Approach paltes and charts explaining procedures
- 1. Approach Charts and Procedures • Key Features • Heading, Briefing, and Communications Information • Plan View and Minimum Safe Altitude • Profile and Missed Approach Icons • Time and Speed Table • Landing Minimums • Airport Sketch and Airport Diagram • Alternate Airports
- 2. Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs) An instrument approach procedure… – allows you to descend safely – by reference to instruments – from the en route structure – to a point where a safe landing can be made There are 2 general types of IAPs – Precision approaches, e.g., ILS, PAR • provide vertical, as well as course, guidance – Nonprecision approaches, e.g, VOR, NDB, ASR • provide only course guidance
- 3. Segments of an IAP
- 4. Segments of an IAP The Initial Approach segment(s) – provide a method of aligning your aircraft with the final approach course – begin at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) The Intermediate Approach segment – allows you to position and configure your aircraft for final approach – begins at the intermediate fix (IF) if it exists, or – at the point you are proceeding inbound to the Final Approach Fix (FAF) and are aligned with the final approach course
- 5. Segments of an IAP • Final Approach Segment – allows you to navigate safely to a point where, if required conditions exist, you can land – The FA segment begins… • For a precision approach, at glide slope intercept at the minimum intercept altitude • For a nonprecision approach, at the FAF • Missed Approach Segment – provides a safe alternative in the event a safe landing cannot be made – begins at the Missed Approach Point (MAP) • Decision Height for a precision approach • a fix or elapsed time for a nonprecision approach
- 6. Segments of an IAP Procedure Turn
- 8. Profile View Missed Approach Landing Minimums
- 15. Comparison Jeppesen and NACO
- 16. Instrument Ground School 2015
- 18. Header - NACO
- 22. Instrument Ground School 2015 NACO PILOT BRIEFING SECTION
- 23. MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE (Circle identifies MSA)
- 25. NACO Plan View
- 26. Jeppesen Profile
- 27. NACO Profile
- 28. Instrument Ground School 2015 STEPDOWNS
- 32. Landing Minimums Visibility and Minimum Altitude Requirements -based on aircraft performance & equipment Minimums provide on charts for Circling Approaches – Approach different runway than your final landing runway. Sidestep maneuver – Clearance to land on a parallel runway – next to approach runway. Straight-In – Lower minima than both above.
- 33. Landing Minimums – Jeppesen Style
- 34. Landing Minimums – NACO Style
- 36. Instrument Ground School 2015 Other Airport Information On Jeppesen Charts… (Remember: You can find all info in the AFD) Jeppesen is convenient because you don’t have to carry the AFD with you to find airport info.
- 37. Instrument Ground School 2015 Take-off & Alternate Minimums When do we need an alternate? 1-2-3 Rule If +/- 1 Hr ETA Ceilings are <2000 and or Visibility <3 sm What are “precision” and “non-precision Minimums must be at the alternate? Precision: 600 & 2 Non-precision: 800 & 2
- 39. Instrument Ground School 2015 Summary
- 41. PREPARING for the approach. ATC could clear you for any approach that the weather and the equipment on your aircraft permit. Have all appropriate charts readily at hand and ready to review on clearance when you are given the approach. 1.Review as part of pre-flight planning, and 2.Perform a “Approach Chart Review” after you are advise of what approach to expect.
- 42. The “Approach Clearance” • ATC will most likely clear you an approach that will expedite the flow of traffic. • Notify controller IMMEDIATELY if you want a different approach. They may issue a desired approach if traffic/time permits. • If a specific approach is not specified; rather a general “cleared for approach”, then you may execute any one of the authorized IAPs for that airport (does not permit a contact or visual approach). • Fly the “entire” approach including “Feeder Routes” if it applies to your route.
- 43. Straight-In Landing and Approaches A “straight in landing” is given when the final approach course is positioned within 30 degrees of the end of runway and a minimum of maneuvering is required to align with the runway. If the runway is NOT aligned then you might get a “circle to land” approach instead of a straight in approach. A controller might say “Cleared for a straight-in approach” which means you should not perform a procedure turn to reverse your course. (example: “cleared for straight-in ILS Runway 25 approach, circle to land runway 34.”). The straight-in approach must provide a means of navigation directly to the final approach course.
- 48. Instrument Ground School 2015 MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE
- 49. Procedure Turns: Approaches that require course reversals
- 50. Instrument Ground School 2015 Timed Approach from a holding pattern @ OM, you Adjust pattern so that you depart the OM inbound at the assigned time
- 51. Instrument Ground School 2015 Final Approach: MUST KNOW when you can safely continue below minimum altitude designated for that approach! You MAY NOT operate below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DA unless flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach procedure being used. This requirement is also required for landing At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable: The Approach Light system, The Threshold, The Threshold Markings, The Threshold Lights, The Runway End Identifier Lights, The Visual Approach Slope indicator, The Touchdown Zone or Touchdown Zone Markings, The Touchdown Zone Lights, The Runway or Runway Markings, or The Runway Lights.
- 52. Instrument Ground School 2015
- 54. Instrument Ground School 2015 CIRCLING APPROACH
- 56. Instrument Ground School 2015 CIRCLING OPTIONS
- 57. SIDESTEP MANEUVER • Some airports have published “Sidestep” maneuvers that allow you to make the approach on one of a set of parallel runways and as soon as possible after having sited the other parallel runway, executing a landing on that runway.
- 59. Instrument Ground School 2015
- 62. Approach Charts: Summary Checklist • The standard instrument procedure (IAP) allows you to descend safely by reference to instruments from the enroute altitude to a point near the runway at your destination from which a landing may be made visually. The IAP may be divided into as many as FOUR segments: initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach. • A precision approach procedure, such as an ILS or PAR, provides vertical guidance through means of a glide slope, as well as horizontal course guidance. • A non-precision approach procedure, such as a VOR, RNAV (GPS), or NDB approach, provides horizontal course guidance with no glide slop information. • Feeder routes, also referred to as approach transitions or terminal routes, provide a link between the enroute and approach structures. • The purpose of the Initial Approach Segment is to provide a method for aligning the aircraft with the approach course. • The purpose of the Intermediate Segment primarily is designed to position the aircraft for the final descent to the airport. • The Final Approach Segment allows you to navigate safely to a point at which, if the required visual references are available, you can continue the approach to a landing. A precision approach segment where the glide slope is intercepted at the minimum glide slope intercept altitude shown on the approach chart. A non-precision approach segment begins either at a designated final approach fix (FAF) or at the point where you are aligned with the final approach course. • During a precision approach, the MAP occurs when you reach a designated altitude on the glide slope called the decision altitude (DA). For Nonprecision approaches, the missed approach point occurs either at a fix, navaid or after a specified period of time has elapsed since crossing the FAF.
- 63. Approach Charts: Summary Checklist • Jeppesen approach charts are filed in loose-leaf format by state, then by city. NACO charts are published in regional volumes referred to as Terminal Procedures Publications, with each airport filed alphabetically by name of the city. Both present the same information. • Extensive research exploring human factors in the cockpit and crew resource management (CRM), results in the current chart design that emphasizes usability and legibility. • On both Jeppesen and NACO charts, the heading section identifies the city, airport, instrument approach procedure title, and the airport identifier. • The procedure title indicates the type of approach system used and the equipment required to fly the final approach segment. You should study the entire instrument procedure to determine the equipment necessary to fly all the approach segments. • Both Jeppesen and NACO use chart index numbers to identify each chart, and place their communication frequencies in a row of boxes near the top of the approach chart, listed in the order normally used on the approach to the airport. • Jeppesen pre-approach briefing information includes the identifier and frequency of the primary navigation aid used for the approach, the final approach course, altitude at the OM or FAF, DA(H), or MDA(H),, the airport and touchdown zone elevations, a textural description of the missed approach procedure, and notes applicable to the approach procedure. • The first row of the NACO pilot briefing contains the identifier and frequency of the primary navaid, the final approach course, the available runway length for landing, the TDZE, and the airport elevation. Icons indicate whether a non-standard alternate and/or takeoff minimums apply, procedure notes and limitations, approach lighting symbology, and a textual description of the missed approach procedure are all included in the second row of the pilot briefing information.
- 64. Approach Charts: Summary Checklist • The minimum safe altitude (MSA) shown on approach chars provides 1,000 feet of obstruction clearance within 25 NMs of the indicated facility unless some other distance is specified. • Operating at or above the MSA does not guarantee navigation or communication coverage and the MSA is designated for use only in an emergency or during VFR flight, such as at night. • The Plan View is an overhead presentation of the entire approach procedure. • There may be higher uncharted terrain or man-made structures than those depicted on the approach chart. Adherence to the minimum altitudes depicted on the approach charts provides terrain and obstacle clearance. • When the procedure turn is depicted on the plan viw, it mean you MAY reverse course an way you desire as long as the turn is made on the same side of the approach course as the symbol, the turn is completed within the distance specified in the profile view, and you remain within protected airspace. • If a holding or teardrop pattern is shown instead of a procedure turn, it is the only approved method of course reversal, If a procedure turn, holding pattern, or teardrop is NOT shown, a course reversal is NOT authorized. • On selected Jeppesen and NACO approach charts plan views, generalized terrain contour line, values, and gradient tints may be depicted in brown. This information does not ensure clearance above or around the terrain and must not be relied upon for descent below the minimum altitudes depicted on the approach procedures. • The profile view shows the approach from the side and displays the flight path and facility, as well as minimum altitudes in feet MSL • The touchdown zone elevation (TDZE) is the highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface.
- 65. Approach Charts: Summary Checklist • The height above touchdown (TAT) is measured from the touchdown zone elevation or the threshold elevation of the runway served by the approach. The height above airport (HAA) is measured above the official airport elevation, which is the highest point of an airport’s usable runways. • The threshold crossing height (TCH) is the altitude at which you cross the runway threshold when established on the glide slope centerline. • Many approaches incorporate one or more stepdown fixes, which are commonly used along approach segments to allow you to descend to a lower altitude. Your ability to identify selected stepdown fixes may permit lower landing minimums in some cases. • A visual descent point (VDP) represents the point from which you can make a normal descent to a landing, assuming you have the runway in sight and you are starting from the minimum descent altitude. Missed approach icons provide symbolic information about the initial up and out maneuver only. You should always refer to the missed approach instructions in the heading section and the plan view graphic for complete information about the missed approach procedure. • The conversion table on Jeppesen charts and the time and speed table on NACO chars provide various elapse time to the MAP for non-precision approaches based on groundspeed. • Landing minimums, which contain both minimum visibility and minimum altitude requirements, have been established for each approach at a given airport. • A circling approach is a procedure that involves executing an approach to one runway and then landing on another. Separate circle-to-land minimums are published in the landing minimums section if this procedure is authorized.
- 66. Approach Charts: Summary Checklist • During a sidestep maneuver, you are cleared for an approach to one runway with clearance to land on a parallel runway. • Each aircraft is placed into an approach category based on its computed approach speed. This speed equals 130% of the aircrafts power-off stall speed in a landing configuration (1.3 VS0). • Visibility listed on approach charts is in statue miles, usually as a prevailing visibility reported by an accredited observer such as tower or weather personnel, or in hundreds of feet determined through the use of runway visual range (RVR) equipment. • Landing minimums usually increase when a required component or visual aid becomes inop. • Regulations permit you to make substitutions for certain components when that component is inop or is not utilized during an approach • NACO places an airport sketch in the lower left or right corner and provides a full-page airport diagram for selected airports. • The airport reference point (ARP), shown on Jeppesen charts, is the approximate geometric center of all usable runways services. The official lat/long coordinates are derived form the ARP. • If the forecast weather at your ETA, plus or minus 1 hour, indicates a ceiling of less than 2,000 feet or visibility of less than 3 miles, you must list an alternate airport on your flight plan • Standard alternate minimums for precision approaches are a 600-foot ceiling and 2 statue miles visibility. For nonprecision approaches, an 800-foot ceiling and 2 statue miles apply.. • Jeppesen lists both standard and nonstandard takeoff and alternate minimums and departure procedures on the airport chart. NACO charts refer you to the Terminal Procedures Publication to find standard takeoff and nonstandard alternate minimums. • Jeppesen classic and NACO traditional charts feature essentially the same info.
- 67. Approach Procedures: Summary Checklist • After you have been advised as to which approach to expect, you should conduct a thorough approach chart review to familiarize yourself with the specific approach procedures. • If ATC does not specify a particular approach but states “cleared for the approach” then you may execute any one of the authorized IAPs for that airport. • Feeder routes provide a transition from the enroute structure to the IAF or to a facility from which a course reversal is initiated. • The term straight-in approach and straight-in landing have specific definitions when used in ATC clearances or in reference to landing minimums. • Although most approach procedures provide landing minimums for both straight-in and circling maneuvers, some may be limited to circling only. • A straight-in approach may be initiated from a fix closely aligned with the final approach course, may commence from the completion of a DME arc, or you may receive vectors to the final approach course. • A straight-in approach does not require no authorize a procedure turn or course reversal. • A NoPT arrival sector allows flight inbound on Victor airways within the sector to proceed straight in on the final approach course. • ATC radar approved for approach control service is used for course guidance to the final approach course, ASR and PAR approaches, and the monitoring of nonradar approaches. • Radar vectors to the final approach course provide a method of intercepting and proceeding inbound on the published instrument approach procedure. • During an instrument approach procedure, a published course reversal is not required when radar vectors are provided.
- 68. Approach Procedures: Summary Checklist • If it becomes apparent the heading assigned by ATC will cause you to pass through the final approach course, you should maintain that heading and question the controller. • A course reversal may be depicted on a chart as a procedure turn, a racetrack patter (holding pattern), or a teardrop procedure. The maximum speed in a course reversal is 200 knots IAS. • When more than one circuit of a holding pattern is needed to lose altitude or become better established on course, the additional circuits can be made only if you advise ATC and ATC approves. • Timed approaches from a holding fix are generally conducted at airports where the radar system for traffic sequencing is out of service or is not available and numerous aircraft are waiting for approach clearance. • When timed approaches are in progress, you will be given advance notice of the time you should leave the holding fix. • To descend below the DA or MDA, you must be able to identify specific visual references, as well as comply with visibility and operating requirements which are listed in the regulations. • You should usually descend at a rate that allows you to reach the MDA prior to the MAP so that you are in a position to establish a normal rate of descent from the MDA to the runway, using normal maneuvers. • VASI lights can help you maintain the proper descent angle to the runway once you have established visual contact with the runway environment. • Visual illusions are the product of various runway conditions, terrain features, and atmospheric phenomena which can create a sensation of incorrect height above the runway or incorrect distance from the runway threshold.
- 69. Approach Procedures: Summary Checklist • A circling approach is necessary if the instrument approach course is not aligned within 30 degrees of the runway. In addition, you may find that an unfavorable wind or a runway closure makes a circling approach necessary. • Each circling approach is confined to a protected area which varies with aircraft approach category. • When executing a circling approach, if you operate at a higher speed than is designated for your aircraft approach category, you should use the minimums of the next higher category. • When cleared to execute a sidestep maneuver, you are expected to fly the approach to the primary runway and begin the approach to land on the parallel runway as soon as possible after you have it in sight. • The most common reason for a missed approach is low visibility conditions that do not permit you to establish required visual cues. • If an early missed approach is uninitiated before reaching the MAP, you should proceed to the missed approach point at or before the MDA or DA before executing a turning maneuver. • If you lose visual reference while circling to land from an instrument approach and ATC radar service is not available, you should initiate a missed approach by making a climbing turn toward the landing runway and continue the turn until established on the missed approach course. • If a ceiling is at least 1,00 feet AGL, the visibility is at least 3 statue miles, ATC may clear you for a visual approach in lieu of the published approach procedure. • ATC can issue a clearance for a contact approach upon your request when the reported ground visibility is => 1 statue mile. ATC cannot initiate a contact approach. • Charted Visual Flight Procedures (CVFPs) may be established in some controlled airports for environmental or noise considerations, as well as when necessary for safety and efficient air traffic operations.