Attitude scale and critical incident technique
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The individual experienced many career failures and losses over multiple years including losing jobs, businesses and elections. However, after facing defeat in many areas of his life, he was eventually elected as President of the United States. Prior to achieving the presidency, he faced numerous setbacks such as losing his job, failing in business, his wife passing away, and being defeated in multiple campaigns for public office over many years.
Attitude scale and critical incident technique
- 1. • LOST HIS JOB • GOT DEFEATED FOR LEGISLATURE • STARTED BUSINESS AND FAILED • WIFE DIED OF FATAL DISEASE • EXPERIENCED NERVOUS BREAKDOWN • CONTESTED IN ELECTION FOR SPEAKER IN LEGISLATURE AND LOST • TRIED FOR NOMINATION IN THE POLITICAL PARTY AND LOST • APPLIED FOR THE POST OF LAND OFFICER AND DIDN’T GET IT • CONTESTED FOR SENATE AND LOST • CONTESTED FOR VICE PRESIDENT AND LOST • AGAIN CONTESTED FOR SENATE AND LOST.
- 2. AND TWO YEARS LATER GOT ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF AMERICA ABRAHAM LINCON
- 5. • Definition of attitude • Hypothetical construct of attitude • Definition of attitude scale • Components of attitude • Attitude scale • Purpose of attitude scale • Measurement of attitude • Types of attitude scale • Advantages and disadvantages of attitude scale • Problems and limitation of attitude testing.
- 6. • Critical incidence technique • Meaning C.I.T • Definition • Areas of C.I.T. • Use of Critical incidence as a strategy • Critical incidence record and report • Criteria for using critical incidence technique • How to record C.I.T. • Characteristic to be observed • Advantages and disadvantages
- 7. • “An attitude is a stable set or disposition of opinion, interest or purpose. We expect a certain kind of experience and are ready to give suitable response.”
- 8. • “The term hypothetical construct is used to describe a variable that is not directly observable, but is measurable by an indirect means such as verbal expression or overt behavior - attitudes are considered to be such variables.”
- 9. • “An attitude scale measures how the participants feel about a subject at the moment when he or she answers the question. Several popular types of attitude scales are used in nursing education evaluation.”
- 10. • Affective :- The feelings or emotions toward an object • Cognitive :- Knowledge and beliefs • Behavioral :- Predisposition to action, Intentions, Behavioral expectations.
- 11. • Attitude scales are used for measuring the social attitude. • Questionnaire is prepared, by the items in the questionnaire is the attitude of an individual towards a matter thing, and object or system and score will be allotted for each item.
- 12. • We will ask the individual to express his responses; he is assigned a score which indicates the position. • Some relevant and indirect statements will also be used to reveal the attitude • The scales also specify the crucial shades of opinions.
- 13. • To know the extent to which desirable attitude have been developed in the students. • To enable the students to develop desirable attitude. • To help the teachers in good teaching • To help teachers understand students • To help students in their care plans
- 14. Measurement of attitude must include several dimension if it is to be useful.
- 15. TYPES OF ATTITUDE SCALE DIFFERENTIAL SCALOGRAM LIKERT/ SUMMATED Q SORT SCALING SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
- 16. Guttman scales/Scalogram analysis • It is based on the idea that items can be arranged along a continuum in such a way that a person who agree with an item or finds an item acceptable will also agree with or find acceptable all other items expressing a less extreme position. For example:- children should not be allowed to watch indecent programmes and government should ban these programmes. They all are related to one aspect
- 18. • In this scale each score represents a unique set of responses and therefore the total score of every individual is obtained. This scale takes a lot of time and effort in development. • They are very commonly used in political science, anthropology, public opinion, research and psychology.
- 19. The Q Sort technique • It is used to discriminate among large number of object quickly. It uses a rank order procedure and the objects are sorted into piles based on similarly with respect to some criteria. The number of objects to be sorted should be between 60 -140 approximately.
- 20. • FOR EXAMPLE :- Here we are taking nine brands On the basis of taste we classify the brands into Tasty Moderate Non tasty
- 21. We can classify on the basis of prize also low medium high Then we can attain the perception of people whether they prefer low prized brand, high or moderate
- 23. Semantic differential scale • This is a seven point scale and the end point of the scale is associated with bipolar labels. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unpleasant pleasant Submissive dominant
- 24. The term is semantic differential scale refer to any collection of rating scales anchored by bipolar adjectives. • It is a very flexible approach to obtaining measures of attitudes. • The object that is rated is called ‘concept’ and almost anything can be rated including family planning method, cosmetics, political parties etc.
- 25. • A semantic differential scale is based on a seven point rating scale for each of number of attribute relating to the research topic. • The extreme point represents the bipolar adjectives with the central category representing neutral. • Individual can score from 1 to 7 or -3 to +3. On the basis of these responses profiles are made.
- 26. In the semantic differential scale only the extremes have names. In between categories have either blank spaces or sometimes a number. examples:- Good - - - - - - - - - - - - - bad Honest - - - - - - - - - - - -dishonest Progressive - - - - - - - - - - - behind the items.
- 28. Advantages of semantic differential scale • Simplicity • Easy • Too fast to administer • Highly versatile, • Reliable and • Generally valid
- 29. Problems in attitude testing • Attitude is a complex affair which cannot be wholly described by any single numerical index • Peoples attitude are subject to change • It is also difficult to get valid responses • The scores of the individual generally concentrate in the middle • Discrepancies between verbally expressed attitude and overt behaviour have • also been noted in a number of series • Every observation of overt behaviour may not always provide an accurate index • of attitude.
- 30. Limitation of attitude scale • An individual may express socially acceptable opinion and conceal his real attitude • An individual himself may not clearly aware of his real attitude. • Any individual may never have been confronted with a real situation to discover what his real attitude towards scientific phenomena.
- 31. Attitude is revealed through the behaviour of the individual. But behavior itself is not always a true indication of attitude • Observation of behaviour may not always be possible when a large sample is under study • Social customs or the desire for social approval may make man kinds of behaviour mere formalities which are quite unrelated to the inner feelings of an individual. •
- 33. MEANING • The critical and the steps which are useful for analyzing of the event is known as critical incidence technique. • The description of incident should be explained in detail, what a student did or said that made a teacher to believe, that he really understand something or failed to understand it.
- 34. DEFINITION • “The critical incident technique ´as one that makes a significant differences in the outcome of an activity. It may be the positive factors that contribute towards the cause of behaviour or it may be the negative factors that interfere with the completion of the assignment.” - Fivers and Gosnell,
- 35. AREAS OF C.I.T It is a flexible method that usually relies on five major areas:- Determining and reviewing the incidence, Fact finding which involves collecting the details of the incident from the participants. To identify the issues.
- 36. Afterwards a decision can be made on how to resolve the issues based on various possible solutions Evaluation, which will determine if the solution that was selected will solve the root cause of the situation and will cause no further problems.
- 37. USE AND APPLICATION • Flanagon (1954) He developed the critical incident technique as a method of gathering information about effective or ineffective behaviour performed by the airline pilots.
- 38. • • Flanagan, Gosnell, Fivars used it in order to develop categorization for assessing student nurse performance
- 39. • Cormack (1983) The way in which he use the technique as a means of examining the role of the psychiatric nurse
- 40. • Rinon (1979) Used it to elicit the nurses psychological role in caring for patients during rehabilitation
- 41. • Benner (1984) adapted its used to explore the shift from novice to expert practitioner through the identification of competencies of nurses at different levels of skill attainment
- 42. • Clamp (1984) how the technique was used in the nursing education to increase students awareness of nurses attitude to patients and their levels of interpersonal communication skills
- 44. Illustration for C.I.T. BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES EVALUATION Share own assessment of patient needs with colleagues in the nursing team Two critical incident reports from team conferences CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION Identify a) Learner behavior which assisted team members in understanding patient needs. b) Learner behaviors which interfered with the team member’s understanding of patient needs.
- 45. Criteria For Using Critical Incident • Observer has to observe actual behaviour and must be reported • All the relevant factors in the incident must be given • Definite judgment about the behaviour that is considered to be critical
- 46. How to record the C.I.T. • Total period of observation has to be written on the form • Number of incidents, effective and ineffective behaviour has to be recorded • Space for signature of the evaluator and the person who is being evaluated should be provided.
- 47. CHARACTERSTICS TO BE OBSERVED
- 48. Actual behaviour Relevant factor Definite judgement behaviour
- 49. ADVANTAGES • Flexible method that can be used to improve multiuser system • Identifies even rare events • Useful when problem occurs but the causes and security are not known • Inexpensive and provide rich information
- 50. CONT….. • Can be using questionnaires or interviews • Data is collected from the respondents perspective and in his/her own words • Does not force the respondents into any given framework • Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other methods which only focus on common and everyday events
- 51. DISADVANTAGES • critical incidents often relay on memory, incidents may even go unreported. • The method has a built in bias towards incidents that happened recently, since these are easier to recall.
- 52. SUMMARY
- 53. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Bhatia &Bhatia (2006)μA text book of educational psychologyμ published by doaba house , Delhi , Page No: 561-569. • Boring ,Langfeld ,weld ,μfoundations of psychologyμ published by Asia publishing house, Bombay, Page no 560-588. • Cliford .T. Morgon (1999) ´Introduction to Psychologyμ7th edition ,published by Tata Mc Graco hill Publishing company limited .Newdelhi. Page no 384- 390. • Kamala Bhatia (2000) ´The principles and methods of teaching μpublished by doaba house,Delhi, Page no 440. • B.N. Panda (1999) ´Advanced educational Psychology μpublished by Discovery publishing house, Newdelhi.page.no 109