![“Lieber Schrödinger!
Du bist faktisch der einzige Mensch, mit dem ich mich
wirklich gern auseinandersetze. [...] Dabei sind wir in der
Auffassung des zu erwartenden Weges schärfste
Gegensätze.
[...]”
Albert Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger, 8.8.1935](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aspelmeyer-140423134336-phpapp01/85/Aspelmeyer-3-320.jpg)
![“Das System sei eine Substanz in einem chemisch labilen
Gleichgewicht, etwa ein Haufen Schiesspulver, der sich
durch innere Kräfte entzünden kann [...] . Im Anfang
charakterisiert die Ψ-Funktion einen hinreichend genau
definierten Zustand. Deine Gleichung sorgt aber dafür,
dass dies nach Verlauf eines Jahres gar nicht mehr der Fall
ist. Die Ψ-Funktion beschreibt dann vielmehr eine Art
Gemisch von noch nicht und von bereits explodiertem
System. Durch keine Interpretationskunst kann diese Ψ-
Funktion zu einer adäquaten Beschreibung eines
wirklichen Sachverhaltes gemacht werden; in Wahrheit gibt
es eben zwischen explodiert und nicht-explodiert kein
Zwischending
[...]”
Albert Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger, 8.8.1935
EinsteinEinstein‘‘ss gungun powderpowder && SchrSchröödingerdinger‘‘ss catcat](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aspelmeyer-140423134336-phpapp01/85/Aspelmeyer-4-320.jpg)
![Marshall, Simon, Penrose,
Bouwmeester, PRL 91, 130401 (2003)
also: A.D. Armour, M.P.
Blencowe, and K. Schwab,
PRL 88, 148301 (2002.)
R. Penrose, in: Quantum
[Un]Speakables,
Springer 2001
TestingTesting quantum physics . . . andquantum physics . . . and beyondbeyond](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aspelmeyer-140423134336-phpapp01/85/Aspelmeyer-7-320.jpg)
![((QuantumQuantum--)Opto)Opto--MechanicsMechanics
• intensity dependent displacement of mirror
• intensity dependent phase shift of reflected
light (Kerr-like interaction)
• Doppler-shift of reflected light due to mirror
movement
1983 Dorsel/Walther: first radiation-pressure
based instabilities [PRL 51, 1550]
explained by Meystre et al. in 1985 [J. Opt.
Soc. Am. B 2, 1830]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aspelmeyer-140423134336-phpapp01/85/Aspelmeyer-16-320.jpg)
![Quantum teleportation
•S. Mancini, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, PRL 90, 137901 (2003)
•S. Pirandola,D. Vitali, P. Tombesi,S. Lloyd, PRL 97,
150403 (2006)
Interfacing Nanomechanics with
Atomic Ensembles
•C. Genes, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, PRA 77,
050307 (2008)
•K. Hammerer, M. Aspelmeyer, E.S. Polzik,
P. Zoller, arXiv:0804.3005 [quant-ph]
(2008)
TeleportingTeleporting QuantumQuantum StatesStates ontoonto MechanicsMechanics](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aspelmeyer-140423134336-phpapp01/85/Aspelmeyer-27-320.jpg)
Aspelmeyer
- 1. Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften or: trying to put « mechanics » back into quantum mechanics ... Schrödinger’s Mirrors Markus Aspelmeyer Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna
- 2. WhyWhy thethe quantum ?quantum ? WhyWhy thethe classicalclassical ?? Schrödinger‘s cat IS alive… TwoTwo unresolvedunresolved questionsquestions single-photon source „CLICK“
- 3. “Lieber Schrödinger! Du bist faktisch der einzige Mensch, mit dem ich mich wirklich gern auseinandersetze. [...] Dabei sind wir in der Auffassung des zu erwartenden Weges schärfste Gegensätze. [...]” Albert Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger, 8.8.1935
- 4. “Das System sei eine Substanz in einem chemisch labilen Gleichgewicht, etwa ein Haufen Schiesspulver, der sich durch innere Kräfte entzünden kann [...] . Im Anfang charakterisiert die Ψ-Funktion einen hinreichend genau definierten Zustand. Deine Gleichung sorgt aber dafür, dass dies nach Verlauf eines Jahres gar nicht mehr der Fall ist. Die Ψ-Funktion beschreibt dann vielmehr eine Art Gemisch von noch nicht und von bereits explodiertem System. Durch keine Interpretationskunst kann diese Ψ- Funktion zu einer adäquaten Beschreibung eines wirklichen Sachverhaltes gemacht werden; in Wahrheit gibt es eben zwischen explodiert und nicht-explodiert kein Zwischending [...]” Albert Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger, 8.8.1935 EinsteinEinstein‘‘ss gungun powderpowder && SchrSchröödingerdinger‘‘ss catcat
- 5. E. Schrödinger, Naturwissenschaften 23, 52 ff. (1935) SchrSchröödingerdinger‘‘ss CatCat:: TheThe MeasurementMeasurement ProblemProblem single-photon source Schrödinger’s Cat = Entanglement involving macroscopically distinct states should be possible for arbitrarily large systemsarbitrarily large systems
- 6. (c) Oppenheim ““logical necessity logical necessity”” (Copenhagen (Copenhagen’’ss golden cut, golden cut, complexity, ...)? complexity, ...)? ““standard standard decoherence decoherence”” (quantum (quantumdarwinism darwinism)?)? ““new physicsnew physics”” (Penrose, GRWP,(Penrose, GRWP, KarolyhazyKarolyhazy, Diosi, ...)?, Diosi, ...)?
- 7. Marshall, Simon, Penrose, Bouwmeester, PRL 91, 130401 (2003) also: A.D. Armour, M.P. Blencowe, and K. Schwab, PRL 88, 148301 (2002.) R. Penrose, in: Quantum [Un]Speakables, Springer 2001 TestingTesting quantum physics . . . andquantum physics . . . and beyondbeyond
- 8. AA mechanicalmechanical catcat?? SchrSchröödingerdinger‘‘ss mirrorsmirrors
- 9. m, ω for energy eigenstates (no correspondence principle!) for coherent states E. Schrödinger: „Der stetige Übergang von der Micro- zur Makromechanik.“, Die Naturwissenschaften 14, 644 (1926) MechanicalMechanical QuantumQuantum StatesStates (quantum) harmonic oscillator Ground state for
- 10. ωpump = ωcavity + Δ m, ωm ωωcavityωpump κ ωωcavity ωpump κ beam-splitter (cooling) squeezer (entanglement) Why quantum optics ?Why quantum optics ? full quantum optics toolbox to prepare and control mechanical quantum states via photons
- 11. Title Text 1 – Text 2 Text 3 – Text 4 1619 Johannes Kepler, De cometis “solar repulsion of comet tails because of mechanical light force (radiation pressure)” picture: Nature 444, 823 (2006)
- 12. 1873 radiation pressure force predicted by J. C. Maxwell 1901 P. Lebedev, Untersuchungen über die Druckkräfte des Lichtes, Ann. Phys. 6, 433 (1901) F~300 pN 1901 E.F. Nichols, G. F. Hull, A preliminary communication on the pressure of heat and light radiation, Phys. Rev. 13, 307 (1901) F~1 nN 1905 Einstein’s photon hypothesis optomechanics quantum optics Mechanical Effects of LightMechanical Effects of Light –– a brief historya brief history
- 13. 1933 O. Frisch, Experimenteller Nachweis des Einsteinschen Strahlungsrückstoßes, Z. Phys. B 86, 42 (1933) Laser cooling of atoms 1936 R.A. Beth, Mechanical detection and measurement of the angular momentum of light, Phys. Rev. 50, 115 (1936) 1915 Milikan confirms photoelectric effect 1923 Compton scattering optomechanics quantum optics Mechanical Effects of LightMechanical Effects of Light –– a brief historya brief history
- 14. PRL 45, 75 (1980) ... and further (independent) works by Braginsky, Meystre, etc. SQLSQL–– OptomechanicsOptomechanics meetsmeets Quantum OpticsQuantum Optics LIGO 1960 first laser radiation 1963 quantum optical description of laser by Glauber shot noise optomechanics quantum optics LIGO
- 15. PRL 45, 75 (1980) ... and further (independent) works by Braginsky, Meystre, etc. SQLSQL–– OptomechanicsOptomechanics meetsmeets Quantum OpticsQuantum Optics LIGO 1960 first laser radiation 1963 quantum optical description of laser by Glauber shot noise optomechanics quantum optics LIGO
- 16. ((QuantumQuantum--)Opto)Opto--MechanicsMechanics • intensity dependent displacement of mirror • intensity dependent phase shift of reflected light (Kerr-like interaction) • Doppler-shift of reflected light due to mirror movement 1983 Dorsel/Walther: first radiation-pressure based instabilities [PRL 51, 1550] explained by Meystre et al. in 1985 [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1830]
- 17. Idea: optical modification of mechanical properties via gradient and retarded forces (Braginsky, since 1977) optical spring Vogel et al. APL 83, 1337 (2003) Sheard et al., PRA 69, 51801 (2004) Corbitt et al., PRA 74, 21802 (2006) (LIGO), diVirgilo et al. PRA 74, 13813 (2006) (VIRGO) parametric amplification, damping (cooling) Karrai 2003, LMU Munich (Quantum) optics(Quantum) optics –– a toolbox for (quantum) mechanicsa toolbox for (quantum) mechanics
- 18. Idea: optical modification of mechanical properties via gradient and retarded forces (Braginsky, since 1977) optical spring parametric amplification, damping (cooling) (Quantum) optics(Quantum) optics –– a toolbox for (quantum) mechanicsa toolbox for (quantum) mechanics Vahala 2005, Caltech Braginsky et al., PLA 287, 331 (2001) Rokhsari et al., Opt. Exp. 13, 5293 (2005) Kippenberg et al., PRL 95, 033901 (2005) Arcizet et al., Nature 444, 71 (2006)
- 19. ωpump = ωcavity + Δ m, ωm ωωcavityωpump κ ωωcavity ωpump κ beam-splitter (cooling) squeezer (entanglement) κ << ωm (sideband-resolved regime) (Quantum) optics(Quantum) optics –– a toolbox for (quantum) mechanicsa toolbox for (quantum) mechanics Zhang et al., PRA 68, 13808 (2003) C. Genes, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, S.Gigan, M. Aspelmeyer, Phys. Rev. A 77, 033804 (2008)
- 20. Mavalvala (LIGO, MIT) Bouwmeester (UCSB) Aspelmeyer (IQOQI) Fabry-Perot cavity Vahala (Caltech) Kippenberg (MPQ) Toroidal microcavity Harris (Yale) dispersively coupled membran Silicon photonicsPainter (Caltech) Tang (Yale) Heidman (Paris) ... and many others OptoOpto--mechanical systems (a few examples)mechanical systems (a few examples) Painter (Caltech),Tang (Yale)
- 22. Pump power ~ 2 mW Dimensions: 520 x 120 x 2.4 μm3 meff = 20 ng (measured) F = 500 (R > 99.6 %) Q = 104 ωm = 2π x 280 kHz Pump power ~ 2 mW Dimensions: 520 x 120 x 2.4 μm3 meff = 20 ng (measured) F = 500 (R > 99.6 %) Q = 104 ωm = 2π x 280 kHz 300 K 8 K S. Gigan, H. R. Böhm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. C. Schwab, D. Bäuerle, M.Aspelmeyer, A. Zeilinger, Nature 444, 67 (2006)
- 23. Karrai (LMU) 2004: first proof-of-concept via photothermal forces Höhberger et al., Nature 432, 1002 (2004) Laser-cooling via radiation pressure... Vienna (Aspelmeyer): S. Gigan et al., Nature 444, 67 (2006) Paris (Heidmann): O. Arcizet et al., Nature 444, 71 (2006) Munich (Kippenberg): Schliesser et al, PRL 97, 243905 (2007) MIT (Mavalvala): Corbitt et al., PRL 98, 150892 (2007) Yale (Harris): Thompson et al., Nature 452, 72 (2008) ...allows cooling into the quantum ground state F. Marquardt et al. PPRL 99, 093902 (2007) I. Wilson-Rae et al., PRL 99, 093901 (2007) C. Genes et al., PRA 77, 033804 (2008) Laser cooling of mechanical modesLaser cooling of mechanical modes from Wilson-Rae et al.
- 24. Homodyne Feedback • S. Mancini, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 688 (1998) • P. F. Cohadon, A. Heidmann, M. Pinard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1374 (1999) current status:current status: + readout at shot-noise limit: 10-19 m/sqrt(Hz) + lowest <n> observed thus far ~ 104 Arcizet et al., PRL 97, 133601 (2006) Kleckner et al., Nature 444, 75 (2006) Poggio et al., PRL 99, 17201 (2007) allows cooling to the quantum ground state Cohadon et al. Bouwmeester, UCSB, 2006 Rugar, IBM, 2007 (Quantum) optics(Quantum) optics –– a toolbox for (quantum) mechanicsa toolbox for (quantum) mechanics
- 25. OptomechanicalOptomechanical EntanglementEntanglement field-mirror coupling Entanglement between photon number and mirror position Bose, Jacobs, Knight, PRA 56, 4175 (1997)
- 26. Free evolution (open system) Entanglement in an experimental scenario •M. Paternostro, D. Vitali, S. Gigan, M. S. Kim, C. Brukner, J. Eisert, M. Aspelmeyer, PRL 99, 250401 (2007) •D. Vitali, S. Gigan, A. Ferreira, H. R. Böhm, P. Tombesi, V. Vedral, A. Zeilinger, M. Aspelmeyer, PRL 98, 030405 (2007) Entanglement between two mirrors •M. Pinard, A. Dantan, D. Vitali, O. Arcizet, T. Briant, A. Heidmann, EPL 72, 747 (2005) •S. Pirandola,D. Vitali, P. Tombesi,S. Lloyd, PRL 97, 150403 (2006) •H. Müller-Ebhardt,H. Rehbein, R. Schnabel, K. Danzmann,Y. Chen, PRL (2008) and many others... Pinard et al. OptomechanicalOptomechanical EntanglementEntanglement
- 27. Quantum teleportation •S. Mancini, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, PRL 90, 137901 (2003) •S. Pirandola,D. Vitali, P. Tombesi,S. Lloyd, PRL 97, 150403 (2006) Interfacing Nanomechanics with Atomic Ensembles •C. Genes, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, PRA 77, 050307 (2008) •K. Hammerer, M. Aspelmeyer, E.S. Polzik, P. Zoller, arXiv:0804.3005 [quant-ph] (2008) TeleportingTeleporting QuantumQuantum StatesStates ontoonto MechanicsMechanics
- 28. • sideband-resolved regime (κ < ωm) • absence of optical absorption • low-noise optical pump • weak coupling to thermal environment cryogenic cavity large Q MechanicalMechanical Systems inSystems in thethe quantumquantum regimeregime –– wherewhere areare thethe QUANTUMQUANTUM experimentsexperiments?? Schliesser et al., Nature Physics 4, 415 (2008); κ/ωm = 0.04 Regal et al., Nature Physics 4, 555 (2008); κ/ωm = 0.2 Schwab group (2008); κ/ωm = 0.01 low-absorption Bragg mirrors (LIGO) Corbitt et al., PRL 98, 150892 (2007) Gröblacher et al., EPL 81, 54003 (2008) Schwab, Lehnert, Rugar, ... (mostly NEMS or low frequency) no experiment to date combines all these requirements
- 29. increase of mechanical Qmirror pad on high-Q substrate monocrystalline GaAs/GaAlAs free-standing Bragg mirrors in collaboration with Schwab group, Cornell and ATFilms in collaboration with G. Cole, Lawrence Livermore National Lab Q > 10,000 @ 300 K Q ~ 5,000 @ 300 K ~ 20,000 @ 6 K κ/ωm ~ 0.2 sideband-resolved G. Cole, S. Gröblacher, K. Gugler, S. Gigan, M.Aspelmeyer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261108 (2008) ωm~ 2π × 2MHz R > 0.9998 κ/ωm ~ 0.1 TowardsTowards quantumquantum optoopto--mechanicsmechanics
- 30. S. Gröblacher, S. Gigan, H. Böhm, A. Zeilinger, M. Aspelmeyer, Eur. Phys. Lett. 81, 54003 (2008) TowardsTowards quantumquantum optoopto--mechanicsmechanics Eur. Phys. Lett. 81, 54003 (2008)
- 31. S. Gröblacher, S. Gigan, H. Böhm, A. Zeilinger, M. Aspelmeyer, Eur. Phys. Lett. 81, 54003 (2008) 20K 300K 270mK 〈neff〉~104 270mK 〈neff〉~104 TowardsTowards quantumquantum optoopto--mechanicsmechanics Eur. Phys. Lett. 81, 54003 (2008)
- 32. Cornell University ENS Paris UCSB LMU Munich MIT MPQ Garching IBM Research Almaden Yale IQOQI Vienna (not yet included) •McClelland group (ANU) ... MIT IBM LMU UCSB Yale IQOQI ENS Cornell IQOQI MPQ groundground--state cooling possible in principle (sidestate cooling possible in principle (side--band resolved regime)band resolved regime) TowardsTowards thethe quantumquantum groundground statestate JILA JILA
- 33. single electron-spin detection via magnetic resonance Rugar et al., Nature 430, 329 (2004) zeptogram-scale mass sensitivity Yang et al., NanoLett. 6, 583 (2006) zeptonewton-scale force sensing Mamin & Rugar, APL 79, 3358 (2001) attometer-scale displacement sensing Arcizet et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 133601(2006) MicroMicro-- andand NanomechanicalNanomechanical sensingsensing todaytoday ((SeptSept 2008)2008) towards quantum limits of force- and displacement detection Rugar 2004
- 34. MechanicalMechanical HybridsHybrids for Quantum Information?for Quantum Information? Hybrid?Hybrid? mechanical modes photons charge magnetic flux Quantum Information Systems?Quantum Information Systems? • create quantum entanglement • encode quantum information • extend the lifetime of quantum information • communicate quantum information coherently atoms
- 35. MechanicsMechanics coupledcoupled to quantumto quantum systemssystems single-electron transistor (SET) coupled to NEMS Schwab (Cornell) qubit nanomechanics SSET nanomechanics coupled to a single atomic point contact Lehnert (JILA) Rugar (IBM) qubit coupled to NEMS LaHaye, Roukes, Echternach (Caltech) Schwab (Cornell) NV-center electron spin coupled to MEMS Rabl, Lukin et al. (Harvard)
- 36. Current Experiments 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 numberofparticlesinexperiment Year E. Schrödinger, August 1952
- 37. Simon Gröblacher Florian Blaser Sylvain Gigan (now: ESPCI Paris) Mauro Paternostro (now: QU Belfast) Hannes Böhm (now: EADS, Munich) Markus Aspelmeyer Anton Zeilinger Katharina Gugler Tomasz Paterek (now: Univ. Singapore) TheThe MirrorMirror--CrewCrew Alexey Trubarov Michael Vanner Garrett Cole
- 38. Austrian Science Fund (FWF) European Commission City of Vienna Foundational Questions Institute (FQXI) The Vienna team Experiment: Markus Aspelmeyer (PI) Simon Gröblacher, Michael Vanner, Garrett Cole, Alexey Trubarov, Anton Zeilinger Theory: Caslav Brukner, Johannes Kofler University of Linz (Austria) Dieter Bäuerle Cornell University (USA) Keith Schwab, Jared Hertzberg Queen‘s College Belfast (UK) Mauro Paternostro, Myungshik Kim University of Leeds (UK) Vlatko Vedral Imperial College (UK) Jens Eisert University of Camerino (Italy) David Vitali, Paolo Tombesi IQOQI Innsbruck (Austria) Klemens Hammerer QuantumQuantum MechanicsMechanics in Viennain Vienna LIGO Cluster (USA) Greg Harry Former group members: Mauro Paternostro Florian Blaser Hannes R. Böhm Sylvain Gigan Kathrin Gugler Tomasz Paterek
- 39. EU STREP project in the 7th framework program (FP7) Oct 2008 – 2011, 2.3M€ Vienna (Aspelmeyer, Zeilinger) Paris (Heidmann, Cohadon, Briant) Camerino (Tombesi, Vitali) Potsdam (Eisert) Munich, MPQ (Kippenberg) Leiden (Bouwmeester) Imperial College*(Eisert, Knight) Hiring NOW!... PFC * affiliated MINOS: MicroMINOS: Micro-- andand NanoNano-- optomechanicaloptomechanical SystemsSystems