Artificial Intelligence

George F Luger
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 6th edition
Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving
Knowledge Representation
Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009
7.0 Issues in Knowledge Representation
7.1 A Brief History of AI
Representational Systems
7.2 Conceptual Graphs: A Network
Language
7.3 Alternatives to Explicit Representation
7.4 Agent Based and Distributed Problem
Solving
7.5 Epilogue and References
7.6 Exercises
1

Fig 7.1 Semantic network developed by Collins and Quillian in their research on human
information storage and response times (Harmon and King, 1985)
2

Fig 7.2 Network representation of properties of snow and ice
3

Fig 7.3 three planes representing three definitions of the word “plant” (Quillian,
1967).
4

Fig 7.4 Intersection path between “cry” and “comfort” (Quillian 1967).
5

Fig 7.5 Case frame representation of the sentence “Sarah fixed the chair with
glue.”
6

Conceptual dependency theory of four primitive conceptualizations
7

Fig 7.6 Conceptual dependencies (Schank and Rieger, 1974).
8

Fig 7.8 Some bacis conceptual dependencies and their use in representing more
complex English sentences, adapted from Schank and Colby (1973).
9

Fig 7.9 Conceptual dependency representing “John ate the egg”
(Schank and Rieger 1974).
Fig 7.10 Conceptual dependency representation of the sentence “John prevented
Mary from giving a book to Bill” (Schank and Rieger 1974).
10

Fig 7.11 a restaurant script (Schank and Abelson, 1977).
11

A frame includes:
12

Fig 7.12 Part of a frame description of a hotel room. “Specialization” indicates a
pointer to a superclass.
13

Fig 7.13 Spatial frame for viewing a cube (Minsky, 1975).
14

Fig 7.14 Conceptual relations of different arities.
15

Fig 7.15 Graph of “Mary gave John the book.”
16

Fig 7.16 Conceptual graph indicating that the dog named Emma is brown.
Fig 7.17 Conceptual graph indicating that a particular (but unnamed) dog is brown.
Fig 7.18 Conceptual graph indicating that a dog named Emma is brown.
17

Fig 7.19 Conceptual graph of a person with three names.
18

Fig 7.20 Conceptual graph of the sentence “The dog scratches its ear with its paw.”
19

Fig 7.21 A type lattice illustrating subtypes, supertypes, the universal type, and the
absurd type. Arcs represent the relationship.
20

Fig 7.22 Examples of restrict, join, and simplify operations.
21

Fig 7.23 Inheritance in conceptual graphs.
22

Fig 7.24 Conceptual graph of the statement “Tom believes that Jane likes pizza,”
showing the use of a propositional concept.
23

Fig 7.25 Conceptual graph of the proposition “There are no pink dogs.”
24

Fig 7.26 The functions of the three-layered subsumption architecture from Brooks
(1991a). The layers are described by the AVOID, WANDER, and EXPLORE
behaviours.
25

Fig 7.27 A possible state of the copycat workspace. Several examples of bonds and
links between the letters are shown; adapted from Mitchell (1993).
26

Fig 7.28 A small part of copycat’s slipnet with nodes, links, and label nodes shown;
adapted from Mitchell (1993).
27

Fig 7.29 Two conceptual graphs to be translated into English.
28

Fig 7.30 Example of analogy test problem.
29

Artificial Intelligence

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