 11. 11 Wharton County (Young et al., 2020) Deformation is average over 2016 to 2019 Sentinel 1 A/B Ascending Sentinel 1 A/B Ascending
- 12. 12 Comparison Between Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and InSAR Deformation Rates -3.5 mm/yr -1.2 mm/yr -2.2 mm/yr • Ascending data has 75 to 80 data points from 2016 to 2019 • Slope of blue line provides deformation rate (Young et al., 2020)
- 13. 13 Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) CORS – More than 1,400 sites – Multi-agency cooperative endeavor involving hundreds of organizations – Managed by NOAA/National Geodetic Survey – Satellites (past, present, future)
- 14. 14 Rationale for Low Subsidence Rates: Water Levels 1) Water levels have been relatively stable the last twenty years at 86 well locations 2) Average for recent annual productions lower than 1965-1965 averages (Young et al., 2020)
- 15. 15 Matagorda County (Young et al., 2021) Deformation is average over 2007 to 2010 ALOS-1
- 16. 16 Winkler County Measured uplift likely caused by wastewater injection (Kim & Lu., 2021)
- 17. 17 Winkler County Kim, Lu, Kaufmann, 2018. • Wink Sink #1 – collapsed 1980 Wink Sink #2 – collapsed 2002 • (average about 5 cm/yr from Oct. 2015 to Feb 2017) • Greatest subsidence of 53 cm/yr one km east of Wink Sink #2 One Cycle:
- 18. 18 Ward County Kim & Lu, 2018. • Oil & gas are produced from Yates and Queen Formations at depths of ~3,000 ft • Miscible CO2 is injected into the formations North Ward Estes Field
- 19. 19 Pecos County Kim, Lu, Kaufmann, 2018. • The neighboring region of Boehmer Lake (F,G) is subsiding (5 cm for 2.5 years). • The area along FM 1053 road (H,I) is subsiding at a rate ~10 cm/year. • The area around the abandoned oil (J,K)wells is also subsiding (13 cm for 2.5 years). • The subsidence is occurring in temporally linear fashion regardless of any seasonal effects. • High salinity of channels along the Pecos River near Imperial suggests that the surface and underground water interact with the subsurface salt deposit (Jensen et al., 2006; Miyamoto et al., 2008)
- 20. 20 Process for Sinkhole Formation Kim, Lu, Kaufmann, 2018.
- 21. 21 InSAR Summary • Significant advances recently with obtaining and processing data • Used to create Surface of Land Deformation • Areas of ~100 km x 100 km • Horizontal resolution of tens of meters • Vertical resolution is centimeters and subcentimeters under favorable conditions • Data Availability – Considerable amount of data can be downloaded at no costs – NISAR will be 2022-2023 • Software Availability – Multiple free packages availability – Results can be highly sensitive to methodology