Application of Solar Power
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The document discusses India's large-scale plan to deploy solar power generation through both grid-connected and off-grid systems. It outlines India's National Solar Mission which aims to generate 20 GW of solar power by 2020 through 3 phases. The document describes the basic components and configurations of solar PV systems including modules, batteries, charge controllers, inverters and mounting structures. It discusses the use of solar PV for both standalone and grid-connected power systems. Key parameters that influence PV system performance like solar irradiation, temperature, aging and shading effects are also summarized.
Application of Solar Power
- 1. APPLICATION OF SOLAR PV-POWER IN INDIA Large-scale deployment of solar generated power for both grid connected as well as distributed and decentralised off-grid provision of commercial energy services.
- 2. India Has a Lot of Sunlight Sunlight on the surface of earth is the radiation received from sun. India has adequate sunshine available for most parts of the year, including rural areas. Cost is still a barrier, as is the potential for local manufacture, but there is enormous scope for widespread dissemination of a simple, robust solar applications.
- 3. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is a semi conductor based technology to convert solar radiation into direct electricity. A PV system basically comprises of PV modules and the balance of systems (BOS). Balance of systems includes support structure, wiring, storage, power electronics etc.
- 4. When solar radiation strikes the PV module, DC (direct current) electricity is generated. During generation, power can be used in any DC load directly. But the generation exists till sun shines. So, some storage device is needed to run the system at night or in low sunshine hour. Again this power cannot be used to run any AC (alternating current) load. Inverter has to be used to convert DC into AC.
- 5. Highlight of India's solar energy plan_Dream National Solar Mission plan spread over 30 years aims to scale up solar power generation from nothing at present to 20 GW by 2020. * It is a three-phased plan that hopes to generate 1-1.5 GW of solar power by 2012, 6-7 GW by 2017 and the rest by 2020.
- 6. India’s PV dream It is aimed to cut down production costs of solar panels and spur domestic manufacturing. Money will be spent on incentives for production, installation and research and development. The plan has a near term target of 100 megawatts, and 100 GW by 2030, or 10-12 percent of total power generation capacity estimated for that year.
- 7. India’s PV dream Solar-powered equipment and applications will be mandatory for hospitals, hotels and government buildings, and villages and small towns will be encouraged with micro financing. The plan also outlines a system of paying households for any surplus power from solar panels fed back into the grid. The target would be to provide access to lighting for 3 million households by 2012. India will promote solar heating systems and use 40- 50 million sq meters of area to install solar collectors in domestic, industrial and commercial sectors.
- 8. Benefits of PV Power Environmentally benign - There is no pollution through the use of a PV system – nor is there any heat or noise generated which could cause local discomfort Easy to maintain - Operation and routine maintenance requirements are simple Long life - With no moving parts and all delicate surfaces protected, modules can be expected to provide power for 15 years or more.
- 9. Benefits of PV Power Considering the emission rate of 1.3 kg CO2 per kWh for diesel –generated electricity, each 100 kWp mini-grid has the potential of saving about 180 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. longer periods of work for small trades and for students more learning time.
- 10. Solar cells are made of silicon (microelectronics/semiconductors) Treated to be positive on one side and negative on the other. When light energy hits the cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric SUN LIGHT→ ELECTRICITY
- 11. Module Panel: Array Every single photovoltaic cell has small dimensions and generally produces a power between 1 and 3 watts and 0,5Volts. We connect several cells among themselves to create bigger units called modules. The modules are connected to constitute panels that produce the wanted power
- 13. Photovoltaic system structures Systems with fixed inclination - (fixed supporting structure) Systems with active tracking - single/double axis tracking systems (characterized by step by step motors and control electronics) Self contained systems or “stand alone” Network connected systems or “grid connected”
- 14. Stand-alone system: Stand-alone systems are virtually self sufficient and not interacted with grid. Such system may have some backup/storage system to run during the no sun or low sun hour. PV system without storage battery (Direct coupled PV system) DC system with storage battery DC systems powering AC load (with or without storage)
- 15. Direct coupled PV system: This is the simplest and least expensive photovoltaic system designed to be used only during daytime. Here the electricity generated is directly and simultaneously used by the appliances. Through out the day, the insolation level is changing continuously and so the output. Examples of direct use systems include: Remote water pumping with a storage tank. Stand alone solar powered appliances such as calculators and toys.
- 16. DC Systems With Storage Batteries: Batteries are used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic modules. Power can be drawn from the batteries whenever required- during the day or night, continuously or intermittently. In addition, a battery bank has the capacity to supply high surge currents for a short time. This gives the system the flexibility to start large motors or to perform other high power tasks.
- 17. DC Systems With Storage Batteries: Basic components of this system include a photovoltaic module, a charge controller, storage batteries and appliances that represent the system's electrical load. But here the type of loads used should be of DC load as battery is capable of running DC load only.
- 18. PV with AC Loads : Photovoltaic modules produce direct current (DC) electrical power and batteries store DC energy. However many common appliances require alternating current (AC) power. Direct current systems which power AC loads must use an inverter. Inverters provide convenience and flexibility in a photovoltaic system but also add complexity and cost. The following figure shows PV system with storage battery, powering AC load. It is also possible to power the AC load without battery but in that case it would be confined only to daytime when solar radiation is sufficient to generate required electricity.
- 19. It is also possible to power the AC load without battery but in that case it would be confined only to daytime when solar radiation is sufficient to generate required electricity The following figure shows PV system with storage battery, powering AC load.
- 20. Utility grid interconnected system: A utility grid interactive photovoltaic system is connected to the utility grid. A specially designed inverter is used to transform the PV generated DC electricity to the grid electricity (which is of AC) at the grid voltage. The main advantage of this system is that power can be drawn from the utility grid and when power is not available PV can supplement that power. But again such grid interactive system is designed with battery or without battery storage.
- 22. Hybrid Systems System with more than one source of power is called Hybrid system. Since the supply of solar is very unpredictable, it is often desirable to design a system with additional source of power. The most common type of hybrid system contains a gas or diesel powered engine generator. Another hybrid approach is a PV/Wind system. Adding a wind turbine to a PV system provides complementary power generation. The wind often continues to blow at night and during low sun conditions. For even greater reliability and flexibility, an engine generator can be included in a PV/Wind system.
- 23. Components of PV system A PV system consists of following components. 1. Solar PV module 2. Battery 3. Charge controller 4. Inverter/converter 5. Mounting structure and tracking device 6. Interconnections and other devices
- 24. Components configuration In every configuration all these components are not used. Components used depend upon the type of configuration, which in other way depend upon the application. For example: Storage battery is not used in case of direct coupled PV system, inverter is not used in case of DC load.
- 25. Parameters influencing PV system operation Solar irradiation: Power of a solar cell changes with solar radiation. which is different for different geographical location, tilt and orientation.. The change of power is almost linear with the solar radiation. There is a very little change in open circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cell, but the short circuit current (Isc) varies almost linearly with the solar intensity.
- 26. Parameters influencing PV system operation Temperature: Power decreases with increasing solar cell temp. Voc decreases by a value of approximately 3mV/K for each degree rise in temp. A solar cell with Voc of 0.6 V at 250C reaches a value of 0.45V at 750C. Isc increases with rise of temperature but the reduction in voltage is much greater than the corresponding increase in current. This affects the power, which decreases at a rate of about 0.45% per degree rise in temp. The operating temperature of the battery should be nominal (25-35 degree C). Higher temperature may give a higher capacity of battery but at the same time it reduces the life of the battery.
- 27. Aging effect: Solar cells, which are properly encapsulated, have a very long life and power does not reduce in any significant manner. The effect of aging is more severe in amorphous Si solar cells.
- 28. Shading effect: Shading has a very bad impact on the performance of the PV system. Even a partial shading (on one or two cells) of the whole module can reduce the output drastically and if it persists for a longer period, it may damage the whole system. To protect the modules from such adverse effect, a bypass diode is used. The effect is more prominent in crystalline silicon solar modules. Amorphous silicon modules are less affected by shading.
- 29. Other effect: Mismatching of module in a string, resistance of wires and cables etc can drastically alter the performance of the PV system. Dust and dirt can reduce the PV output.
- 30. PV Manufacturers in India TATA BP BHEL CENTRAL ELECTRONICS LTD SELCO INDIA