Ashish_MQUni Dept.Env.Sci.V.8
- 1. Ashish Sharma Macquarie University Evaluating environmental impacts of alternative transport fuels and power-train technologies via life cycle approach. Presented by Department of Environmental Science | Faculty of Science & Engineering MRes SEMINAR (September 15, 2015) (MRes candidate, under the supervision of Prof. Vladimir Strezov)
- 2. What is the potential of alternative fuels and advance vehicle powertrains in solving the present day problems of energy crisis and the climate change ?
- 3. 3 Research Objectives Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University The aim of this study is to conduct a holistic sustainability assessment of the alternative fuels and powertrains in the transport sector and therefore, this study is central to achieve following key research objectives – 1. To identify the gaps and variability in the existing studies. 2. To compare triple bottom line (TBL) impacts. 3. To identify which alternate fuel is best suited for mitigating criteria pollutants and GHG emissions? 4. To quantify the environmental benefits and cost-efficiency of switching from diesel fuel to alternate fuels.
- 4. 4 Introduction : Background (1) Life cycle assessment (LCA) framework Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Goal & Scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications • Product development • Strategic planning • Public Policy making • Marketing Processes typically considered when conducting an LCA for a product
- 5. 5 Introduction : Background (2) Components of vehicle life cycle emissions – Fuel cycle & Vehicle cycle Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Illustration Life cycle assessment of vehicle emissions Source : Wang, M., Wu, M., & Huo, H. (2007). Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types. Environmental Research Letters, 2(2), 024001 Well-To-Tank Tanks-to-wheel
- 6. 6 Introduction : Literature Review (1) Checklist for systematic literature review Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Study (year) LCA included Methodology used Software’s / Instruments used Database used Environmental indicators Sustainability indicators Petersen, Melamu et al. 2015 √ Pinch point methodology; Process modelling (Thermochemical and biological) and Process Environmental Assessments. SimaPro and GREET 2.7 NA √ X Brondani, Hoffmann, Mayer, & Kleinert, 2015 √ Energy efficiency analysis SimaPro Eco-Indicator 99 assessment method. √ X Arpornpong et al., 2015 √ Sensitivity analysis; The product carbon footprint (CFP) methodology; Combination of CML 2000, IPCC 2007, Eco indicator 99, and Recipe methods. SimaPro 7.1; GREET Model; ReCiPe model; Carnegie Mellon’s EIO-LCA software Ecoinvent (version 2.1); The Thai and international LCI database (USLCI 2013); IPCCC 2006 √ X Onat, Kucukvar et al. 2014 √ SWOT (Strengths , weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis; SMARt-CHP (small mobile agricultural residue gasification unit for decentralized; The emissions were monitored by a Horiba analyzer (NDIR – Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer). NA The Bureau of Labor Statistics ; The Global Footprint Network; Bureau of Economic Analysis, √ √ Manara and Zabaniotou (2014) X SWOT (Strengths , weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. SMARt-CHP; NDIR (Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer) NA √ √ Santoyo-Castelazo and Azapagic (2014) √ Life cycle costing; Social sustainability assessment; Multi- criteria decision analysis; Scenario analysis NA Eco invent; GEMIS √ √ Ning et al., 2013 √ Cost-benefit evaluation GaBi & Chemical process simulator Aspen Plus. Eco-indicator 95 system √ X Study (year) LCA included Methodology used Software’s / Instruments used Database used Environmental indicators Sustainability indicators Petersen, Melamu et al. 2015 √ Pinch point methodology; Process modelling (Thermochemical and biological) and Process Environmental Assessments. SimaPro and GREET 2.7 NA √ X Brondani, Hoffmann, Mayer, & Kleinert, 2015 √ Energy efficiency analysis SimaPro Eco-Indicator 99 assessment method. √ X Arpornpong et al., 2015 √ Sensitivity analysis; The product carbon footprint (CFP) methodology; Combination of CML 2000, IPCC 2007, Eco indicator 99, and Recipe methods. SimaPro 7.1; GREET Model; ReCiPe model; Carnegie Mellon’s EIO-LCA software Ecoinvent (version 2.1); The Thai and international LCI database (USLCI 2013); IPCCC 2006 √ X Onat, Kucukvar et al. 2014 √ SWOT (Strengths , weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis; SMARt-CHP (small mobile agricultural residue gasification unit for decentralized; The emissions were monitored by a Horiba analyzer (NDIR – Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer). NA The Bureau of Labor Statistics ; The Global Footprint Network; Bureau of Economic Analysis, √ √ Manara and Zabaniotou (2014) X SWOT (Strengths , weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. SMARt-CHP; NDIR (Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer) NA √ √ Santoyo-Castelazo and Azapagic (2014) √ Life cycle costing; Social sustainability assessment; Multi- criteria decision analysis; Scenario analysis NA Eco invent; GEMIS √ √ Ning et al., 2013 √ Cost-benefit evaluation GaBi & Chemical process simulator Aspen Plus. Eco-indicator 95 system √ X
- 7. 7 Introduction : Literature Review (2) Sustainability indicators/ impact categories reported in previous studies Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Environmental • GHG emissions • Global warming (GWP), abiotic depletion (ADP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication (EP), freshwater aquatic eco- toxicity (FAETP), human toxicity (HTP), ozone depletion (ODP), photochemical ozone creation (POCP) and terrestrial eco- toxicity (TETP) • Soil and water & air quality • Biodiversity • Impacts on land use (LU) and natural depletion (water and fossil). Economic • Capital costs • Internal rate of return (IRR) • Payback period (PBP) • Gross profit • Net profit Social • Economic and social contribution to local society • Health and safety • Education level • Societal acceptance • Employment generation (Number of job positions per unit investment or unit area)
- 8. 8 Methodology (1) Life cycle system boundaries of the present study Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Life cycle system boundary Integrated model for simulation of vehicle life cycle emissions
- 9. Methodology (2) Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University 9 Indicator Weighting of the three damage categories Damage to resources Inventory Result Inventory phase Modelling all processes in the life cycle Modelling of the effect and damage Damage to ecosystem quality Resources Damage to human resources Land use Emission Core concept of Eco-Indicator 99 methodology Eco Indicator value CFC PB Cd PAH Dust VOC DDT CO2 SO2 NOx P Ozone depletion effect Subjective damage assessment EffectImpact Fatalities Health impairments Ecosystem impairment Damage Acidification Heavy metals Greenhouse effect Carcinogens Summer smog Winter smog Pesticides Eutrophication Valuation Result Core concept of Eco-Indicator 95 methodology
- 10. Methodology (3) Modelling Life cycle Impact assessment (LCIA) using SimaPro Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University 10 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) Normalization Defines the extent to which an impact category contributes to the total environmental burden. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) Classification Defines the Impact categories and their substances. Characterization The relative contribution of a LCI process flow to the impact category result. Weighting Indicators are aggregated into a single score / using weighting factors
- 11. Preliminary Results (1) Fuel cycle (WTW) emissions of selected vehicle fuel systems Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diesel Car (Low sulfur diesel) CNG Fuel-Cell Car (CNG) CIDI Vehicle (FT Diesel Car) CIDI Vehicle (Biodiesel Blend Car) Electric Car (electricity) Well-to-Tank(WTT) Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Diesel Car (Low sulfur diesel) CNG Fuel-Cell Car (CNG) CIDI Vehicle (FT Diesel Car) CIDI Vehicle (Biodiesel Blend Car) Electric Car (electricity) Well-to-Tank(WTT) Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) Fuel cycle (WTW) PM10 emissions of selected vehicle fuel systems in g/100 km. Fuel cycle (WTW) PM2.5 emissions of selected vehicle fuel systems in g/100 km.
- 12. Preliminary Results (2) Vehicle life cycle emissions & energy use Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University 12 Note* vehicle class is pick-up trucks Data source: Tong, Jaramillo, and Azevedo (2015) Vehicle life cycle GHG emissions (expressed in units of gram CO2-eq/km) for selected vehicle fuel systems. Total energy use in KJ/100 km by selected vehicle fuel systems.
- 13. Future Research : timeline of research activities (4 years of PhD.) 13 PhD Yr.1/MRes (Yr. 2) Research activity (RA-1) Time 1. Preliminary literature review & data collection preparation. 3 months (July, 2015 ~ September, 2015) 2. Methodology/Simulation using models. 2 months (October ~ November) 3. Data Analysis & validation/comparison of results with existing studies. 2 months (December, 2015 ~ January, 2016) 4. Writing first draft of MRes (Yr.2) thesis 1 months (February, 2016) 5. Writing final version of MRes (Yr.2) thesis/ research paper 1. 1 months (March, 2016) 6. Submission of MRes thesis. 1 month (April, 2016) 7. Revising MRes thesis for submission of first research paper to the journal editors/reviewers. 1 month (May, 2016) 8. Break/vacation 1 month (June,2016) PhD Yr.2 (RA-2) Research activity Time 9. Submission of abstract for oral presentation at international conference. 1 month (August, 2016) 10. Presenting research to an international conference/publishing in conference proceedings. September, 2016 11. Training for using professional version of LCA models such as SimaPro/GaBi for simulation. 1 months (September, 2016) 12. Analysing data using LCA models to generate results for second international conference proceedings. 2 months (October , 2016 ~ mid-November, 2016) 13. Writing second chapter of thesis/preparing manuscript for research paper 2 as per the previously defined research problem/abstract prepared in activity 8. 2 months (mid-November , 2016 ~ January, 2017) 14. Submission of research paper to the journal editors/reviewers. 2 months (February , 2017 ~ March, 2017) 15. Preparing abstract for second international conference 1 month (April, 2017) 16. Revising manuscript to adjust for reviewer’s comments. 1 month (mid-May, 2017) 17. Break/vacation 1 month (mid of May ~ June,2017) PhD Yr.3 Research activity (RA-3) Time Presenting research in department of environmental science at Macquarie University. 1month (July , 2017) 18. Writing third chapter of thesis/preparing manuscript for research paper 2 as per previously defined research problem/abstract submitted in activity 8. 2 months (August, 2017 ~ September, 2017) 19. Presenting research to an international conference as per the conceptual research framework discussed in abstract submitted in research activity 15. 1 month (October, 2017) 20. Theoretical and conceptual framework for research paper 3. 1 month (November, 2017) 21. Methodology/Simulation using models. 2 months (December, 2017~ January, 2018) 22. Validation/comparison of results with existing studies. 1 month (February, 2018) 23. Writing first chapter of thesis/research paper 3. 1 month (March, 2018) 24. Submission of research paper to the journal editors/reviewers. 2 months (April , 2018) 25. Break/vacation 1 month (mid of May ~ June,2018) PhD Yr.4 Research activity (RA-4) Time 26. Submitting first draft of thesis to supervisor for review. 2 months (July, 2018 ~ august, 2018) 27. Theoretical and conceptual framework for research paper 4. 1 month (November, 2018) 28. Methodology/Simulation using models. 2 months (December, 2019 ~ January, 2019) 29. Validation/comparison of results with existing studies. 1 month (February, 2019) 30. Preparing manuscript of final chapter of PhD thesis and Compiling previous research papers for submission of final version of PhD thesis supervisor. 1 month (March, 2019) 31. Submission of research paper as per designed methodology in research activity 28 to the journal editors/reviewers. 2 months (May , 2019)
- 14. Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University 1. Bauer, C., Hofer, J., Althaus, H.-J., Del Duce, A., & Simons, A. (2015). The environmental performance of current and future passenger vehicles: Life Cycle Assessment based on a novel scenario analysis framework. Applied Energy. 2. Connolly, D., Mathiesen, B. V., & Ridjan, I. (2014). A comparison between renewable transport fuels that can supplement or replace biofuels in a 100% renewable energy system. Energy, 73, 110-125. 3. Dai, Q. (2014). Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Utilization in Light-duty Passenger Vehicles. University of Michigan. 4. Haller, M., Welch, E., Lin, J., & Fulla, S. (2007). Economic costs and environmental impacts of alternative fuel vehicle fleets in local government: An interim assessment of a voluntary ten-year fleet conversion plan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(3), 219-230. 5. Hawkins, T. R., Gausen, O. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2012). Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles—a review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(8), 997-1014. 6. Messagie, M., Boureima, F.-S., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., & Van Mierlo, J. (2014). A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. Energies, 7(3), 1467-1482. doi:10.3390/en7031467. 7. Onat, N. C., Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2014). Towards life cycle sustainability assessment of alternative passenger vehicles. Sustainability, 6(12), 9305-9342. 8. Rose, L., Hussain, M., Ahmed, S., Malek, K., Costanzo, R., & Kjeang, E. (2013). A comparative life cycle assessment of diesel and compressed natural gas powered refuse collection vehicles in a Canadian city. Energy Policy, 52, 453-461. 9. Santoyo-Castelazo, E., & Azapagic, A. (2014). Sustainability assessment of energy systems: integrating environmental, economic and social aspects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 80, 119-138. 10. Scown, C. D., Horvath, A., & McKone, T. E. (2011). Water footprint of US transportation fuels. Environmental science & technology, 45(7), 2541-2553. 11. Shahraeeni, M., Ahmed, S., Malek, K., Van Drimmelen, B., & Kjeang, E. (2015). Life cycle emissions and cost of transportation systems: Case study on diesel and natural gas for light duty trucks in municipal fleet operations. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 24, 26-34. 12. Tong, F., Jaramillo, P., & Azevedo, I. M. L. (2015). Comparison of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gases from Natural Gas Pathways for Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Environmental science & technology, 49(12), 7123-7133. doi:10.1021/es5052759 13. Wang, H., Zhang, X., & Ouyang, M. (2015). Energy and environmental life-cycle assessment of passenger car electrification based on Beijing driving patterns. Science China-Technological Sciences, 58(4), 659-668. doi:10.1007/s11431-015-5786-3 14. Wang, M., Wu, M., & Huo, H. (2007). Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types. Environmental Research Letters, 2(2), 024001. 15. Wu, M., Zhang, Z., & Chiu, Y.-w. (2014). Life-cycle water quantity and water quality implications of biofuels. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports, 1(1), 3-10. References 14
- 15. Thank you | Questions and comments
Editor's Notes
- #5: A life cycle inventory (LCI) is the environmental balance sheet for a process or material.
- #10: The purpose of damage assessment is to combine a number of impact category indicators into a damage category (also called area of protection). In the damage assessment step, impact category indicators with a common unit can be added. After normalization the impact category indicators all have the same unit, which makes it easier to compare them.