Attitude.pptx
- 1. Chapter 6 Attitude and social cognition Class XII Meenakshi Medhi PGT Psychology and counsellor NPS International School
- 2. When we meet people we make inferences about their personal qualities. This is called impression formation Assigning causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations is called attribution Attitude is a state of mind, a set of views, which have an evaluative feature. It has emotional component and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object
- 3. Social cognition is activated by cognitive units called schemas Attitude, impression formation and attribution are examples of mental activities related to the gathering and interpretation of information about the social world, collectively called social cognition
- 4. Social facilitation/inhibition ,i.e. the improvement /decline in performance in the presence of others. Prosocial behaviour is responding to others who are in need or distress.
- 5. A-B-C Component of attitude Affective - emotional component Behavioural – tendency to act Cognitive – thought component
- 6. Belief – cognitive component of attitude and form the ground on which attitude stands Values – it contain ‘should’ or ‘ought’ aspects
- 7. Features of attitude Valence – positivity or negativity Extremeness – how positive or negative an attitude is. Simplicity or Complexity – how many attitude are there within a broader attitude. Centrality – role of particular within the attitude system.
- 8. Process of attitude formation Learning attitude by association Learning attitude by being rewarded or punished Learning attitude through modeling Learning attitude through group or cultural norms. Learning through exposure to information.
- 9. Factors that influence attitude formation Family and school environment Reference groups Personal experience Media related influences
- 10. Process of attitude change 1. The concept of balance proposed by Fritz Heider described P-O-X triangle. P- Person whose attitude is being studied O- another person X- Topic towards which attitude is being studied
- 11. Imbalance is found when 1. All three sides of P-O-X triangle are negative. 2. Two sides are positive and one side is negative. Balance is found when 1. All three sides are positive 2. Two sides are negative and one is positive
- 12. 2. Cognitive dissonance 1. Proposed by Leon Festinger 2. Cognitive component of an attitude must be ‘ consonant’ i.e., logically in line with each other
- 13. Each element should logically fall in line with other element or the person experience a mental discomfort. In that case some aspects of the attitude system changes in the direction of consistency because the cognitive system requires logical consistency. Cognitive consistency means that two components , aspects or elements of the attitude, or attitude system must be in the same direction
- 14. 3. Two steps concept Proposed by S.M. Mohsin. Two steps are available for attitude change: 1. In the first step the target of change identifies with the source. The ‘target’ is the person whose attitude is to be changed. The ‘source’ is the person through whose influence the change is to take place. Identification means the target has liking and regard for the source.
- 15. 2. In the second step the source himself/herself shows an attitude change , by actually changing her/his behaviour towards the attitude object. Observing the source’s changed attitude and behaviour the target also shows an attitude change through behaviour. This is a kind of imitation or observational learning.
- 16. Attitude – behavior relationship There would be consistency between attitude and behaviour when: The attitude is strong and occupies a central place in the attitude system. The person is aware of her/his attitude. There is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way. The person behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others. The person would think that the behaviour would have a positive consequences and therefore intend to engage in that behaviour
- 17. Prejudice and discrimination Prejudice are attitude towards particular group. They are usually negative towards particular group and in many cases may be based on stereotypes. Stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. The cognitive component – dislike and hatred Behaviour component - discrimination
- 18. Sources of prejudice Learning A strong social identity and in group bias. Scapegoating Kernel of truth concept- there must be some truth in what everyone says about other group. Self-fulfilling prophecy-
- 19. Social cognition Psychological processes that deal with the gathering and processing of in formation related to social objects
- 20. Schemas and stereotypes Schemas are the basic unit stored in the memory, and functioned as short hand way of processing information thus reducing the time and mental effort required in cognition. Prototype – schemas that function in the form of categories are called prptotypes. Stereotypes – Schemas related to
- 21. Impression formation The person who forms the impression is called the perceiver. The individual about whom the impression is formed is called the target.
- 22. Process of impression formation Selection- we take into account only some bits of information about the target person Organization- the selected information is combined in a systematic way. Inference- we draw a conclusion about what kind of person the target is
- 23. Primacy effect- Information presented at first is stronger than the information presented at the end is called primacy effect. Recency effect- information comes at the end may have a stronger effect is called recency effect. Halo effect- we have a tendency to think that a target person who has one ser of positive qualities must also be having other specific positive qualities that are associated with first set. This is known as
- 24. Attribution of causality Assigning causes within the person is called internal . Assigning the causes to something outside the person is called external. An overall tendency for people to give greater weightage to internal or dispositional factors than to external or situational factor . This is called fundamental attribution error. A distingtintion is found between the attribution that a person makes for her/his own positive and negative experiences (actor-role) and the attribution made for another person’s and negative experiences (observer-role). This is called the actor
- 25. Behaviour in the presence of others Change in behaviour in the presence of others is called social facilitation. It is influenced by: Arousal Evaluation apprehension Nature of task Co-action Social loafing
- 26. Pro-social behaviour Doing good to other and being helpful without expecting anything in return is called pro-social behaviour. Characteristics Aim to benefit or do good to another person or other person. Be done without expecting anything in return Be done willingly by the person and because of any king of pressure Involve some difficulty or cost to the person giving help.
- 27. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour Inborn , natural tedency Learning. Cultural factor Social norms 1 Social responsibility 2 Reciprocity 3 Equity Expected reaction of the person who is being helped Empathy Diffusion of responsibility
- 28. THE END