Appropriate building technology LECTURE 2.pptx
- 1. October,2024 Appropriate Building Technology(ARCH 3262) MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
- 3. INTRODUCTION SPECIFIC COURSE CONTENTS 01- INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 02- APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 03- SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES & ENERGY 04- APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNIQUES
- 4. CONTENTS 02-APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Appropriate Building Technology Sustainability Definition The three dimensions of Sustainable Architecture Cost Efficient Construction Design as a Low-Tech Approach LECTURE-II
- 5. Appropriate Building Technology Technological development - considering human needs and the natural environment Contribute to sustainable development
- 6. Appropriate Building Technology Two components: 1. Building material production technology 2. Construction technology Location, local resources, user skills, tools, transportation, social environment, culture, and economy influence them.
- 8. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY - MOVEMENT Concept from Fritz Schumacher Intermediate technology = appropriate technology TWO CONTEXTS: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: The most effective technology to address the needs of developing areas Its relationship to economic development - alternative to capital- intensive technology transfer from industrialized nations to developing countries. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: Raised during the energy crisis in the 1970s - focus on environmental and sustainability issues
- 9. “APPROPRIATE HARD - and SOFT - TECHNOLOGY” - Albertson and Faulkner Cont.’… “HARD TECHNOLOGY” Engineering techniques, physical structures, machinery Meeting a need defined by a community Utilize the material at hand or readily available Can be built, operated, & maintained by local people with limited outside assistance “SOFT TECHNOLOGY” Social structures Human interactive processes Motivation techniques It is the structure and process for social participation and action by individuals and groups in analyzing situations, making choices and engaging in choice– implementing behaviors that bring about change
- 10. EVALUATING APPROPRIATENESS TECHNIC Technical knowledge/background of the people who will be using this technology. CULTURE The technology’s relation to the critical social systems in the society (family system, religion, division of labor, level of education and training) ECONOMY The technology's effect on income levels, income distribution in a society, income inequality between different socio-economic groups- is an adequate business environment in place for this technology- and which can be possible unintended negative side-effects?
- 11. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY – GOALS/ SELECTION CRITERIA Conform to the geography and climate of the area To be handled mainly by local workers to provide job opportunities for the people Simple technology – easy to study and train in the area Low investment technology, with low investment risk and possessed by a majority in the community Use of local materials and low-energy production Environmental / user friendly technology Durable, long-lasting, occasionally recyclable
- 12. BUILDING INDUSTRY/TECHNOLOGY - CURRENTLY
- 13. Cont.’… Williamsburg Bridge, New York, opened 1903 -the importance of maintenance carried traffic and trains throughout the 20th century, but maintenance was for decades completely neglected 1988 the poor condition of the bridge became an case of emergency new cables, new girders, new roadways, new bearings, new paint, etc… cost approximately $1 billion; more than a new bridge
- 14. Cont.’
- 15. Most current economic approaches follow a one-way process PRODUCTION –CONSUMPTION –WASTE Cont.’ Buildings(construction) consume vast amounts of limited resources The energy used by occupants Production and transportation of materials Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) - damage and impact the climate (only the cement industry produces ca.10% of the world’s CO2 emissions)
- 16. Cont.’ Little attempt is made to maximize the use of renewable energy resources Technology/understanding exists to construct buildings that minimize impacts on the environment- without excessive costs.
- 17. What is Sustainability? "Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Brundtland Report, United Nations 1987
- 18. What is Sustainability? Sustainability - previously often defined as - how biological systems endure and remain diverse and productive To achieve these goals - humans have to change their policies on Environmental protection - Social responsibility - Economic practice ‘Old models’ of consumption and industrialization don’t support the world’s growing population. If humans wish to have the water, materials, and natural resources needed to flourish, new approaches to living are required.
- 19. NEW APPROACHES of SUSTAINABILITY Need for Conservation and Energy looking for ways to slow or prevent dilution, conserve natural resources, and protect remaining environments Developing a Sustainable Society with equal access to health care, nutrition, clean water, shelter, education, energy, economic opportunities, and employment - an ideal society, living in harmony with the natural environment, and conserving resources not only for their own generation
- 20. Cont.’ Supporting Sustainable Business to create long-term practices with more respect to the environment, and the well-being of employees, but also to improve profitability and innovation Advances in Sustainable Technology and Development New technologies, and urban infrastructure to built with environmentally sound practices, supporting a sustainable, healthy, and happy population Investigating Climate Change should guide government policies, corporate decisions, individual actions
- 21. Sustainable Architecture An environmentally conscious design, minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy, and development space Obey the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability in that particular area of the country
- 22. Vernacular architecture– examples of sustainable architecture
- 23. The three dimensions of sustainable Architecture Sustainable parameters can’t be seen isolated! Sustainable buildings/constructions should encompass all three aspects- especially the social parameters, it will not be accepted by the society at large.
- 28. Social Sustainability Combines the design of the physical environment with a focus on how the people who live in and use a space relate to each other and function as a community. It is enhanced by development which provides the right infrastructure to support a strong social and cultural life, opportunities for people to get involved, and scope for the place and the community to evolve
- 30. Cont.’ Environmental issues affect architecture at every level. Buildings consume one-third of the energy used globally, and to add is the energy needed for transportation. Beyond, the energy used is influenced by the location and function of a building, its flexibility, and its lifespan. The energy used, depends on its orientation, its form and structure, and its heating and ventilation systems. and the amount of energy used is impacted by the choice of the materials Architects cannot solve all the world’s ecological problems. But architects can design buildings, which use much less energy - to build, run and maintain it, and to travel to and from it - compared to the current energy levels. They can also influence transport patterns through urban planning and the use of regional/local building materials.
- 31. Cost Efficient Construction …the need for cost efficiency in construction… Hundred million people worldwide without a home, including those with poor quality housing - more than one billion housing needs are expected to double over the next 50 years worldwide Africa – the growth is expected to be more than threefold Increasing construction costs – because of increasing labor and material cost
- 32. COST-EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION - WHAT DOES IT MEANS? Is it a structure with the lowest first-costs? Is it the design with the lowest operating and maintenance costs? Is it the building with the longest life span? Is it the building that offers the greatest return on investment?
- 33. Improving traditional technologies, Implementation of low-tech technologies, use of local resources, using modern construction materials/techniques as economic solutions -Standardization of building elements, -reduction of different items included -pre-fabrication of elements Use of appropriate machinery/tools to maximize productivity ACHIEVING COST-EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION
- 34. DEFINITIONS
- 36. BUILDING PROJECT STAGES: Concept development feasibility study site selection assigning professionals preliminary design § final design § construction For example: site selection: stability of soil to support structures available infrastructure assigning professionals: is their experience and knowledge appropriate for the project preliminary design: - how can the advantages of the site be supportive and qualified to be integrated - how to minimize the impact of disadvantages - flexibility in design by designing spaces that can serve more than one function
- 37. LCCA is a method to assess the total cost of a building and a fundamental decision- making tool for cost-efficient construction. LCCA -used to compare project alternatives, which have the same performance requirements, but different initial and operating costs, to maximize net savings. LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA)
- 38. LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) LCCA -determine the economic effects of alternative design or system options and express these effects in costs. LCCA –to perform in the early design process
- 39. Design from a Low-Tech Approach In the last decades, building technologies developed from low-energy building concepts towards active building concepts. Took mainly place in the technologically oriented sectors - resulted in a lack of balance between energy savings, cost efficiency and user comfort. High-tech materials/technologies generally dominate in contemporary architecture - making it expensive and energy consuming.
- 40. Design from a Low-Tech Approach Sustainable low-tech buildings include concepts of less complexity, with less automation needs and less highly engineered solutions. Low-tech materials like wood, stone, and earth -local and locally produced materials -low carbon footprint. With imagination and technical skill, these materials can provide interesting and appropriate sustainable low-tech architecture
- 41. Gando School Library, Burkina Faso Transforming low-tech materials into innovative design
- 42. Gando School Library, Burkina Faso
- 43. Gando School Library, Burkina Faso
- 44. Gando School Library, Burkina Faso
- 45. Gando School Library, Burkina Faso
- 46. Library, Villanueva, Colombia Architects: Miguel Torres, German Ramirez, Alejandro Piatol, Carlos Mezar
- 54. Activity:2 CASE STUDY Design from a Low-Tech Approach Group Work: A3 Panel, High-quality graphic presentation