Assignment of ict robotics
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This document discusses robotics and is a report created by a group of 5 students - Ali Raza, Umar Hassan, Nauman Sarfraz, Imran Ali, and Talal Mir - for their ICT instructor Sir Waqar. The report covers topics such as the definition of robotics, the history and development of robots, the components and types of robots, Isaac Asimov's laws of robotics, the purposes and advantages/disadvantages of robots, and the future of robotics.
Assignment of ict robotics
- 1. University of Gujrat Lahore Campus Assignment of ICT Instructor Name: Sir Waqar Group Members: Ali Raza (BSCS 14-12) Umar Hassan (BSCS 14-02) Nauman Sarfraz (BSCS 14-03) Imran Ali (BSCS 14-29) Talal Mir (BSCS 14-36) Contents: What is Robotics? History of Robotics What is Robots? Laws of Robots Purpose of Robots Components of Robots Type of Robots Advantages and disadvantages of Robots Future of Robots
- 2. Topic: Robotics What is Robotics? Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. The design of a given robotic system will often contain principles of mechanical and electronic engineering and computer science. History of Robotics : The word robot was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Capek(1890-1938) in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots . Capek was reportedly several times a candidate for the Nobel prize for his works . The word "robotics", used to describe this field of study, was coined accidentally by the Russian –born , American scientist and science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov(1920-1992) in 1940s. Da Vinci sketched the first humanoid robot in 1495 George Devol and Joseph Engelberger formed the world’s first robot company in 1956 .
- 3. What are Robots? Robot is a programmable machine that takes the actions or appearance of an intelligent creature which is usually a human. The Robotics Institute of America defines a robot as a "re- programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks The Laws of Robots: There are four Laws of Robots. 1.Zeroth Law 2.First Law 3.Second Law 4.Third Law Asimov also proposed his three "Laws of Robotics", and he later added a “zeroth law”. Zeroth Law:A robot may not injurehumanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm First Law: A robotmay not injurea human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law Second Law:A robot mustobey orders given it by human beings, except wheresuch orders would conflict with a higher order law Third Law:A robot mustprotect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law.
- 4. PURPOSE OF ROBOTS: Robots can operate equipment to much higher precision than humans. Robots can work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, withoutgetting tired or losing accuracy. Robots may be cheaper to use over a long period. Robots can work in environments which may be too dirty or dangerous for humans. Robots may be able to do work that is impossiblefor humans to perform. Componentsof a robotic system: Most industrialrobots have at least the following five parts: 1. Sensors 2. Effectors 3. Actuators 4. Controllers 5. Arms 1. Sensors: Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind. Sensors can providesome limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job. The sensor sends information, in the formof electronic signals back to the controller. Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 2. Effectors: An effectors is any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors
- 5. include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. 3. Actuators:Actuators, also known as drives, are mechanisms for getting robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current). Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including NiTinOL"muscle-wires" and inexpensive Radio Control servos. 4. Controllers: The robotconnects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working together. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the "brain" of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robots. 5.Arms: The robot armcomes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most importantpart in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robotthat positions the End Effectors and Sensors to do their pre- programmed business. Many (butnot all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robota lot of ways to position itself in its environment.
- 6. Types Of Robots : There are many types of Robots: 1. Mobile Robots 2. Rolling Robots 3. Walking Robots 4. Stationary Robots 5. Autonomous Robots 6. Remote Controlled Robots 7. Virtual Robots 8. Beam Robots 1- Mobile Robots Mobile robots areable to move, usually they performtask such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots areused for task where people cannot go. Either because it is too dangerous of because people cannot reach the area that needs to be searched. 2- Rolling Robots Rolling robots havewheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around. However they are only usefulin flat areas, rocky terrains givethem a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory. 3-Walking Robot Robots on legs are usually broughtin when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from
- 7. tumbling. That’s why most robots with haveat least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more 4- Stationary Robot Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots performrepeating tasks withoutever moving an inch. Most robots are ‘working’ in industry settings and are stationary 5- Autonomous Robot Autonomous robots areself supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely on their own ‘brains’. Autonomous robots run a programthat give them the opportunity to decide on the action to performdepending on their surroundings. Attimes these robots even learn new behavior. 6- Remote Controlled Robot An autonomous robotis despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The memory and brain capacity is usually limited, an autonomous robotcan be compared to an insect in that respect. In casea robotneeds to performmore complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robotis not the right choice. 7- Virtual Robot Virtual robots don’t exist in real life. Virtual robots are justprograms, building blocks of softwareinsidea computer. A virtual robotcan simulate a real robotor justperforma repeating task. A special kind of robotis a robot that searches the world wide web.
- 8. 8- Beam Robot BEAM is shortfor Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics. BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAMrobots can be simple and very suitable for starters. The Advantages of Robots : Performthe defined tasks with speed and accuracy Give us information that we can’t Don’tget bored Work at any time withoutsalary or food Can work in dangerous environment Can do many tasks at the sametime Don’tneed experience The Disadvantages of Robots : Can’t respond in emergencies Cost a lot of money Replace human workers Need a huge power supply
- 9. Future of Robotics : Every person will have a robot at home Robots will do all the household tasks Robots will take care of children and elderly Nanorobots will be made The whole army will be composed of robots Robots will performsurgeries Robot brains that arebased on computers can be ordered 100 trillion instructions per second will be made. References: en.wikipedia.com Introduction to AI Robotics (Robin R. Murphy)