Approach To The Management Of Hyperbilirubinemia In Term
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This document provides guidelines for the management of hyperbilirubinemia, or high bilirubin levels, in term newborn infants. It discusses the definition and causes of both physiologic and pathologic jaundice. Guidelines are given for prevention, screening, treatment with phototherapy or exchange transfusion, and identifying infants at risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinemia or kernicterus. Risk factors include jaundice in the first 24 hours or visible jaundice at discharge. Close follow-up is recommended for infants with risk factors.
Approach To The Management Of Hyperbilirubinemia In Term
- 1. Approach to the management of Hyperbilirubinemia in Term Newborn Infant Mohammadh Khassawneh MD
- 2. Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Definition = (TSB) > 5 mg/dL Significance: Present in up to 60% of term newborns Severe complications possible Deafness, CP (kirnicterus) Increase Kirnicterus 1990’s (related to early hospital discharge)
- 3. Recent concern JACHO alert due to several case reports of kernicterus in healthy newborns Term 35-38 weeks, dehydrated breastfeeding, and with extremely high bilirubin levels
- 4. Bilirubin Production & Metabolism
- 5. Classification Benign Physiologic Breast Milk Breastfeeding Pathologic Many causes
- 6. Physiologic Jaundice Features Elevated unconjugated bilirubin TSB generally peaks @ 5-6 mg/dL on day 3-4 and then declines to adult levels by day 10 Asian infants peak at higher values (10 mg/dL) Exaggerated physiologic (up to 17 mg/dL)
- 7. Physiologic Jaundice Asian infant Breastfed infant Non-breastfed infant
- 8. Ethnic differences Exaggerated Hyperbilirubinemia (>12.8mg/dl) 4% African-Americans 6-10% Caucasian 25% Asian (>20mg% in 2%)
- 9. Effect of Type of Feeding 2/3 of breastfeeding infants (BF) will have chemical jaundice for 2-3 weeks TSB > 12mg% in 12% (BF) vs. 4% Formula Fed infants (FF) TSB > 15mg% in 2% BF vs. 0.3% FF
- 10. Mechanism of Physiologic Jaundice Increased rbc’s Shortened rbc lifespan Immature hepatic uptake & conjugation Increased enterohepatic Circulation
- 11. Breast Milk Jaundice Elevated unconjugated bilirubin Prolongation of physiologic jaundice Slower decrease to adult levels of bilirubin 66% of breastfed babies jaundiced into 3 rd week of life May persist up to 3 months May have second peak @ day 10 Average max TSB = 10-12 mg/dL TSB may reach 22-24 mg/dL ?Milk factor
- 13. Breast feeding Jaundice Elevated unconjugated bilirubin Benign or pathologic Elevated bilirubin in the 1 st week of life tends to worsen breast milk jaundice during later weeks Equivalent to starvation jaundice in adults Mandates improved/increased breastfeeding No water or dextrose supplementation Formula OK
- 14. Pathologic Jaundice Features Jaundice in 1 st 24 hrs Rapidly rising TSB (> 5 mg/dL per day) TSB > 17 mg/dL Categories Increased bilirubin load Decreased conjugation Impaired bilirubin excretion
- 15. Increased Bilirubin Load Hemolytic Disease Features: elevated reticulocytes, decreased Hgb Coomb’s + Rh incompatibility, ABO incompatibility, minor antigens Coomb’s - G6PD, spherocytosis, pyrovate kinase deficiency
- 16. Pathologic Jaundice Non-hemolytic Disease normal reticulocytes Extravascular sources – I.e. cephalohematoma Polycythemia Exaggerated enterohepatic circulation – I.e. CF, GI obstruction
- 17. G6PD Deficiency A cause of kernicterus in up to 35% of cases Always suspect if severe hyperbili or poor response to phototherapy Ethnic origin 11-13% of African Americans Mediterranean, Middle East, Arabian peninsula, SE Asia, Africa Requires intervention at lower TSB levels Testing Levels may be normal or elevated early Especially in presence of hemolysis Repeat level at 3 months
- 18. Decreased Bilirubin Conjugation Elevated unconjugated bilirubin Genetic Disorders Crigler-Najjar 2 types Severe hyperbilirubinemia Gilbert Syndrome Mild hyperbilirubinemia Hypothyroidism
- 19. Impaired Bilirubin Excretion Elevated unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin (> 2 mg/dL or > 20% of TSB) Biliary Obstruction Structural defects – I.e. biliary atresia Genetic defects – Rotor’s & Dubin-Johnson syndromes Infection – sepsis, TORCH Metabolic Disorders – I.e. alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency Chromosomal Abnormalities – Turner’s syndrome Drugs – I.e. ASA, sulfa, erythromycin
- 20. Diagnosis & Evaluation Physical Exam Bilirubin > 5 mg/dL Milder jaundice - face & upper thorax Caudal progression generally signifies higher bilirubine levels Should not rely on this system Liberally check bilirubin values Laboratory Blood Transcutaneous Generally within 2mg/dL of serum test Most useful if serum bili < 15
- 21. Poor correlation inter-observer and with serum bilirubin Best cut appears to be jaundice to nipples for bili > 12.0 mg/dl 97% sensitive 19% specific Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154:391-4 Zone 1 head - clavicle 5 Zone 2 clavicle-umbilicus 6-8 Zone 3 umbilicus- knee 9-12 Zone 4 knees-ankles 3-15 Zone 5 palms + soles 15 Clinical Exam: Unreliable Clinical Exam: Unreliable
- 22. 2004 AAP Guidelines Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia Pediatrics 2004; 114;297-316
- 23. Prevention Breastfeeding Should be encouraged for most women Separate AAP guidelines 8-12 times/day for 1st several days Assistance and education Avoid supplements in non-dehydrated infants Do not decrease level & severity of hyperbili
- 24. Prevention Ongoing assessments for risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinemia Monitor at least every 8-12 hours Don’t rely on clinical exam Blood testing Prenatal (Mom): ABO & Rh type, antibody Infant cord blood Mom not tested, Rh (-): Coomb’s, ABO, Rh Mom O or Rh (+): optional to test cord blood
- 25. Laboratory investigation Indicated (if bilirubin concentrations reach phototherapy levels) Serum total or unconjugated bilirubin concentration Serum conjugated bilirubin concentration Blood group with direct antibody test (Coombs’ test) Hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations Optional (in specific clinical circumstances) Complete blood count including manual differential white cell count Blood smear for red cell morphology Reticulocyte count Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screen Serum electrolytes and albumin or protein concentrations
- 26. Copyright ©2004 American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia, Pediatrics 2004;114:297-316 Nomogram for designation of risk in 2840 well newborns at 36 or more weeks' gestational age with birth weight of 2000 g or more or 35 or more weeks' gestational age and birth weight of 2500 g or more based on the hour-specific serum bilirubin values
- 27. Risk Factors for Severe Hyperbilirubinemia Major risk factors Predischarge bili in high-risk zone Jaundice in 1st 24 hrs Blood group incomp with + direct antiglobulin test, other known hemolytic disease (eg, G6PD deficiency) Gestational age 35–36 wk Previous sibling received phototherapy Cephalohematoma or significant bruising Exclusive breastfeeding East Asian race Minor risk factors Bili in high intermed-risk zone Gestational age 37–38 wk Jaundice before discharge Previous sibling with jaundice Macrosomia infant with diabetic mother Maternal age ≥ 25 Male Decreased Risk Bili in low-risk zone ≥ 41 wks gestation Exclusive bottle feed Black race D/c from hospital > 72hrs
- 28. Discharge Assess risk Predischarge bili Use nomogram to determine risk zone And/or Assessment of risk factors 0 61.8 Low 2.26 19.6 Low intermed 12.9 12.5 High intermed 39.5 6 High risk % with TSB >95 th % Newborns (%) TSB Zone
- 29. Discharge Close follow-up necessary Individualize based on risk Weight, % change from BW, intake, voiding habits, jaundice 120 hours 48-72 hours 96 hours 24-48 hours 72 hours < 24 hours Should be Seen by Infant Discharge
- 30. Copyright ©2004 American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia, Pediatrics 2004;114:297-316 Algorithm for the management of jaundice in the newborn nursery
- 31. Phototherapy Mechanism: converts bilirubin to water soluble form that is easily excreted Forms Fluorescent lighting Fiberoptic blankets Goal is to decrease TSB by 4-5 mg/dL or < 15 mg/dL total Breastfed infants are slower to recover
- 32. Phototherapy Severe rebound hyperbilirubinemia is rare Average increase is 1 mg/dL Intensive Special blue tube with light in blue-green spectrum Close to infant Expose maximum surface area
- 33. Copyright ©2004 American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia, Pediatrics 2004;114:297-316 Guidelines for phototherapy in hospitalized infants of 35 or more weeks' gestation
- 34. Exchange Transfusion Mechanism: removes bilirubin and antibodies from circulation and correct anemia Most beneficial to infants with hemolysis Generally never used until after intensive phototherapy attempted
- 35. Complications Toxicity to Basal Ganglia and brainstem nuclei 2 terms Acute bilirubin encephalopathy Kernicterus Multiple phases
- 36. Risk of Kirnicterus TSB level > 25-30 mg/dl Acidosis Increased free bilirubin low albumin, drug displacement Blood-brain barrier disruption prematurity, sepsis, ischemia
- 37. Kernicterus cases potentially correctable causes Early discharge (<48hrs) without f/u within 48 hrs Failure to check bilirubin level if onset in first 24 hours Failure to note risk factors Visual assessment underestimate of severity Delay in testing jaundiced newborns or treating elevated levels Lack of concern for presence of jaundice or parental concern Pediatrics 2001; 108:763-765
- 38. Common Clinical Risk Factors for Severe Hyper-bilirubinemia Jaundice in the first 24 hours Visible jaundice at discharge Previous jaundiced sibling Near term gestation 35-38 weeks Exclusive breastfeeding East Asian (4), Mediterranean (1), African origin (12) (G6PD deficiency), 19/61 kernicterus cases = G6PD Bruising, cephalohematoma, birth trauma Hemolysis risk, O + maternal blood type, sepsis
- 39. Medications increasing bilirubin toxicity Sulfisoxazole (displacement or G6PD hemolysis) Ceftriaxone (displacement from albumin)
- 40. Trans cutaneous bilirubin Older devices affected by skin pigmentation Newer multi-wavelength spectral reflectance correlate 0.88 with the serum value, example SpectRx, ± 3 mg/dl ? Confirm values > 40% per age Carbon monoxide exhaled
- 41. Direct Coombs Testing Strongly positive: Rh Kell Kidd Duffy Negative or “weakly positive: Anti-A
- 42. Hemolysis consider present Hct < 45% Abnormal blood smear with 3-4+ spherocytes Reticulocyte count is 4.5% in the first 72 hrs, or Reticulocyte count is >1-2% in the first 1-2 wks
- 43. QUESTIONS?
- 44. References American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics . 2004;114:297-316 Johnson LH, Bhutani VK, Brown AK. System-based approach to management of neonatal jaundice and prevention of kernicterus. J Pediatr . 2002;140:396-403 American Academy of Pediatrics, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Classification of recommendations for clinical practice guidelines. Pediatrics . 2004;114:874-877 Gartner LM, Herschel M. Jaundice and breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am . 2001;48:389-399 Moyer VA, Ahn C, Sneed S. Accuracy of clinical judgment in neonatal jaundice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2000;154:391-394 Ip S, Glicken S, Kulig J, Obrien R, Sege R, Lau J. Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia . Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003. AHRQ Publication 03-E011 Bhutani VK, Johnson LH, Sivieri EH. Predictive ability of a predischarge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns. Pediatrics . 1999;103:6-14. American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice and kernicterus. Pediatrics . 2001;108:763-765
Editor's Notes
- #31: Jaundice < 24 hours = pathologic; check TSB or TcB Jaundice appears excessive for age = TSB or TcB The need for and timing of a repeat bili depends on the zone in which TSB falls, age of infant Interpret all bili levels according to infant’s age in hours
- #34: Use total bili Risk factors = isoimmune hemolytic disease, G6PD deficiency, asphyxia, significant lethargy, temperature instability, sepsis, acidosis, or albumin < 3.0 Can use home phototherapy if no risk factors Based on limited evidence Use intensive phototherapy when TSB exceeds line If TSB doesn’t decrease or rises strongly suggests hemolysis If TSB > 25 or at level recommending exchange transfusion it is a med emergency and requires admission Isoimmune hemolytic disease: IV gamma globulin (.50-1 g/kg over 2 hrs) if TSB rising on phototherapy or within 2-3 mg/dL of exchange transfusion recommendations. Can repeat dose in 12 hours. Shown to decrease need for exchange transfusion