Approach and landing procedures 2013
5 likes2,430 views
This document discusses area navigation (RNAV) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) approaches, including: 1. The different types of GNSS approaches including LNAV, APV BaroVNAV, APV SBAS, and GBAS which provide varying levels of lateral and vertical guidance. 2. The requirements for instrument flight procedures and how approaches are designed based on aircraft categories and performance, obstacle clearance, and other factors. 3. How augmentation systems like SBAS and GBAS improve integrity and allow for approaches with vertical guidance (APV) or precision approaches (PA).
Approach and landing procedures 2013
- 1. 03/06/2013 1 Area Navigation - RNAV Approach And Landing Procedures David Szymanski - ENAC May 2013 PLAN • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS Instrument Flight Procedure? • Series of predetermined manœuvres by reference to flight instruments • These manoeuvres are based on facilities or way-points for aircraft proceeding according to Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) REGULATION • ICAO regulation – DOC 8168-OPS/611 (Volume I and II) : procedure design – Annex 11 : Radio Navigation aids – Annex 14 : Aerodrome Design and Operations – Annex 4 : Charting – Annex 15 : Aeronautical Information Services • National regulation – France – USA, Canada – Others DOC 8168-OPS/611 • Design of instrument flight procedures – En-route – Arrival – Approach – Departure • RNAV • Conventional navigation IAF IF FAF MAPT TP HOLDING INITIAL INTERMEDIATE FINAL MISSED APPROACH Approach segments
- 2. 03/06/2013 2 Fixes and Segments Straight Radioguided segment Curve radioguided segment Dead-reckoning segment AIRCRAFT CATEGORY • Five categories : From A to E (H) : – Max and Min Speed (IAS) known by pilots and designers (regulation tables) • Possible speed limitation – Obstructions – ATC constraints – Environmental contraints – MUST be displayed on the chart INITIAL APPROACH FINAL APPROACH CIRCLING MISSED APPROACH Maximum speedCat. Vat Min Max Min Max Max Initial and Intermediate Final A <<<< 91 90 150 (110*) 70 100 100 100 100 B 91 / 120 120 180 (140*) 85 130 135 130 150 C 121 / 140 160 240 115 160 180 160 240 D 141 / 165 185 250 130 185 205 185 265 E 166 / 210 185 250 155 230 240 230 275 SPEEDS TABLE : IAS unit kt PROTECTION AREA • Protection area data – Nominal trajectory – Flight technical tolerances (FTT) – Fix tolerance – Wind effect • Segment protected by a protection area Fix 1 Fix 2 Fix 3 FTT : Reaction delay Bank delay Consecutive segments PLAN • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS
- 3. 03/06/2013 3 A B C D E F RNAV: AREA NAVIGATION Shorter Routes …. More Routes Possible ... RNAV approach trajectory RNAV POSITIONING METHOD • The RNAV system – identifies the next waypoint, – selects the most appropriate source of navigation to determine its position – provides information to the auto-pilot to fly to the next waypoint. • An RNAV route can be flown manually WAYPOINT • Waypoints expressed in WGS84 coordinates – IAF, IF, FAF, MAPt, MAHF – Arrival or departure waypoint Fly-over waypoint Fly-by waypoint WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BY Stabilization distances are necessary ALL RNAV TRAJECTORIES ARE CODED INTO THE DATABASE On board database ••Aerodrome dataAerodrome data ••Available navaidsAvailable navaids •Flight paths to follow (charts)
- 4. 03/06/2013 4 Departure chart CF DF DF TF TF CODING INFLUENCE CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTS How to navigate PATH TERMINATOR How to navigate PATH TERMINATOR PATHPATH TF : TRACK BETWEEN FIXES Usable by all systems Preferential path terminator DF : DIRECT TO FIX TF Protection
- 5. 03/06/2013 5 DF Protection Semi Area Width for RNAV RNAV 5 EnRoute 5.77 Nm RNAV 1 / RNAV 2 More than 30 Nm 5 Nm Less than 30 Nm 2.5 Nm RNPAPCH Initial/ Intermediate 2.5Nm Final 0.95Nm Missed Approach 2 Nm Type of waypoint PATH Terminator Coding influence Nominal trajectory Protection Area PLAN • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS GNSS integrity monitoring • GNSS integrity monitoring techniques aim at monitoring GNSS positioning • Large variety of techniques: – In an autonomous manner (ABAS) : • Using only redundancy of GNSS measurements (RAIM) • Using additional information from other sensors (AAIM) – Using a ground station (GBAS) – Using a network of ground stations (SBAS) ICAO GNSS CONCEPT GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM AUGMENTATION SATELLITE BASED (SBAS) GEOSTATIONARY EGNOS WAAS MTSAS GROUND BASED (GBAS) ON BOARD ABAS) A.A.I.M R.A.I.M GAGAN
- 6. 03/06/2013 6 Approche GNSS : RNP APPROACH • RNP APCH = Sensor used GNSS with Augmentation • RNP 1 (1 NM of Accuracy) for initial, intermediate and missed approach segments • RNP 0.3 for final • No vertical guidance : – LNAV • vertical guidance : –– Baro VNAV, SBAS, GBASBaro VNAV, SBAS, GBAS WHICH AUGMENTATION FOR WHICH KIND OF APPROACH ? ABAS Non Precision Approach NPA + VNAV: APproach with Vertical Guidance APV baroVNAV SBAS APproach with Vertical Guidance APV I and II GBAS Precision Approach PLAN • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS • Instrument flight Procedure • RNAV • GNSS Approaches: – LNAV (Lateral Guidance) – APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical) – APV SBAS – GBAS Non Precision Approach : LNAV LNAV Protection Areas LNAV : OCH Computation • Assessment of Obstacles in Protection Area : Hobst • Add MOC (Minimum obstacle Clearance) – Same whatever the Aircraft Category • OCH = Hobst + MOC • Minima Box Line : LNAV
- 7. 03/06/2013 7 RNAV NPA : LNAV Approaches • 2D RNAV = LNAV • RNAV system provides lateral guidance in final segment – ABAS as minimum HOW TO FLY VERTICALLY NPA ? • Two different ways to FLY vertically : – ‘Dive and Drive’ – ‘Stabilized approach’ • NO CONSEQUENCE on PROCEDURE DESIGN DIVE AND DRIVE • Descend immediately to not below minimum step- down fix altitude or MDA/H as appropriate. • Descent gradient < 15% • Missed approach initiated at, or before MAPt. STABILIZED APPROACH (CDFA) • Continuous descent gradient to – a point 50 ft above the threshold – taking regard of minimum crossing altitude at FAF and step-down fixes. • Missed approach initiated : – Visual reference not achieved approaching MDA/H – Not permitted below MDA/H at any time – Not permitted after MAPt CDFA 50 FT MOC MDA MAPt DIVE and DRIVE CDFA : A specific METHOD OF FLYING the FINAL approach segment of NPA on pre-determined approach slope with continous descent to DA (H) CDFA : Continuous Descent Final Approach 3°°°° FAF Dive and Drive mode Stabilized approach
- 8. 03/06/2013 8 APV : Approach with Vertical Guidance APPROACH PROCEDURE WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE • APV Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance: An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but DOES NOT MEET the requirements established for PRECISION APPROACH and landing operations • LATERAL and VERTICAL GUIDANCE in the FINAL segment • 2 Types – APV SBAS • SBAS receiver on-board – APV BaroVnav • ABAS + VNAV capability RNAV APV : SBAS APV SBAS Protection Area (1) APV SBAS Protection Area (2) APV SBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation • Based on ILS methodology • Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, W*, X, Y, Z) • Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical Guidance) – Different Value for each Aircraft Category • When penetration of obstacle OCH = Hobst + HL • Minima Box Line : LPV – Different value per Aircraft Category
- 9. 03/06/2013 9 APV SBAS integrity • Final Approach segment integrity through a FAS Data Block (including CRC) • FAS Data Block in the SBAS System • Publication of FAS Data block in AIP APV SBAS : LPV Approaches • APV SBAS = LPV • RNAV system provides lateral and vertical guidance in final segment – SBAS RNAV APV : Baro VNAV APV Baro VNAV : Protection Area APV Baro VNAV OCH Computation • Temperature dependant • Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (FAS, Horizontal Plane, Z) • When penetration of obstacle OCH = Hobst + MOC • Minima Box Line : LNAV / VNAV
- 10. 03/06/2013 10 APV Baro VNAV : LNAV / VNAV • APV Baro VNAV = LNAV / VNAV • RNAV system provides lateral and guidance in final segment • Vertical guidance through Barometric altimeter • RNAV System: – ABAS + VNAV system APV Baro VNAV : On going criteria • On going criteria for Baro VNAV : – Consistency with all vertical guidance (ILS, MLS, SBAS, GBAS) – Use of HL instead of MOC – Different Position of surfaces regarding existing criteria RNAV Precision Approach : GBAS APV GBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation • Same principle as SBAS • Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, X, Y, Z) • Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical Guidance) • When penetration of obstacle OCH = Hobst + HL RNAV GBAS : PRECISION APPROACH • LATERAL and VERTICAL GUIDANCE in the FINAL segment – Only with GBAS augmentation • FAS Data Block send by ground station to Aircraft ↸↸↸↸ PRECISION APPROACH •Horizontal guidance •Vertical guidance FAFMAPt OCH MOC HL OCH FAP DHDH MDHMDH NON PRECISION APPROACH •Horizontal guidance APPROACH with vertical guidance
- 11. 03/06/2013 11 SUMMING UP Type of approach Type of guidance MDA or DA Minima line NPA lateral MDA LNAV APV baroVNAV Lateral Vertical DA LNAV/VNAV APV SBAS Lateral Vertical DA LPV PA Lateral Vertical DA Title of procedure : GLS • Approaches are based on GNSS – In PBN vocabulary : RNP APCH – In AIS document : RNAV (GNSS) • All different vertical guidance in one chart (same Final + missed approach) Publication Capture region Capture Région IAF IAF IAF IF FAF MAPt 70° INITIAL SEGMENT INTERMEDIATE SEGMENT FINAL SEGMENT Capture region TF coding Y BAR DESIGN CONCEPT •Flight time reduction •Aligned on runway centerline •Improve visualization of markings and lightings •Easy use ( piloting ,no misunderstanding ) Y BAR Concept KEY POINT • Standardization • Easy design • All GNSS receivers NPA certified could proceed T or Y procedure
- 12. 03/06/2013 12 • Provide a vertical guidance – ILS , APV BARO-VNAV, APV SBAS • Provide a constant descent in final approach For CFIT PREVENTIVE MEASURE KEY POINT CONCLUSIONS • Different GNSS Approaches • Only RNP APPROACH (NO RNAV) • GNSS approaches : NPA, APV and PA – Using augmentation: » NPA : LNAV (ABAS) » APV : - SBAS = LPV - BaroVNAV = LNAV / VNAV » PA : GBAS • Obstacle assessment based on surfaces when vertical guidance is provided (AV and PA) GNSS + VNAV + ABAS receiver BARO VNAV WASS / EGNOS + SBAS Receiver APV SBAS Computed vertical guidance and barodependant Geometric vertical guidance based on satellite information Navigation Sensors associated with MDA and DA MDH higher than 300ft NPA : GPS HAL : 556m HAL : 40m VAL : 50m300ft< DH < 250ft APV1 : SBAS HAL : 40m VAL : 35m300ft< DH < 200ft LPV200 : SBAS EGNOS, Galileo HAL : 40m VAL : 15 to 10m200ft = DH GBAS catI HAL : Horizontal Alarm Limit VAL : Vertical Alarm Limit