Applications of Nanomaterials -Pulmonary.ppt
- 1. Dr. B. Sree Giri Prasad Associate Professor Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s Group of Institutions Design of Nanomaterials for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
- 2. The respiratory tract is frequently exposed to the external environment. External environment contain lots of Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. Such type of pathogenic microorganism causes damage to the upper respiratory tract so, they should be cleared off from lungs.
- 3. These airborne particles deposit along the respiratory tract from upper conducting airways like: Trachea Main Bronchi Oro-pharynx Terminal bronchioles Down to the respiratory region of the lower airways Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar sacs In upper airways, particles get rapidly cleared by cilia, where they are swallowed and metabolized.
- 4. The Pulmonary Epithelium is thick (50 – 60 μ m) in the Trachea and poses a barrier to absorption. Towards the lower airways, the epithelium of the lung diminishes to a thickness of 0.2 micron at the alveoli; thus, it provides an appropriate platform for the gas to exchange and absorb . As compare to the upper, lower respiratory tract infection cause serious problems which leads to the death worldwide. The respiratory disease is a serious threat to the human as it considered as social as well as economic burden.
- 5. The High Permeability & Thin Barrier of this membrane make the lungs an ideal location for Systemic & Local Drug Distribution Bioavailability In addition, Pulmonary Administration improves: The development of Nanotechnologies brings a broad new perspective to improve the effects of treating and diagnosing respiratory diseases. Distribution Biocompatibility Drugs to lung sites. Nanoparticles for efficient in the treatment of respiratory illness.
- 6. Lungs offer: Large Surface Area for absorption Rich Blood Circulation Limited Proteolytic Activity Better Permeability An ideal route for Non-Invasive administration of therapeutics Localized delivery shows great promise not only in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as: Asthma Tuberculosis Cystic Fibrosis Influenza But also reduces the systemic toxicity. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- 7. Alternatively, systemic drug delivery can be achieved by targeting the alveolar region where the drug can be absorbed through a thin layer of epithelial cells and into the systemic circulation. This leads to: Enhanced Permeability A rapid onset of action Avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Moreover, recent advances shows immense potential for efficient pulmonary delivery of proteins that cannot be taken orally and require parenteral delivery.
- 8. Nanotechnology has potential in the development of novel and effective delivery of drugs within lungs. Different strategies have been utilized for pulmonary delivery of drugs includes: Various Nanoparticulate approaches in the form of nano-formulations are: Polymer Micelles Nanoemulsions Nanocrystals etc. Lipid-Based Delivery Systems: Liposomes ISCOMs SLNs.
- 9. Based for Pulmonary Drug Delivery that could provide an increased biological efficacy and better local and systemic action Polymeric Matrix PLGA Poly caprolactone Cynoacrylates Gelatin Development of polysaccharide particulates: Chitosan Alginates Carbopol
- 10. Compared with conventional formulations, nano- formulations may have the following potential: (i) Increasing the solubility and bioavailability of the APIs or significantly reducing the food effect and inter-individual differences (ii) Increasing the stability of the APIs in-vitro and in -vivo (iii) Controlling the release profile of the APIs (iv) improving the selectivity of the APIs to tissues, organs, or cells and thus enhancing the efficacy of the APIs and reducing adverse reactions; (v) Offering new routes of drug delivery;
- 11. (vi) Changing the physical status of the APIs. As a result, the convenience of clinical administration and patient’s compliance can be elevated. Intravenous Nano-formulations are currently used in a variety of routes of administration, including Oral Transdermal Ocular Pulmonary delivery For treating systemic and local diseases
- 12. In recent years, inhalable nano-formulations have generated a great deal of interest for the following reasons: The global morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases such as: From 1990 to the present “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) & Asthma” have increased. Despite the progress in drug discovery and clinical diagnosis, there is still a lack of effective treatments for these diseases. Over the past 50years, the incidence & Mortality rates in (Malignant Tumors) lung cancer have increased significantly and secured first place (men) & Second Place (Female). In addition, recent outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 have accumulated global research interests.
- 13. But difficulties arise while treating these respiratory diseases which may be due to: So more & more attention is being paid to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. Inadequate doses of drugs entering the respiratory tract Insufficient targetability to the lesion sites when conventional pharmaceutical preparations are used. In this context, lots of focus has been kept on new approaches to achieve more effective treatment of lung diseases, in which inhalable nano-formulations have attracted the interest of many researchers with the development of nanotechnology.
- 14. Inhalable nano-formulations have the following advantages in respiratory disease therapy: (i) Reducing the administration dosage (ii) Increasing the solubility of the APIs (iii) Achieving targeted drug delivery towards lung lesions. (iv) API absorption across the epithelium can be enhanced (v) Enabling pulmonary retention Due to these advantages, nanotechnology can ensure the therapeutic efficacy of APIs in dissatisfactory situations where the patient’s condition results in poor inhalation effectiveness.
- 15. Ex: Unconsciousness, Insufficient Inspiratory Flow Rate, Breath-Holding Problems, & Inadequate coordination with the use of inhalation devices. Therefore, inhalable nano-formulations are considered to have promising applications in treating COPD, asthma, lung cancer, COVID-19, and other lung diseases Nano-formulations are incorporated as: Inhalation devices Ex: Nebulizers Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)
- 16. Metered dose inhalers (MDIs)) for treating respiratory disease, either by themselves or with excipients to form solid particles. Characteristics of Nanoparticles (Nps) in Respiratory System The characteristics of Nanoparticles includes: Size Shape Surface Charge Wettability Serve a critical role in understanding the interaction between Nanoparticles and organisms.
- 17. Appropriate properties can’t only facilitate their direct delivery to targeted tissues and cells, but also limit their adverse side effects by decreasing drug concentrations in other tissues of the body. Surface Charges The surface charge of NPs determines the interaction between NPs and anionic cell membranes. For instance, Stronger interaction observed between charged NPs and PS (Pulmonary Surfacant) compared with charged NPs in-vitro, which resulted within the aggregation of NPs and reduced their transfer efficiency.
- 18. However, in some specific fields, charged NPs have shown obvious advantages. Since charged NPs have the potential to induce damage to cell membranes and organelles, Nano carriers with stronger positive charges might not be a perfect choice for drug delivery systems. A previous study in mice revealed that cationic NPs were mostly related to DCs, whereas anionic particles were mainly internalized by alveolar macrophages. It’s possible that the various cellular uptake mechanisms of cationic and anionic NPs might cause different immune effects following pulmonary administration.