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Maajid Mohi ud din

The document discusses the atomic structure, detailing the composition of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and explains concepts such as atomic number, electron configuration, and isotopes. It traces the history of atomic theory from early Greek philosophers to modern models, highlighting key discoveries by scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. Additionally, the document covers the organization of the periodic table and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE DR. MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 1
INTRODUCTION 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 2 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Atomic structure refers to the makeup and organization of atoms, the basic building blocks of matter. Atoms are composed of three main types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons occupy energy levels or orbitals that are arranged in shells around the nucleus.
CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 3 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, also known as its atomic number, determines what element the atom is. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nucleus are carbon atoms, while atoms with 8 protons are oxygen atoms. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 4 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The electrons in an atom occupy specific energy levels or orbitals, which are arranged in shells around the nucleus. The first shell, also known as the K-shell, can hold up to 2 electrons, the second shell, also known as the L-shell, can hold up to 8 electrons, and the third shell, also known as the M-shell, can hold up to 18 electrons. The outermost shell is known as the valence shell, and the number of electrons in this shell determines the chemical properties of the atom and its ability to bond with other atoms.
CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 5 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The behaviour of atoms and their electrons is described by quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with the behaviour of particles on a very small scale. This theory explains phenomena such as electron spin and the shapes of atomic orbitals. Electron spin is a fundamental property of electrons, which can be thought of as a type of rotation. The shapes of atomic orbitals, which are the regions of space where electrons are most likely to be found, can be described by mathematical equations called wave functions.
CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 6 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Furthermore, the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is known as its electron configuration. The electron configuration of an atom can be determined by using the quantum mechanical principle known as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 7 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY
MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 8 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY 1. Hydrogen is the most common atom of our universe 2. Types of atoms in Earth’s Crust 1. Iron 5%, Aluminum 8%, Silicon 28%, Oxygen 47%, Other 12% 3. Types of atoms in Humans 1. Nitrogen 3%, Hydrogen 10%, Oxygen 61%, Other 26 %
NAME & SYMBOLS OF ELMENTS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 9 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Each element has its own symbol  Some elements use the first letter of the name: hydrogen (H), Sulfur (S), Carbon (C)  Other elements use the first letter of the name plus another letter: aluminium (Al), Platinum (Pt), Zinc (Zn)  The first letter is always capitalized and the following letters are lowercase.
400 B.C. 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 10 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Early Greek Philosophers determined that atoms are the building blocks of matter.
JOHN DALTON (1766-1844) 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 11 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY John Dalton’s theory of the atom started out as a solid sphere with no charges Proposed the atomic theory by investigating the atomic weights of atoms
J.J THOMSON (1856-1940) 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 12 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY .J.J Thomson determines that an atom is made up of negative electrons embedded in a sea of positive charges + - - - - + + +
1911 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 13 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Ernest Rutherford did some experiments with thin metal foils and found that the positive charge is located within a central nucleus
1913 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 14 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Niels Bohr worked under Rutherford but found problems with his theory. He ultimately determined that Electrons are in circular orbits with increasing energy levels.
9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 15 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The modern atomic model shows that electrons occupy regions of space whose shape is described by complex mathematical equations. (James Chadwick)
HISTORY OF ATOMIC THEORY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 16 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  John Dalton’s theory of the atom started out as a solid sphere with no charges.  Then J.J. Thomson figured out there were positive and negative charges in an atom.  Rutherford determined that the positive charges (protons) were located in the center of the atom and the negative charges (electrons) were scattered around the nucleus  Bohr’s theory said that the protons are in the middle and the electrons travel in specific energy levels and orbits around the nucleus  Modern model- protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons on energy levels
REVIEW 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 17 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  An atom is made up of protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons(-).  The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus  There has to be an equal number of protons and electrons because atoms have no net charge!  Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons  Atomic number is the number of protons (which is the same as the number of electrons)
VOCABULARY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 18 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element Nucleus: found in the centre of the atom and contains the protons and neutrons Proton: a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons: an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom Electron: negatively charged particles that move around outside the nucleus of the atom Isotopes: atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons. Chlorine atoms have 17 protons, but some atoms of chlorine have 18 or 20 neutrons these atoms are the isotopes of chlorine
ATOMS FORM IONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 19 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Ions: formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons(- or + charge)  Cation: formed when an atom loses an electron (+ charge)  Anion: formed when an atom gains an electron (-charge)
ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED BY SIMILARITY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 20 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Modern Periodic Table organized by the atomic # of the elements  Dmitri Mendeleev began organizing elements by their physical and chemical properties (1860’s)
Periodic table of the elements 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 21 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Mendeleev produced the first periodic table Called the periodic table because a periodic, or repeating pattern of properties of the elements
PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 22 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Period: each row of the periodic table is called a period. If you read from left to right one proton and one electron are added from one element to the next  Group/Family: Each column of the table is called a group or family. Elements in a group share similar properties. Groups/Families are read from top to bottom
ATOMIC SIZE ON THE PERIODIC 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 23 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Left to right atomic size decreases  Top-to-bottom atomic size increases
MORE PROPERTIES OF PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 24 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY
PERIODIC TABLE HAS DISTINCT REGIONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 25 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Reactive: indicates how likely an element is to undergo a chemical change Most elements are somewhat reactive and combine with other materials The most reactive are in groups (up/down) 1 and 17 The least reactive are in the group (up/down) 18
ELEMENTS COMBINE BY THE OUTSIDE ELECTRONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 26 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  All of the electrons in the combining elements do not interact with each other to form compounds….  Valence Electrons: Only the electrons in the element’s outside energy level interact with each other.  The most stable configuration has 8 electrons in the outer energy level.  Elements in group 1 have 1 electron in the outside energy level and elements in group 17 have 7 electrons in the outside energy level so they react with each other easily to form compounds and fulfil the 8 electrons stable configuration.
METALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 27 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Most elements are metals  Metals are elements that conduct electricity and heat, have a shiny appearance, and can be shaped by pounding (malleability), bending, or being drawn into a thin wire (ductility)
METAL TYPES 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 28 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Reactive metals: Group (up/down) 1 most reactive Transition Metals: Groups 3-12 (up/down) are generally less reactive than most metals.
RARE EARTH METALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 29 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Top row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main periodic table  Also known as Lanthanides because they follow the element lanthanum (La) on the table  Scientists once thought these metals were available only in tiny amounts on the Earth
ACTINIDE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 30 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY • bottom row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main periodic table • The Actinide series is all radioactive and some are not found in nature.
NONMETALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 31 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Nonmetals: the elements on the right side of the periodic table  Many are gases at room temperature, dull surfaces on the solid nonmetals, cannot be shaped by ductility or malleability
HALOGENS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 32 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Elements in group 17  7 valence electrons  Greek “forming salts  Very reactive non- metals that easily form compounds with metals. These compounds are known as salts.
NOBLE GASES 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 33 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Group 18 on the periodic table  8 valence electrons  Noble or inert because they almost never react with other elements
METALLOIDS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 34 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Have properties of both metals and nonmetals  Located on either side of the zigzag line separating metals and nonmetals  Most common in Silicon
RADIOACTIVITY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 35 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Radioactivity: the process by which the nucleus of an atom releases energy and particles  Marie Curie was the first person to isolate two radioactive elements (polonium and radium)  An isotope is radioactive if the nucleus has too many or too few neutrons
RADIOACTIVE DECAY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 36 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Radioactive atoms produce energy and particles from their nuclei  The identity of these atoms changes because the # of protons changes. (radioactive decay)  Occurs at a steady rate characteristic to each isotope  The amount of time for one-half of the atoms to decay is called the half-life of the isotope
RADIOACTIVE DECAY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 37 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Parent decays into a daughter isotope.  Combination of both is 100%  Parent starts at 100% and decays to 50%  100% 1 half-life to 50% (daughter 50%)  50% 2 half-lives to 25% (daughter 75%)  25% 3 half-lives to 12.5% (daughter 87.5%)  12.5% 4 half-lives to 6.25% (daughter 93.75%)
9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 38 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE.pptx

  • 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE DR. MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 1
  • 2. INTRODUCTION 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 2 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Atomic structure refers to the makeup and organization of atoms, the basic building blocks of matter. Atoms are composed of three main types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons occupy energy levels or orbitals that are arranged in shells around the nucleus.
  • 3. CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 3 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, also known as its atomic number, determines what element the atom is. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nucleus are carbon atoms, while atoms with 8 protons are oxygen atoms. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
  • 4. CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 4 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The electrons in an atom occupy specific energy levels or orbitals, which are arranged in shells around the nucleus. The first shell, also known as the K-shell, can hold up to 2 electrons, the second shell, also known as the L-shell, can hold up to 8 electrons, and the third shell, also known as the M-shell, can hold up to 18 electrons. The outermost shell is known as the valence shell, and the number of electrons in this shell determines the chemical properties of the atom and its ability to bond with other atoms.
  • 5. CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 5 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The behaviour of atoms and their electrons is described by quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with the behaviour of particles on a very small scale. This theory explains phenomena such as electron spin and the shapes of atomic orbitals. Electron spin is a fundamental property of electrons, which can be thought of as a type of rotation. The shapes of atomic orbitals, which are the regions of space where electrons are most likely to be found, can be described by mathematical equations called wave functions.
  • 6. CONTINUE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 6 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Furthermore, the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is known as its electron configuration. The electron configuration of an atom can be determined by using the quantum mechanical principle known as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
  • 7. PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 7 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY
  • 8. MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 8 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY 1. Hydrogen is the most common atom of our universe 2. Types of atoms in Earth’s Crust 1. Iron 5%, Aluminum 8%, Silicon 28%, Oxygen 47%, Other 12% 3. Types of atoms in Humans 1. Nitrogen 3%, Hydrogen 10%, Oxygen 61%, Other 26 %
  • 9. NAME & SYMBOLS OF ELMENTS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 9 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Each element has its own symbol  Some elements use the first letter of the name: hydrogen (H), Sulfur (S), Carbon (C)  Other elements use the first letter of the name plus another letter: aluminium (Al), Platinum (Pt), Zinc (Zn)  The first letter is always capitalized and the following letters are lowercase.
  • 10. 400 B.C. 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 10 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Early Greek Philosophers determined that atoms are the building blocks of matter.
  • 11. JOHN DALTON (1766-1844) 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 11 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY John Dalton’s theory of the atom started out as a solid sphere with no charges Proposed the atomic theory by investigating the atomic weights of atoms
  • 12. J.J THOMSON (1856-1940) 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 12 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY .J.J Thomson determines that an atom is made up of negative electrons embedded in a sea of positive charges + - - - - + + +
  • 13. 1911 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 13 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Ernest Rutherford did some experiments with thin metal foils and found that the positive charge is located within a central nucleus
  • 14. 1913 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 14 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Niels Bohr worked under Rutherford but found problems with his theory. He ultimately determined that Electrons are in circular orbits with increasing energy levels.
  • 15. 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 15 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY The modern atomic model shows that electrons occupy regions of space whose shape is described by complex mathematical equations. (James Chadwick)
  • 16. HISTORY OF ATOMIC THEORY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 16 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  John Dalton’s theory of the atom started out as a solid sphere with no charges.  Then J.J. Thomson figured out there were positive and negative charges in an atom.  Rutherford determined that the positive charges (protons) were located in the center of the atom and the negative charges (electrons) were scattered around the nucleus  Bohr’s theory said that the protons are in the middle and the electrons travel in specific energy levels and orbits around the nucleus  Modern model- protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons on energy levels
  • 17. REVIEW 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 17 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  An atom is made up of protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons(-).  The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus  There has to be an equal number of protons and electrons because atoms have no net charge!  Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons  Atomic number is the number of protons (which is the same as the number of electrons)
  • 18. VOCABULARY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 18 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element Nucleus: found in the centre of the atom and contains the protons and neutrons Proton: a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons: an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom Electron: negatively charged particles that move around outside the nucleus of the atom Isotopes: atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons. Chlorine atoms have 17 protons, but some atoms of chlorine have 18 or 20 neutrons these atoms are the isotopes of chlorine
  • 19. ATOMS FORM IONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 19 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Ions: formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons(- or + charge)  Cation: formed when an atom loses an electron (+ charge)  Anion: formed when an atom gains an electron (-charge)
  • 20. ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED BY SIMILARITY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 20 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Modern Periodic Table organized by the atomic # of the elements  Dmitri Mendeleev began organizing elements by their physical and chemical properties (1860’s)
  • 21. Periodic table of the elements 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 21 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Mendeleev produced the first periodic table Called the periodic table because a periodic, or repeating pattern of properties of the elements
  • 22. PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 22 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Period: each row of the periodic table is called a period. If you read from left to right one proton and one electron are added from one element to the next  Group/Family: Each column of the table is called a group or family. Elements in a group share similar properties. Groups/Families are read from top to bottom
  • 23. ATOMIC SIZE ON THE PERIODIC 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 23 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Left to right atomic size decreases  Top-to-bottom atomic size increases
  • 24. MORE PROPERTIES OF PERIODIC TABLE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 24 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY
  • 25. PERIODIC TABLE HAS DISTINCT REGIONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 25 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Reactive: indicates how likely an element is to undergo a chemical change Most elements are somewhat reactive and combine with other materials The most reactive are in groups (up/down) 1 and 17 The least reactive are in the group (up/down) 18
  • 26. ELEMENTS COMBINE BY THE OUTSIDE ELECTRONS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 26 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  All of the electrons in the combining elements do not interact with each other to form compounds….  Valence Electrons: Only the electrons in the element’s outside energy level interact with each other.  The most stable configuration has 8 electrons in the outer energy level.  Elements in group 1 have 1 electron in the outside energy level and elements in group 17 have 7 electrons in the outside energy level so they react with each other easily to form compounds and fulfil the 8 electrons stable configuration.
  • 27. METALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 27 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Most elements are metals  Metals are elements that conduct electricity and heat, have a shiny appearance, and can be shaped by pounding (malleability), bending, or being drawn into a thin wire (ductility)
  • 28. METAL TYPES 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 28 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY Reactive metals: Group (up/down) 1 most reactive Transition Metals: Groups 3-12 (up/down) are generally less reactive than most metals.
  • 29. RARE EARTH METALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 29 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Top row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main periodic table  Also known as Lanthanides because they follow the element lanthanum (La) on the table  Scientists once thought these metals were available only in tiny amounts on the Earth
  • 30. ACTINIDE 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 30 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY • bottom row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main periodic table • The Actinide series is all radioactive and some are not found in nature.
  • 31. NONMETALS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 31 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Nonmetals: the elements on the right side of the periodic table  Many are gases at room temperature, dull surfaces on the solid nonmetals, cannot be shaped by ductility or malleability
  • 32. HALOGENS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 32 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Elements in group 17  7 valence electrons  Greek “forming salts  Very reactive non- metals that easily form compounds with metals. These compounds are known as salts.
  • 33. NOBLE GASES 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 33 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Group 18 on the periodic table  8 valence electrons  Noble or inert because they almost never react with other elements
  • 34. METALLOIDS 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 34 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Have properties of both metals and nonmetals  Located on either side of the zigzag line separating metals and nonmetals  Most common in Silicon
  • 35. RADIOACTIVITY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 35 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Radioactivity: the process by which the nucleus of an atom releases energy and particles  Marie Curie was the first person to isolate two radioactive elements (polonium and radium)  An isotope is radioactive if the nucleus has too many or too few neutrons
  • 36. RADIOACTIVE DECAY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 36 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Radioactive atoms produce energy and particles from their nuclei  The identity of these atoms changes because the # of protons changes. (radioactive decay)  Occurs at a steady rate characteristic to each isotope  The amount of time for one-half of the atoms to decay is called the half-life of the isotope
  • 37. RADIOACTIVE DECAY 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 37 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY  Parent decays into a daughter isotope.  Combination of both is 100%  Parent starts at 100% and decays to 50%  100% 1 half-life to 50% (daughter 50%)  50% 2 half-lives to 25% (daughter 75%)  25% 3 half-lives to 12.5% (daughter 87.5%)  12.5% 4 half-lives to 6.25% (daughter 93.75%)
  • 38. 9/18/2023 MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM 38 OUR BOOKS 1. CT PROTOCOLS- A PRACTICAL MSCT GUIDE 2. REVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING MCQS 3. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN X-RAY

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