Arguments
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The document discusses deductive arguments and how they are evaluated. A deductive argument has a conclusion that necessarily follows from the premises. For a deductive argument to be valid, the premises must strongly support the conclusion. Several examples of valid deductive arguments are provided, including arguments about tigers being mammals, bachelors being single, and humans being mortal. The document also defines other types of statements such as opinions, descriptions, reports, illustrations, explanations, and conditional statements.
Arguments
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- 7. Deductive Argument -An inference having a conclusion that proceeds from he antecedent premises with absolute necessity.
- 8. Example All men are bodily beings. Ted is a man. Therefore, Ted is a bodily being.
- 9. How does a Deductive Argument evaluated? ⢠If the premises strongly support the conclusion then it is VALID! ⢠Example: All tigers are mammals. No mammals are creatures with scales. Therefore, no tigers are creatures with scales.
- 10. MORE EXAMPLES All apples are fruits, all fruits grow on trees; therefore, all apples grow on trees. William is a bachelor, all bachelors are single; hence William is single. Since all humans are mortal, and I am a human, then I am mortal. All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore all dolphins have kidneys.
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- 27. â˘Opinions -they do not give evidence to prove that what the author thinks is true.
- 28. 5/18/2015 ⢠I think a nation such as ours, with its high moral traditions and commitment, has a further responsibility to know how we became drawn into this conflict, and learn the lessons it has teach us for the future.
- 30. 5/18/2015 "At Rajghat a few hundred feet from thee river, a fresh pyre had been built of stone, brick and earth. It was eight feet square and about two feet high. Long thin sandalwood logs sprinkled with incense were stacked on it. Mahatma Gandhi's body lay on the pyre with his head to the north. In that position Buddha meet his end.
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- 32. â˘Report -group of statements that convey information about some situation or an event Example: John failed in the recent bar examination, and John got depressed.
- 33. If john failed in the recent bar examination, then he must have been depressed. John failed in the recent bar examination. Therefore john must have been depressed. ARGUMENT
- 34. â˘Illustration -statement about certain subjects combined with references intended to exemplify those statements. Example: Roman numerals as well as Arabic Numerals can be used to stand for numbers. Thus the Roman Numeral âXVâ stands for number fifteen.
- 35. Chemical elements, as well as compounds, can be represented by molcular formulas. This oxygen is represented by âO2â, sodium chloride by âNaClâ, and sulfuric acid as âH2SO4â.
- 36. ⢠Explanation 1. Explanandum- That which needs to be explained 2. Explanans â and that which contains the explanation either as a cause, antecedent event, or necessary condition.
- 37. ⢠Wars occur because humans desire to control other humans. ⢠Cows can digest grass, while humans cannot, because their digestive systems contain enzymes not found in humans.
- 39. 5/18/2015 â˘Conditional statements -antecedent- statement after âifâ -consequent- statement after âthenâ Neither the antecedent nor the consequent is asserted is true.
- 40. Example: If her brain has stopped functioning, then a person is already dead. â˘If her brain has stopped functioning, then a person is already dead. Her brain has stopped functioning. Therefore, the person is already dead.