Growing Your Range Poultry Business: An Entrepreneur's Toolbox

Written for Heifer International by Anne Fanatico, National Center for Appropriate
Technology and David Redhage, Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. With
contributions by Nancy Grudens Schuck, Wayne Knoblauch, Judy Joanna Green, and Mary
Saylor.
October 2002
Growing Your Range Poultry Business:
An Entrepreneur’s Toolbox
Table of Contents
Foreword ....................................................... 1
Using the Toolbox ......................................... 2
Introduction ................................................... 3
Feasibility. ..................................................... 6
Personal & Family Considerations
and Choosing an Enterprise..................... 6
Marketing: Will it Sell? ................................. 8
Production: Can it Be Done?.....................13
Profitability: Will it Make Money?...............22
Financial Reality: Can You Afford
to Do It?..................................................26
Developing a Business Plan From the
Feasibility Study.......................................26
Record Keeping ..........................................28
Assistance and Resources .........................28
Working Together........................................29
Producer Profiles.........................................31
References..................................................34
Appendix A: Decision Tree .........................40
Appendix B: Pasture Pen Budget ...............46
Appendix C: Net-Range Budget..................50
Appendix D: MPU Budget ...........................53
Appendix E: Small Plant Budget.................55
Appendix F: Sensitivity Analyses ................59
Appendix G: Project Summary....................61
This Toolbox was produced by the National
Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT)
and the Kerr Center for Sustainable
Agriculture as part of a Heifer International
project to enhance the opportunities to
expand range poultry businesses.
The three-year project also examined the use
of mobile processing units (MPUs) for
poultry. MPUs are an infrastructure
development tool for establishing small
regional processing plants to serve range
poultry producer groups. A state-licensed
MPU was built in Kentucky. Issues
surrounding meat inspection regulations
and infrastructure were examined in
Alabama and Mississippi. The project
included additional reports on nutrition,
stock, custom processing plants, and legal
issues. Refer to Appendix G: Project
Summary for more information.
NCAT and the Kerr Center thank the
Community, Food, and Agriculture Program
and the Natural Resource, Agriculture, and
Engineering Service at Cornell University for
permitting adaptations from the booklet
Farming Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the
Feasibility of New Farm-Based Enterprises
(1988) (see References section to order). The
authors of that booklet are listed along with
the primary authors of this Toolbox.
FFFFOREWORDOREWORDOREWORDOREWORD ANDANDANDAND
AAAACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Photo by Luke Elliott

Special thanks are also given to Luke
Elliott of Blue Mountain Farms and Chan
Zuber of Pickwick/Zesco Co. for their
contributions.
This project was funded by the Sustainable
Agriculture Research and Education
program, Southern Region.
The National Center for
Appropriate Technology is a
nonprofit organization with
offices in Butte, MT, Fayetteville,
Arkansas, and Davis, CA, that has
programs in sustainable agriculture,
energy, and communities. NCAT
promotes the economic well-being and
quality of life of urban and rural residents
while working to conserve America’s
natural resources.
The Kerr Center for Sustainable
Agriculture is a nonprofit education
foundation in Poteau, Oklahoma
with a mission to encourage
sustainable agriculture.
Heifer International is a
nonprofit organization
dedicated to community
development through sustainable livestock
production. The headquarters is in Little
Rock, AR.
This Toolbox is written for anyone who
desires to make a profit from range poultry
production, whether by direct-marketing
“pastured poultry,” building a processing
plant, or working cooperatively with other
producers. The audience includes:
• New producers
• Existing producers who want to expand
• Individuals
• Groups
• Small processors
It is not written for contract poultry growers
who work with large companies; they
generally cannot consider another poultry
enterprise because they are already
committed.
This Toolbox can help you:
• “Pencil out” a range poultry enterprise
• Determine the profitability of an
existing enterprise
• Understand the basics of feasibility and
business planning
• Find additional information and
assistance
Limitations of the Toolbox:
• You should seek additional information
and assistance to do a thorough
feasibility study, business plan, or
marketing plan.
• You will need to do lots of legwork.
• This publication does not provide
technical information on production,
processing, and meat inspection
regulations, but it tells you where to get
it.
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Photo by Karen Machetta

• The focus of this publication is
broilers but much of the
information can be applied to
turkey and egg production
Budgets are a special feature of this
Toolbox. Range poultry budgets are
usually limited to small-scale “pastured
poultry” operations that use on-farm
processing, but this Toolbox provides
budgets for different scenarios based on
the production system and the type of
processing. Worksheets provide a
template to help you with number-
crunching.
There is growing consumer interest in
pasture-raised poultry products, and many
small-scale producers have established
successful enterprises. These producers
take full advantage of federal exemptions
that, in many states, permit farmers to sell
1,000 broilers per year directly to
consumers without inspection. These
operations are usually seasonal, closing
down in winter. Producers net about $2.00
to $3.00 per bird and make a small
supplementary income. See ATTRA’s
Sustainable Poultry Production Overview for
details.
Some producers are content to stay small,
but others want to expand to earn more
money. They usually need access to a
licensed process-
ing plant. The
consolidation of
the meat pro-
cessing industry
in recent years
has resulted in
fewer plants that
will do custom processing, which limits the
opportunity for small producers to sell
inspected meat. This situation leads
individuals and groups to consider building
a plant. In a 1999 NCAT survey of range
poultry producers, 82% said they intend to
expand their businesses, and 38% were
interested in building a government-licensed
processing plant 1.
Small range poultry producers who live in
states where exemptions allow on-farm
processing without inspection and who get a
good price from local markets have a real
advantage. They must think hard about a
decision to expand. Expansion brings with it
the risks of a substantial investment in
processing facilities and ties up working
capital.
Enterprises are often stretched to the
breaking point by lack of labor and capital.
Planning is a crucial entrepreneurial skill
needed to avoid this strain. Planning is tied
to goals, so first be clear on what your goals
are. You can use the Range Poultry Decision
Trees in Appendix A to help you make
decisions.
IIIINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION
If you plan to limit your enterprise to small-scale production with on-farm processing and
direct marketing, you may be interested only in parts of this Toolbox, such as the Budgets
(located in the Appendices). For those planning to move beyond direct marketing, the
sections on feasibility and business planning are particularly important. This Toolbox
focuses on feasibility—the business plan will be much easier if the feasibility work is done
first.
A small-range operation can be a
good business.

Not planning, or “grow as you go”Not planning, or “grow as you go”Not planning, or “grow as you go”Not planning, or “grow as you go”
Some range poultry producers do not plan
for profit because it is not really a goal. In
fact, money is not always one of the main
reasons people farm. Range poultry
production may have other, indirect
benefits, such as improving pasture
fertility, increasing farm diversity through
an enterprise with low entry costs,
establishing a family work ethic, involving
youth, and so on. Many range poultry
producers are in operation because they
passionately believe in the product, the
system, or the philosophy. For some it is a
hobby and they gain personal satisfaction
from producing and selling the product
directly to customers 2.
Some producers do accounting after sales
to see if they made a profit—too late to
plan. Some do not keep records at all and
may not know how much money they are
earning from their range poultry
enterprise.
Many producers who direct-market grow
only in response to customer demand.
Since these producers are not taking as
high an investment risk as someone
building a government-licensed plant,
feasibility and business planning is not as
important to them.
“Pastured poultry” is an easy business to
enter. According to pastured-poultry founder
Joel Salatin in Virginia, you can get into
production for the price of one $200 pen and
$500 for a used or homemade scalder/picker
set-up. Run four batches of 100 birds through
the pen and, even with 10% mortality, you
will pay back the $700 investment the first
year and still have $400 cash after paying the
costs of feed and chicks3. (This assumes you
can sell your chickens for $6.50 each.) This
assessment reflects the low entry cost, though
it does not include the cost of management
and labor.
Most producers recommend starting small if
you are processing on-farm and direct-
marketing. Processing is hard work—it will
“buckle your knees,” according to one
producer.
Using a Mobile Processing Unit (MPU) is a
way to start small and spread the equipment
cost among a group of producers. It offers the
chance to develop the product, test market,
and iron out production problems. The group
can later establish a small permanent plant.
Producers who process on-farm and direct
market often see a real limit to the amount of
birds they would even want to produce since
it is a very labor-intensive enterprise. Many
do all the labor, from brooding and grow-out
Mobile Processing Units are shared by small
producers. Photo by APPPA.
Range poultry production is a way to build
community. Photo by Heifer International.

to processing and marketing, as well as all
the management involved in dealing with
hatcheries, working out feed
arrangements, evaluating processing
equipment, and so on. In addition, the
poultry enterprise is often part of a
diversified farm with other enterprises that
require time and effort. The desired level
of production for these farmers may be no
more than 1,000 broilers per year because
that is all they currently have time for.
Year-round production may also hold little
interest. Outdoor processing on the farm
is not an option in winter because of cold
temperatures—plus, the winter break is
usually welcome. If these producers do
expand, they probably need to do it in a
different way. For example, they could
join a collaborative group that has a central
processing facility and just raise birds.
Larger-scale production is more difficult to
enter. The risk is higher but the potential
is there for higher income.
Feasibility and Business PlanningFeasibility and Business PlanningFeasibility and Business PlanningFeasibility and Business Planning
Many farmers are not familiar with
feasibility studies, business planning, or
marketing plans. A producer who has a
great track record in terms of production
may not have strong planning skills or
may neglect the marketing side of the
business.
A feasibility study looks at “make or break”
issues that would thwart a sound business.
It also provides a framework to be used in a
business plan.
Planning will
help ensure
success and
guide decision-
making. Like
other start-up
businesses, new
range poultry
operations face
challenges and may have a high failure rate.
For most new businesses, “only 20% of start-
ups are in business after 5 years”4. A
business plan will help guide your decision-
making; it includes analysis of how the
business will work and plans for operation
(marketing, production, human resources,
finances, etc.). It is also a written document
necessary for obtaining a loan and sharing
with potential partners, but “the really
important thing about this process is that it
forces you to think”5. It is more important
for the producer than anyone else, including
loan officers.
Most producers start with a “mind map.” It
is the unwritten plan that directs your
activities and contains untested hypotheses
and assumptions. It differs from a business
plan in that it is not based on research6. It is
a start—and a very important start—but
formal planning will fill in blank spots in
your information. “A plan not written down
is only a dream we hope will come true.”
According to Luke Elliott7, former owner/
operator of a small USDA-inspected
processing plant, “It can be easy to market
A feasibility study
looks at “make or
break” issues that
would thwart a sound
business.
Planning is important when expanding a
poultry business.

your first 1,000 to 1,500 birds directly off
the farm. People actually seek you out and
come to the farm. Beyond that, it is
important to develop a marketing plan, to
work with other producers, and to make
certain of the legality of your situation.”
“Feasibility” is a broad term and the
methods for determining it vary. A
feasibility study may examine technical,
economic, market, and social feasibility.
For many producers, small-scale
production constitutes a feasibility study—
a test run for production and marketing at
a larger scale.
This Toolbox uses (with permission) the
outline and concepts for feasibility studies
from the award-winning booklet Farming
Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the
Feasibility of New Farm-Based Enterprises8.
The discussion of feasibility in this Toolbox
illustrates the following concepts with
range poultry examples:
• Personal and family considerations
• Marketing—Can you sell it?
• Production—Can it be done?
• Profitability—Will it make money?
• Financial—Can you afford to do it?
If you prefer a worksheet format for your
research, Farming Alternatives has many
useful ones.
Other useful resources are Is Your
Agribusiness Project Feasible?9 and A Primer
for Selecting New Enterprises for Your Farm10.
Questions about you, your resources, your
preferences, and your potential tend to get
overlooked. Why embark on an enterprise if
you don’t have time or if
it would stretch your
family resources too far?
Is the whole family
interested? Do you have
the skills and experience
necessary to do it? What
are the strengths, assets,
and interests within your
family? Someone may
be the natural marketer.
Is your goal
supplemental income or a
farm centerpiece that supports you8
?
Inventory:
When deciding on an enterprise, it is
important to consider the farm resources you
have, or refer to farm inventories you have
done in the past. Inventory the following:
⇒ Land: What are your physical
resources? Describe your tillable land,
pasture, and water resources. Will you
use the land concurrently for both
poultry and cattle or other enterprises?
⇒ Buildings, machinery, equipment,
and other farm resources: What is the
condition of the facilities and
equipment? Can you rent or borrow
machinery or storage facilities? Do you
have freezing capacity? Are there
useful by-products you have access to?
⇒ Management and labor needs: Who
will perform management duties such
as decision-making or supervising?
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PPPPERSONALERSONALERSONALERSONAL ANDANDANDAND FFFFAMILYAMILYAMILYAMILY
CCCCONSIDERATIONSONSIDERATIONSONSIDERATIONSONSIDERATIONS ANDANDANDAND
CCCCHOOSINGHOOSINGHOOSINGHOOSING ANANANAN EEEENTERPRISENTERPRISENTERPRISENTERPRISE
Make sure the whole
family is committed
to the poultry
business. Photo by
Gwen Roland.

Who will do the necessary labor to
raise birds, process, book-keep, etc.
How much labor will be required?
Does the enterprise use existing labor
in off-seasons? Is seasonal labor
available?
⇒ Marketing resources: How can you
distribute your product? You may be
able to create your own market, but
what are the markets presently
available? What are the options for
direct marketing? Do you have road
frontage, a farm store or stand,
storage capability, or a farmers’
market? What are the resources
beyond direct marketing? Are there
slaughtering/processing facilities
and wholesalers? What is the nearest
town? What is the population within
a 30-mile radius?
⇒ Financial resources: How much
money are you and your family
willing to put toward a new
enterprise8?
Enterprise preferences:
Planning can allow you to choose the job
you want to do.
You may be set on a range poultry
enterprise that includes raising day-old
chicks, processing them on your own farm,
and then marketing the dressed birds to
customers from your farm. You may want
to produce eggs or turkeys as well as
chicken.
On-farm processing and direct marketing
can be a good combination for small
producers. It requires equipment, labor,
and know-how for processing, but there
are no travel costs to a processing facility
and no custom processing fee.
Many diversified farms are always on the
look out for profitable
enterprises that can be
easily and sustainably
incorporated into their
systems. A producer who
is already grazing cattle
may decide to add range
poultry since the land is
already available. This is
called a supplementary
enterprise since it uses
existing labor and
facilities. A complementary
enterprise actually benefits other enterprises.
For instance, a cattle producer might
consider a range poultry enterprise in light
of its contribution to pasture fertility for
cattle forage. Products can have
complementary marketing relationships.
Poultry and eggs are products that direct
marketers use to attract customers to the
farm, who then buy pork, beef, vegetables,
and crafts.
However, over-diversification is a danger for
family farms. This can happen fairly easily
given that many “sustainable agriculture”
enterprises are relatively inexpensive to enter.
Luke Elliott7
recommends that if you expand
to the point where you are building a plant,
do not try to continue doing all the
production, processing, and marketing
yourself. Consider collaborative
arrangements.
You may be interested in establishing a state
or federally licensed processing plant—more
a small agribusiness than a farm-based
business—and custom processing for
producers. Processing can also be
diversified. Being set up for beef, pork, or
wild game could allow a processing business
to operate year-round. Value-adding by
further processing—for example, making
What kind of
buildings are
already available on
your farm? Photo
by Steve Muntz.

sausage—could be another business
opportunity.
As you move from on-farm direct
marketing to a more “off-farm” enterprise,
the business gets more complicated. For
example, consumer demand, meat
inspection regulations, and poultry
processing capacity and location all affect
the ability of an off-farm enterprise to
make a reasonable level of income11. It
becomes tricky when you try to make this
a primary enterprise. A rule of thumb is:
either stay small or collaborate.
Collaborative efforts can also allow more
job specialization. You may prefer to raise
birds for a group and avoid processing and
marketing. Or you may prefer to do
producer education for the group. In the
future, you may decide to focus on
breeding, hatching, milling feed, pullet-
raising, processing, or some other
specialized stage of production, or on
marketing poultry products. You might
even focus on by-products, such as
composting poultry offal from processing.
You may realize that your resources are
better spent in an enterprise other than
range poultry. For example, many of the
considerations for a poultry processing
plant are similar to those for milk
processing. Would you and your family
prefer making cheese to processing
chickens? Refer to ATTRA’s Evaluating a
Rural Enterprise for more options on types
of enterprises.
Marketing is one of the first areas to
consider in evaluating feasibility. You
need to understand your market, your
competition, and relevant consumer
trends, and you need to be able to project
potential sales volume and prices. If there
If there is no market for the product, there is no
need to continue the feasibility study. Photo by
Luke Elliott.
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is not a market for the product, there is no
economic reason for continuing with the
feasibility study8. The outline used in this
section is adapted from Farming Alternatives:
A Guide to Evaluating the Feasibility of New
Farm-Based Enterprises.
Some questions you need to answer are:
What are you selling? Who will buy the
product? What is the best way to market it?
How will you distribute it? What is the
demand? How strong is the competition?
What are future trends likely to be? What
prices are you likely to receive? What volume
are you likely to sell8?
A market should be secured before
production begins; on the other hand, it is
difficult to market until you have a product.
Poultry meat and eggs in particular require
planned production and marketing because
they are perishable2.
Product Definition
Define your product by looking at the
following areas:
Product and service features:
Describe the product, noting its range of
sizes and other characteristics8. For
MMMMARKETINGARKETINGARKETINGARKETING————WWWWILLILLILLILL ITITITIT SSSSELLELLELLELL????

example, will your pasture-reared
chickens be sold as broilers or
roasters; natural or certified organic;
fresh or frozen? Describe any related
services. Will the birds be whole or
cut-up? Will you sell parts? (You will
also need a market for the less-
desirable parts.) Will you provide
recipes? Do you have a service-
oriented business such as a custom
processing plant or custom roasting of
soybeans for poultry feed?
Marketing season:
Will you provide the product year-
round? Will the poultry be fresh all
year or will you freeze it in the
winter?
Benefits to buyer:
Identify the real reason someone buys
your product8. They may buy for
gourmet taste or for welfare—they
may find the idea of chickens roaming
free on pasture appealing. They may
also buy for health reasons (e.g., to
avoid the growth promotants used in
conventional meat production).
Capsule description:
Put it all together8. Example: “Pasture
King Farms offers fresh pastured
broilers in season, and frozen broilers
in the winter, to customers who enjoy
the taste of birds raised on green
pasture with natural feeds.”
Market Research
Without hard data, marketing is just
opinion. You don’t need special training to
do market research—it’s a matter of asking
the right questions in the right places8.
Market research methods can be divided
into:
• Secondary research—using existing
information on demographics,
consumption, future market trends, etc.
• Primary research—do-it-yourself8.
Secondary research:
There’s not a lot of published data for
innovative products such as range poultry,
but the amount of information on the natural
and organic markets—among the fastest-
growing in the food sector—is increasing.
The Hartman Group in Bellevue,
Washington, conducted a national study in
the mid 1990s to assess consumers’ attitudes
and behaviors about the food they eat—in
particular, sustainably produced food. They
found that 52% of consumers want to buy
“green”12. The organic foods industry
reached almost $8 billion in total retail sales
in 2000, with 20–25% annual growth from
1990 to 200013. ATTRA has more information
on the natural and organic markets.
Primary research:
Since you cannot find all the answers to your
marketing questions
through secondary
research, plan on
conducting some do-it-
yourself research8. Some
common methods of
primary research are
summarized below. You
may even be able to get
students from a local
business school to help you.
⇒ Observation: Count people, products,
or events in a way relevant to your
enterprise. Your opinion is critical,
especially about your own community.
Surveys: Do written or telephone
surveys8. A dot poster is an interesting
way to survey groups at a farmers’
market; participants simply place stick-
on dots on a poster to indicate their
preferences.
Calling customers.

⇒ Personal interviews: Interview
chefs, potential buyers, and others8.
The interviews can double as a
promotional technique. You
probably already know the white-
tablecloth restaurants in your area;
Zagat’s14 restaurant guide, can help
you identify them in other cities.
⇒ Test marketing: sell your product on
a small scale to evaluate potential
sales8. Many producers use a small
operation as a test market for larger
production.
Your research will inform the issues you
need to address in assessing your market.
Assessing Your Market
To understand and assess your market,
examine the following topics.
1. Target Market Descriptions
“Your ‘target market’ includes the people
or businesses that you are trying to attract.
Understanding the characteristics of a
target market can prevent costly mistakes
in developing and promoting your
product”8.
Describe the demographics of people you
want to sell to (age, sex, family status,
income level, class, occupation, children,
marital status, ethnic group, education).
Do your customers live primarily in a
certain area or region? Lifestyle patterns
(common interests, values, behavior,
personality types, attitudes, buying
motives) are important8. Typical buyers of
range poultry products are health-
oriented; potential customers may belong
to a health club or they may be runners. A
sample demographic statement is: the
typical range-poultry buyer is a married
female with two children, lives in a two-
income household, has a college education,
and belongs to a health club.
Besides selling directly to consumers, you
may plan to sell to restaurants, brokers,
stores, etc. Talk to these potential customers
to find out what they want. For example, a
store may require a year-round supply of
inspected poultry at a particular volume.
How well do you know the restaurants you
want to sell to? Oregon producer Aaron
Silverman15 suggests marketing to chef-
owned restaurants that offer seasonal, haute
cuisine.
In addition to natural foods stores, consider
family-owned specialty stores or meat
markets.
2. Marketing Options
You need to decide what methods you will
use to get the product to your markets8.
Producers who
sell directly to
consumers use
on-farm sales,
farmers’ markets,
special events
such as fairs,
roadside stands,
the Internet,
mail-order, etc.
Restaurants that serve haute cuisine usually
require fresh product.
Customers may come directly to
your farm to buy pasture-raised
chicken.

You also can sell directly to restaurants,
stores, schools, or other institutions or sell
to them wholesale through brokers or
distributors. A broker does marketing for
you and checks that the store is properly
presenting your product. Small brokers in
your community may serve only a few
businesses. Large natural foods
distributors include Tree of Life and
United Natural Foods.
You might decide to join a collaborative
group such as a cooperative. Market
development may depend on shared
marketing with other producers. “Certain
market channels may require larger volumes
or longer seasonal deliveries than can be
provided from an individual operation” (10).
Other partners, such as local retailers and
consumer groups, may have a shared
interest in developing market opportunities
for the product.
It is not prudent to have only one market
outlet. What kind of commitment have
buyers made? Personal relationship is
important, but you may need a contract with
area buyers in order to expand your
capacity. You don’t want to increase your
production only to have your customer
decide not to buy. Producers who direct-
market to individual consumers have the
advantage of many market outlets.
Can you meet the requirements for serving
your markets?
• What does the packaging need to look
like? Will you need to bar code
products for stores?
• Distribution is especially important:
Will you need to transport your product
to the market? What is the distance? Do
you have a truck? Can you load it fully?
Don’t underestimate the importance of
distribution or, as Luke Elliott says,
“Don’t drive 200 miles to sell 25
chickens.”
• Consider market entry: How will the
product be introduced to the market?
Will it be marketed under the
producer’s name or the processor’s
name? What kind of advertising and
promotion will get the buyer’s
attention?10
3. Existing Market Demand
How many potential buyers are included in
Fresh vs. frozen meat
Fresh and frozen meat are two
different markets and require different
distribution channels. Consumers are
accustomed to seeing only fresh meat
in most supermarkets, but many
natural foods stores do not have a
fresh meat counter. Restaurants
usually prefer fresh meat delivered
once or twice weekly. You can sell
fresh meat to restaurants and then
market frozen meat as a secondary
product to other channels. There is a
stigma against frozen meats, but it
may be possible to establish a
marketing strategy that promotes a
frozen sustainable product over a
fresh, unsustainable product.
Attractive packaging for range poultry
products in France.

your target market at this time? What is
the average purchase or frequency of
service per buyer per year? What is the
total purchase or number of services per
year” (8) ? Small producers who market
directly to consumers report good demand
for their product.
4. Competition
Analyze your competition: business
reputation, estimated sales volume, quality
of product, price, customer satisfaction,
appearance, type of buyer targeted,
strengths, and weaknesses. A “direct
competitor” offers the same product you
do. “Indirect competition” is anything
your customers can substitute for your
product8. Although range poultry is a
different product, conventional poultry
may compete indirectly. In fact, there is a
lot of consumer confusion about natural
products. Consumers may not understand
the difference between pastured poultry
and an industrial specialty product from
Petaluma’s or Tyson’s organic line.
5. Market trends
Has consumption been increasing? Is the
number of competitors increasing? What
are your projections for market trends in the
next five to 10 years?8
Possible trends include:
• More cut-up products and parts: Some
producers are finding that the same
educated, sophisticated customers that
buy their pastured poultry also demand
convenient cut-up products.
• Natural and organic markets
continuing to grow in conventional
grocery stores.
• More distinction in the marketplace:
Range poultry products may need to be
further distinguished from conventional
products in the marketplace. The
conventional industry has reduced the
use of routine medication in feed in
Related publications available from ATTRA (free of charge):
Sustainable Poultry: Production Overview
Organic Livestock Feed Suppliers
Range Poultry Housing
Pastured Poultry: A Heifer Project International Case Study Booklet
Legal Issues for Small-Scale Poultry Processors (a Heifer Project International
publication)
Label Rouge: Pasture-Raised Poultry in France
Profitable Poultry: Raising Birds on Pasture (A SAN publication)
Poultry Processing Facilities Available for Use by Independent Producers in the Southern
Region
Feeding Chickens
Stock
Cut-up chicken will be important for
specialty products in the future.

response to public concern, and is
getting involved in “free-range” and
organic production. Producers who
market directly to customers can
educate them about the products, but
as producers move beyond direct
marketing, opportunities such as
slow-growing genetics and air-chill
processing can help to further
distinguish products.
• More emphasis on grassfed meats:
Organic production has been co-opted
by large industrial companies, but few
use truly land-based production
systems. The industry is able to fulfill
organic certification requirements at a
much lower cost than the small
grower. However, the industry
cannot produce a grassfed poultry
product the way a small producer
with mobile housing can. As
consumers catch on, they will look for
grassfed products, which have
different nutritional qualities or
higher omega-3 fatty acids. Grassfed
meats can be more of an opportunity
for small producers than for large
industrial ones.
• Consumer education: More specific
definitions of outdoor poultry
production systems by USDA will
help reduce confusion so consumers
can make informed choices, as will the
development of certification programs
that have consumer education
components.
6. Expected price
There are many formulas and strategies for
setting prices. What is the lowest price
you could receive? What is the highest
price? What conditions would create this?
What is your expected price? Ultimately,
pricing will reflect your competition, costs
of production, quality, service, convenience
provided, and types of buyers targeted8.
Farmers tend to underprice their products.
According to Silverman, charge the highest
price you can from the beginning 15. “When
you first start, there are so many
inefficiencies you can’t charge the real price
because no one would buy it. If it all sells,
the price is too low. At least 10% of people
should walk by shaking their heads.”
It is important to know how pricing affects
your profit margin—good record-keeping
and profitability analysis will help.
7. Expected sales volume
What minimum number of units could you
sell in a poor year? In a good year? What
would create these conditions? What is your
expected sales volume? How long will it
take to build the market to the desired sales
volume?8
For many, the easiest and most enjoyable
part of poultry production is raising the
birds. This section looks at technical, social,
and organizational obstacles to raising and
processing birds.
In studying production feasibility, you need
to determine if you can reasonably provide
Three books are popular among poultry
producers:
Pastured Poultry Profits17
Free-Range Poultry Production
and Marketing18
Chicken Tractor19
PPPPRODUCTIONRODUCTIONRODUCTIONRODUCTION————
CCCCANANANAN ITITITIT BBBBEEEE DDDDONEONEONEONE????

the product from available resources—you
may discover problems in production. It is
important to gain “a thorough
understanding of specific production
practices, required resources, production
constraints, yields, and legal and liability
considerations. If your available resources
cannot adequately support the enterprise,
development may not be feasible.
However, many production problems can
be overcome by an infusion of labor,
capital, or ingenuity”8.
Sources of production information
Range poultry production and processing
require a lot of technical information. As
of yet, land grant universities and
cooperative extension have limited
information on small commercial outdoor
flocks or small poultry businesses. Range-
poultry producers often rely on each other
for information, learning from other
successful producers through Internet
discussion groups and other networks.
The American Pastured Poultry Producers
Association (APPPA)16 is a source of
information, as is the PasturePoultry
listserver at <www.groups.yahoo.com>.
Sustainable agriculture conferences, trade
shows, and equipment suppliers can also
be good sources of information.
Although you can read materials and
books, experience is an even more valuable
resource. Starting a small test operation or
doing an internship with another farmer can
provide experience. Refer to ATTRA’s
Sustainable Farming Internships and
Apprenticeships for more information on farm
work opportunities across the country.
Production Requirements
Consider the following production
requirements, adapted from Farming
Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the
Feasibility of New Farm-Based Enterprises.
Climate requirements
Consider the high and low temperatures
and annual precipitation expected on
your farm; list any anticipated climate
problems8. For example, cold winters in
the North and hot summers in the South
can limit outdoor poultry production.
Solutions include seasonal production,
solariums, or seasonal confinement.
Rain, wind, and temperature swings are
also important considerations. Some
areas have long wet seasons that limit
range production.
Soil and land requirements
What are the soil pH, moisture/
drainage, fertility, and acreage
requirements to grow adequate forage
for your birds (or cattle and sheep)?
What does your land provide? List
anticipated problems such as steep
terrain that can interfere with moving
portable poultry housing. Heavily
wooded areas may increase predator
Common types of outdoor poultry production systems
• Yarding: a stationary house with a fenced yard; buildup of manure and pathogens in
yarding has led farmers to search for ways to rotate pasture.
• Pasture pens: small batches of birds are kept in floorless pens, which are moved daily
to fresh pasture.
• Net-range or “day-range”: a house is surrounded with movable net fencing. The
netting is moved every few days and the house may be moved as well.
• Free-range: portable houses are moved regularly to fresh pasture—no fencing is used.

pressure. If you are planning a
processing plant, consider the ability of
the soil to support wastewater systems.
Water requirements
Consider the water requirements of the
enterprise, including the flow rate,
volume, and location (g). How does
the water need to be distributed for
production and processing? Are you
on municipal water or a septic system?
Evaluate your water quality.
Building and facility requirements
Consider the facilities needed for the
enterprise for housing, processing,
handling, and storage. Is new
construction or renovation required for
your existing facilities?8 Housing for
range operations is often minimal, built
with available resources on the farm.
Processing set-ups are varied. You
could process under a
tree, use an existing
outbuilding, build a
shed, or even put up a
government-licensed
processing plant. Or
you could rent a mobile
processing unit (MPU).
You could take your
birds to a custom plant
for processing but you
do lose control of the
product. Facilities are also required for
cold storage and possibly for retail of
poultry products. If you or your group
builds a plant, siting is critical. You will
need to transport inputs to the plant,
transport the product to market, and
transport wastes away. While a rural
area offers land for wastewater disposal,
transportation is easier and labor is more
available in an urban area. Most
importantly, put a plant where you are
wanted. For example, Aaron Silverman’s
plant is in an Oregon town that lost a
lumber mill. Siting in an Empowerment
Zone can provide resources. The
Empowerment Zone and Enterprise
Community program20 is a federal
assistance program that helps
communities with high poverty rates
find opportunities for growth and
revitalization, especially entrepreneurial
initiatives, small business expansion, and
training for jobs.
When coordinating the stages of
production, remember that the
processing plant is usually the limiting
facility and all other facilities (such as the
hatchery, grow-out, and feed mill) must
be geared to the processing plant10.
See ATTRA’s Small-Scale Poultry
Processing for information on building
and operating a plant.
Equipment and machinery requirements
Consider whether you already own the
equipment or must buy, rent, borrow, or
make it8. Consider heaters for brooding,
pasture pens (or net fencing and electric
chargers), feeders, waterers, and feed
storage. You don’t actually need a lot of
processing equipment for poultry; birds
are small and there is no need for a track
and a saw. Consider carefully before
A mobile processing
unit is a good way to
share resources.
Photo by Steve
Muntz.
What are the water requirements for
your operation? Photo by Karen
Machetta.

buying used equipment; it may not
meet the exact specifications needed
and therefore lead to less efficiency or
higher labor costs21. (Used equipment
may also not satisfy meat inspection
requirements.) At what point should
equipment be substituted for labor (the
“mechanical transition threshold”)?
Keep replacement parts around for
emergencies and keep future
equipment upgrades in mind.
Marketing equipment may be needed,
such as a refrigerated truck or trailer to
transport dressed birds to market. Also
consider supplies such as litter to raise
birds on and bags for marketing. If
you are milling your own feed, you
may need a grinder, mixer, and roaster.
Management and labor requirements
⇒ Management: The function of
management is to plan, organize,
direct, staff, and control.
Considerable knowledge and
diverse skills are needed. Managers
should keep abreast of innovations
in poultry production systems that
improve efficiency and profits. It
takes many hours of management
time to gather information on breed,
hatcheries, feed suppliers, affordable
processing equipment, and so forth.
If you are building a plant, you will
put in lots of management hours
going over regulations, design, and
other aspects. For operation, small
plant managers need an impressive
array of skills—including electrical,
plumbing, knife sharpening—to
maintain the plant and equipment,
especially for emergency breakdowns
during processing. In addition to
supervising the facility and ensuring
compliance with regulations, the
processing-plant manager might be
expected to monitor performance,
judge quality, buy live birds, oversee
accounting-office functions, oversee
waste disposal, and be a marketing
and salesperson. Many producers
underestimate the amount of time and
effort needed for marketing8.
⇒ Labor:
How much labor will the day-to-day
activities of raising, processing, and
marketing poultry, and keeping
records, require? The philosophy of
free-range and organic poultry
production often reduces the options
Equipment should be
appropriately scaled to your
operation. Photo by Paul
Helbert.
Equipment like an egg grader can
reduce labor.

for automation, resulting in very
labor-intensive operations,
especially with processing2. Direct
marketing requires substantial labor
to build a customer base and
maintain a database to track them.
⇒ Labor budgets:
Record the management and labor
hours you will need for your
operation. As a guide, the budgets
in the Appendices of this Toolbox
include management and labor
hours needed for the four different
production and processing scenarios
described; however, these are not
detailed labor budgets. You will
need to modify them to fit your
situation. Make a chart of labor
activities on the farm for each month
to determine if there is time
available for a new or expanded
enterprise8. Since many poultry
producers have diversified farms, it
is important that the poultry
enterprise complements rather than
conflicts with the labor peaks of
other farm enterprises. Consider
what type of chore cycle will work
for you: steady work or intensive
bursts of work.
According to University of
Wisconsin estimates22, one
experienced farmer spent only 10
minutes per chicken from chick to
processed bird; a less experienced
farmer worked more than an hour per
bird.
⇒ Labor efficiency:
The size of the operation is the main
determinant of labor efficiency2.
Producers need to spread labor costs
over a larger number of birds to
increase output per labor unit. (See
the Sensitivity Analysis discussion
under the Profitability section.)
Some automation may be needed to
optimize labor input. Automation
reduces time needed for feeding,
watering, cleaning, and other
activities2, but requires more capital
investment.
⇒ Labor source:
The farmer’s own unsalaried labor is
often a large part of the labor in a
small poultry operation. Family labor
is common; however, kids cannot be
expected to work as hard as adults.
Hired labor is required for some
activities. Many producers have
trouble obtaining processing help on-
call in rural areas, and it will not be
trained labor. An Oregon company
has considered an unusual option:
Pasture-raised poultry can be very labor
intensive.
Automation can optimize labor input but costs
more.

using prison labor to run a spent-
fowl plant.
Later, in a business plan, you can be
more specific, naming who will be
on your management team,
including salaries and benefits. You
may also need a hiring and training
policy. How will you promote and
maintain good labor relations,
strong morale, and high-quality
output from workers? Handling of
employees is an important issue.
Show that you have organized your
staff needs23. If you incorporate,
you will need to name a Board of
Directors.
Additional production requirements
⇒ Supply:
Consider your supply sources8. For
year-round production, chicks are
harder to source in winter.
Sourcing suitable feed ingredients
can be difficult. If you have
difficulty finding a reliable supplier
of chicks, feed ingredients, feed
rations, or other needs, you may
want to consider becoming a
supplier yourself.
⇒ Reliable supply:
If you have a processing plant,
consider how you will get a
sufficient supply of live birds to
support the plant year-round. What
will the travel time be from the farm
to the plant? Will you raise all the
birds yourself? If not, survey
producers in your area to determine
whether they can provide an
adequate supply of birds. However,
local producers may prefer to
process on-farm and market their
own birds instead of working with
you. What kind of future-supply
assurance do you need? Are contracts
necessary? A reliable supply is crucial
when you are committed to fill an
order.
When working with multiple growers,
you will need to require standardized
production practices, including stock
selection and feed formulation. You
may need to develop a producer
education program and have them
start out small. Silverman limits
Uniformity and consistent quality
Although uniformity in bird size is not as
important in manual processing as it is in
automated processing, it is still an issue.
Consistency can be very important in your
market. For example, your restaurant
accounts may demand a range of 3.5 to
4.5 lb. birds every order. Silverman found
that his birds varied so much in weight—
because of the heavier finished weight of
males compared to females—that he
switched from straight-run chick orders to
cockerels only. When feed rations change
dramatically, it can change the quality of
the meat. Feeding more corn will result in
more yellow color in the bird and different
fatty acids and flavor in the meat
compared to wheat feeding. Meat from
birds confined in winter will differ from
meat produced outdoors in spring. The
production system used also has an effect:
birds tend to grow faster in pasture pens
compared to net-range systems because
the feed is right in front of them all the
time. However, birds are often injured
when pasture pens are moved, and there
may be more broken wings. Weather,
forage, weed species, and other
environmental factors have an impact on
the consistency of poultry in land-based
production systems.

beginning growers to 1,000 birds
their first year of production.
⇒ Logistics of working with multiple
growers:
For a plant that processes 120,000
birds per year, if the average grower
produces 5,373 birds/year, there
will need to be a minimum of 23
growers close to the plant. The
production schedules of these
growers must be coordinated so that
birds arrive at the plant for
processing at staggered times
instead of all at once. Harvesting an
entire flock at a time allows you to
manage the flock as a unit. This
“all-in, all-out” approach also has
health advantages: in multi-age
flocks, older birds can carry diseases
that younger birds are susceptible
to. On the other hand, the grower
can “skim” flocks to fulfill market
orders that require a range of sizes.
Biosecurity measures (footbaths,
disinfecting of vehicles, traffic
control, etc.) are important for
reducing the spread of disease when
working with multiple growers. If a
plant has a truck that picks birds up
from different farms, the truck
should visit younger flocks before
older ones. Some supply chains do
not permit flocks to be more than
seven days apart in age on the same
farm.
You might plan to operate your plant
as an independent custom
processor—rather than collaborate
with a group. However, the financial
risk of building a plant will be high if
you aren’t sure that enough
producers will want to use your
processing services to make your
plant profitable (and to keep cash
flowing).
Because the storage capability of
most small plants is limited, you will
most likely need to move and market
your product quickly. If you don’t
have a lot of freezer capacity, you
may be able to rent freezer space
elsewhere.
Quality and production rate
What is the level or range of quality you
expect to achieve? How does your quality
compare with your competitors’? What rate
of production do you think you can
achieve?8 Range-poultry producers usually
plan on an eight-week grow-out period
using the commonly available fast-growing
broilers. However, specialty slow-growing
genetics may take 12 weeks to grow out,
which reduces the number of flocks a
grower can raise per year.
Processing rates depend on many factors.
On-farm processors typically handle 10
birds per hour from kill to chill (i.e., a crew
of four could process 40 birds per hour),
excluding set-up and clean-up time and
packaging. In a small processing plant,
Kansas processor Diana Endicott24 estimates
that an experienced crew of four can
These birds are non-uniform in growth.

process a bird from kill to box in four
minutes (15 birds per hour), excluding set-
up and clean-up time and paperwork.
MPUs have more set-up and take-down
time than other options.
Poultry usually dress out at about 67% of
live weight at processing (without giblets),
but track your yield. It affects your bottom
line, and different batches may yield
differently.
Business size
You might want production to equal the
expected sales volume you determined
from your market research8. However,
growing a business in stages could be
more feasible.
Business size is expressed in terms of birds
raised per year on farm or number
processed per year, week, or day. If you
are planning a big investment, it is critical
to make an accurate estimate of your
business size. “Once you’ve determined
the maximum size of the enterprise, you
will take into account the availability of
your resources”8.
There may be certain economic thresholds
where you need to either produce at a low
volume or commit to a higher volume. In-
between is no-man’s land. As mentioned
before, size is also related to labor
efficiency. Paperwork for 10 birds or 500
birds requires the same amount of time.
Set-up and clean-up take time, regardless
of volume. See the Sensitivity Analysis in
Profitability section.
Legal, regulatory, and liability factors
The Legal Guide for Direct Farm Marketing25 by
attorney Neil Hamilton is an excellent
resource for information on legal, regulatory,
and liability issues.
Legal:
The Legal Guide for Direct Farm Marketing
has information on legal structures for
your business (e.g., sole proprietorship,
partnership, limited partnership,
corporation, limited liability company
[LLC], or cooperative). When working
with a collaborative group, formal
arrangements such as contracts are useful
for smoothing operations and for legal
and financial protection for all. You may
want to find an agricultural lawyer (a
county clerk or a lawyer referral service
can help).
Regulations:
Regulations you will have to follow
include rules for meat inspection,
environmental impact, and labor.
Meat inspection regulations are
notoriously difficult for small poultry
producers, and an “unclear legal
environment increases risk”8. All meat
and poultry sold in the U.S. is inspected
by federal or state inspectors (27 states use
their own state meat-inspection program).
However, federal exemptions allow
custom processors and small producers of
less than 1,000 birds per year or less than
20,000 birds per year to process a limited
number of birds without bird-by-bird
inspection. In states that do not have a
state meat inspection program, the federal
exemptions apply, but they are not
recognized and interpreted the same in
these states. States that have state meat
inspection programs do not recognize the
exemptions. Legal Issues for Small Poultry
Expected Sales Volume = Maximum
Average Production Rate Business Size8

Producers26 was developed by Heifer
International and summarizes meat
inspection regulations on a state-by-
state basis. It is available free from
ATTRA or at
<www.apppa.org>.
Operating under federal exemptions for
facilities that process less than 20,000
birds per year usually requires an
enclosed building that meets state
building codes, with smooth washable
walls and floors, an approved waste
system, a restroom, etc. Under federal
regulations, poultry processing plants
also must have a Pathogen Reduction
and HACCP program.
Certification programs:
Certification programs have many
requirements but can be good
marketing options. Certified organic
production is now subject to the
regulations of the USDA National
Organic Program27. If your annual
gross sales are less than $5,000, you are
exempt from certification but you still
must follow the rules and keep records
for a possible audit.
Environmental and Labor
Regulations:
Operators must also comply with
environmental regulations, and an
environmental assessment may be
needed.
On the farm, you need to think about
disposal of mortalities and litter. The
conventional poultry industry’s
disposal of litter by field application is
increasingly regulated, and nutrient
management plans are becoming
common. This is not an issue for most
outdoor poultry operations. On these
smaller, dispersed farms the manure is an
asset rather than a liability. However,
composting of mortalities may be an issue
for small producers.
In the plant, you need to think about
disposal of offal and wastewater. Small
on-farm processors usually compost offal
and apply wastewater to their land, but
on a larger scale, composting of wastes
such as offal, feathers, and blood is time-
consuming and subject to regulations.
Large amounts of wastewater “cannot
simply be discharged into lakes and rivers
because of the relatively high content of
organic matter such as protein and fat and
the microorganisms present28.“ Processing
plants may need at least initial water
treatment before discharging into a
municipal sewage system. Or more
extensive water treatment facilities may
be required—breaking down dissolved
organic matter by microorganisms—
before final discharge to sewer, streams,
or land. One small processor
recommends siting your plant in a small
city that needs jobs and has a good sewer.
You may also face labor regulations such
as minimum wage, workman’s
compensation, and Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA)
Regulations for wastewater management
are strict.

regulations on ergonomic issues. It is
important to be aware of such
regulations on federal, state, and local
levels. You may have to deal with
several agencies, including USDA, your
state department of agriculture, your
state department of health, your state
depart-ment of environmental quality,
and local agencies. Remember that it
takes time to jump through regulatory
hoops.
Liability:
Liability coverage is important for your
protection. If you have an existing farm
liability policy, just add a rider. A
stand-alone policy may be more
expensive.
Contracts are useful for certain
production and marketing
arrangements. If you are setting up
contracts with other growers, check
resources such as the Livestock
Production Contract Checklist29.
Consider social issues in your feasibility
study. Is this a socially acceptable
enterprise? The conventional poultry
industry must deal with difficult social
issues such as fairness to contract growers
and high turnover in processing plants,
including immigrant labor.
Will establishing or expanding this
enterprise bring you profits? “Profitability is
the measure of the return your business
receives after operating costs and other
expenses are subtracted from income”8.
To project whether the enterprise will be
profitable, the farm manager should
complete an income statement. An income
statement lists income and expenses for a
given time period, usually a year. “The
income statement lists all business receipts
(cash and non-cash payment received from
the sale of goods or services or other sources)
and expenses (operating expenses and
depreciation) related to the year’s
production. Expenses are then subtracted
from receipts, and the amount remaining is
net farm income.” Net farm income
represents the return to the operator’s labor
and management time, unpaid family labor,
and equity capital8.
Estimating expenses
There are two types of expenses:
• Capital costs: Relatively major
purchases that are made infrequently.
Examples include land, processing
equipment, a building for processing,
poultry housing, etc.
• Operating costs: Recurring expenses
A good resource for small poultry
producers is economic information
from the University of Wisconsin22
.
Based on data gathered from
experienced farmers, labor for a
1,000-bird-per-year enterprise is
20−22 hours per week over a four-
month production schedule, and the
farmer can expect hourly earnings of
about $10 per hour. Based on this
analysis, they also created a model
for a 5,000-bird enterprise, which
would require 35−42 hours of work
per week over a six-month
production schedule. With a net
income of $18,000, an experienced
farmer could expect to earn about
$12−∃18 per hour11
.
PPPPROFITABILITYROFITABILITYROFITABILITYROFITABILITY————
WWWWILLILLILLILL ITITITIT MMMMAKEAKEAKEAKE MMMMONEYONEYONEYONEY????

that are a regular part of the
production cycle. Examples include
feed, chicks, utilities, and interest and
principle payment on debt for capital
costs.
Increased capital purchases expose you to
greater financial risk, while increased
operating costs can put you at a
competitive disadvantage8.
Budgets for building your income
statement are provided in the Appendices.
They will help you figure costs. There are
four budgets for different scenarios, based
on the type of production system and the
type of processing:
• Appendix B: Pasture Pen Budget:
Pasture pen production with on-farm
processing.
• Appendix C: Net-range Budget: Net-
range or “Day-range” production with
custom processing.
• Appendix D: Mobile Processing Unit
(MPU) Budget.
• Appendix E: Small Processing Plant
Budget (Capital budget and operating
budget).
Note: With the exception of the Pasture Pen
and Net-range budgets, the cost of
marketing is not included, so don’t forget
that the expenses of brochures, signs,
samples, advertising, calling prospective
buyers, delivery routes, certification fees,
and so on can be high.
The numbers in the budgets were compiled
by the primary authors, and drawn from
several producers. The figures do not apply
to a particular producer. Pickwick/Zesco30
provided the prices for processing
equipment.
Using the budgets:
Use the budgets as general guidelines.
There is space to write your own estimates.
Costs will vary depending on the individual
circumstances of your operation. Range
poultry production is still a new enterprise,
and variations in performance, expenses,
overhead, market prices, and condition of
buildings or equipment will affect the
bottom line.
You can use the budgets individually. The
Pasture Pen Budget in particular is designed
for an individual producer. In the other
budgets, however, the areas of production,
Lowering fixed costs by using a plant at full capacity
Normally, a plant should be used at full capacity to be financially viable (i.e., at least 40
hours per week, 50 weeks per year)33
. “A large portion of the financial obligation of the
plant is in fixed costs: the physical structure of the building and the equipment. While
variable costs, such as utilities and labor, can be reduced during periods of shortages, the
cost of the capital investment does not change”21
. If you cannot use the facility at full
capacity with only poultry, you may want to consider a multi-species facility. However,
your state may not allow red meat and poultry in the same plant. Some producers use a
facility at partial capacity—even just one day per week. In this case, the facility should
have low fixed costs because these costs will be there every day of the week. It is
important to project when the plant will operate at full capacity. If you plan to build a small,
simple facility, build it so that you can expand later (especially the waste management
system). For an example of a sensitivity analysis of capacity utilization of a small
processing plant, see Appendix F.

processing, and marketing are handled as
separate profit centers or businesses that
an individual or a group can put together.
With the pieces working independently of
each other, an enterprise may not be
profitable. Working with a collaborative
group can lower the cost of the enterprise.
A collaborative group may not require
each profit center to actually make a profit.
For example, the processing plant may just
break even; the profit will be made when
the group markets the product.
Some notes on costs:
• Feed prices affect profitability a lot
since feed is the major cost of
production; organic feed is especially
expensive.
• Mobile housing has a higher annual
depreciation cost per bird because it
does not last as long as permanent
housing.
• Marketing costs depend on the
market. A common rule of thumb is
that 3% to 4% of total income will be
spent on marketing costs.
Since many small-scale poultry operations
are complementary enterprises on
diversified farms, you may be able to
charge some of the costs to other
enterprises. For example, the tractor that
moves your portable houses may also pull
a plow.
Estimating income
Most direct marketers charge $1.50–$2.50/
lb. for whole carcasses. Larger marketers
have more complex pricing.
Another budgeting tool for range poultry
enterprises is available from the University
of Wisconsin. It is a very detailed budget
and only available as a computer
spreadsheet. Contact Don Schuster31.
Sensitivity analysis
It is important to ask “what if” questions.
Proponents of unique enterprises tend to be
too optimistic about potential income. You
need to ask: “What if prices are 25% below
my estimates? What if I have a weather
problem? What if it takes twice as much
labor as I think?”10. What if a lot of chicks
die? “Since you know the future is
uncertain, you may want to examine
different possible price and yield scenarios
and see how your strategies perform”32.
A sensitivity analysis is used to determine
how changes in various assumptions change
the costs of production and processing,
which in turn will affect the profitability of
an enterprise. Make allowances for worst-
case scenarios. After sensitivity analysis is
complete, you may want to make
adjustments to your income statement to
reflect the effects of such changes8.
Important production costs and
determinants of profitability are:
• Feed cost: “Feed consumption is
directly related to the quality of the
Store
Price
Price
Delivered
Wholesale
Whole
Chicken
$2.15/lb $2.50/lb $2.15/lb
Turkey $2.25/lb $2.99/lb
Blue Mountain Farm Prices
Cut-up
Chicken
$2.35/lb $2.50/lb $2.35/lb
Boneless
Breast
$6.50/lb $6.75/lb $5.50/lb

rearing environment, including
housing insulation and time spent on
range in cold weather”2. Organic feed
is especially expensive.
• Finishing age and the price per bird :
If you plan to raise a slower-growing
bird (such as a Label Rouge-type bird)
it will cost more to get it to the same
live weight as a fast-growing Cornish
Cross. Although many direct markets
will not sustain the higher price
needed, other markets may2.
• Operation size and cost efficiencies:
Profit generally increases with scale
since larger units can spread out
overhead costs. Input costs such as
feed and chicks, transport, processing,
packaging, and marketing also tend to
be higher for small producers because
of the small quantities involved2.
Producers try to lower costs by buying
in bulk, charging a premium price,
and using family labor2. However,
small units may not be profitable
unless the poultry is processed on-
farm and direct marketed. “Smaller
units require less capital investment,
but housing and labor costs per bird
are generally higher than in the case of
larger units where economies of scale
may be significant”2. Larger-scale
production is possible through capital
investment, automation, and
collaboration between producers,
particularly in the area of packing,
processing, and slaughtering2. See
Appendix F for a chart from the U.K.
showing the profitability of organic
table bird production units of different
sizes.
Break-even analysis
Break-even analysis determines the profits
possible at various levels of output. “Break-
even calculations will show the level of
production where the enterprise can cover
operating costs for alternative output prices,
wages, and costs of raw product”9 . Some of
the budgets show break-even analysis and
the unit cost of production (i.e., per-bird
cost).
FINPACK is a computer program for
financial analysis. Many Extension agents
have it and can help you learn to use it.
There are numerous publications and
Extension fact sheets on preparing and using
financial statements.
How much profitability do you need?
It may be that using the numbers in the
Toolbox’s budgets do not result in
profitability in your income statement.
Profitability measures include net returns
per bird, net returns to labor and
management, and dollars earned per hour of
labor11. A 17−25% margin is often needed to
cover fixed costs. The level of profitability
you need is related to whether or not you
include your labor as an expense. If you do,
then 0% profitability could be acceptable—
the enterprise breaks even and you have
made a job for yourself. The level of
profitability is also related to your standard
A plant should be used at full capacity to be
financially viable. Photo by Steve Muntz.

of living. Some families draw a lot more
on an enterprise for their living expenses
than other families would and therefore
require a higher profit.
One of the most critical items for a small
business is having enough cash to meet
needs throughout the year. Even a
profitable enterprise can be sunk by cash-
flow problems. You need to know how
much cash will be needed for day-to-day
expenses (operating costs, family living
needs, and debt payments) and where the
cash will come from (e.g., customer
receipts, borrowing, membership equity,
other). If sufficient cash is not available,
cash flow analysis will tell you the amount
of debt you can afford8.
A cash flow analysis is a summary of the
amount of cash that flows into and out of
the business over a given period, generally
one year. Monthly or quarterly cash flow
statements showing the timing of cash
flow are especially critical in an
agricultural business, which is seasonal in
nature8. Winter bills must be balanced out
with summer revenue.
By completing a cash flow statement the
manager can determine the amount of
capital needed to finance the business, as
well as the repayment ability of the
business if money is borrowed8.
You should develop a current cash-flow
statement and a series of projected cash-
flow statements for the first and second
years, and for a future average year. Note
that you need to know your monthly
payments on a loan for this exercise.
Most businesses do not turn a profit for the
first few years. “A new enterprise with a
payoff in five years may look good strictly
from a profitability standpoint but may not
pay the bills between now and then”10.
Obtaining financing
You may need to borrow money to start or
expand your range poultry enterprise.
Lenders want to know: “What is the business
idea, and what evidence can you offer to
show that there is a market and that it is
likely to turn a profit”8? They also need to
know the amount you want to borrow and if
you can repay the money. Financial
institutions look at the “5 Cs” (character,
cash flow, collateral, conditions, and
capital—the owner should be putting up
30−50% of the capital needed5. If you are
working with a cooperative, can you raise
the necessary investment capital from your
members? It can be hard to identify sources
of financing for nontraditional enterprises.
Besides borrowing, you can pursue
investors, business angels, or venture capital.
You have gathered a lot of information about
your proposed idea; most of the legwork is
already done. If the result of the feasibility
study is positive, incorporate the work you
have done into a business plan.
A business plan can help you get
government or foundation funding. It is a
communication tool to attract the interest of
collaborators and stakeholders. The
audience is not only investors and bankers
FFFFINANCIALINANCIALINANCIALINANCIAL RRRREALITYEALITYEALITYEALITY————
CCCCANANANAN YYYYOUOUOUOU AAAAFFORDFFORDFFORDFFORD TOTOTOTO DODODODO ITITITIT????
DDDDEVELOPINGEVELOPINGEVELOPINGEVELOPING AAAA BBBBUSINESSUSINESSUSINESSUSINESS PPPPLANLANLANLAN
FFFFROMROMROMROM THETHETHETHE FFFFEASIBILITYEASIBILITYEASIBILITYEASIBILITY SSSSTUDYTUDYTUDYTUDY

but also your family, stockholders,
directors, managers, employees, suppliers,
government, manufacturers, transporters,
and wholesalers and customers. Most
importantly, the business plan is a
planning tool for you. A business plan
guides decision-making for the farm
business. It will not sit on a shelf after
completion. A business plan is an
operational tool to put your ideas into
practice23.
Business plan
A business plan includes a business
description and an assessment of the
environment/market in which you intend
to operate, along with the operational
plans for business functions such as
marketing, production, human resources,
finances, and so on. The business
description is “a brief description of the
Mission Statement, Business Goals,
Business Background, Business Structure,
and Management Team”23. It contains
target customers and markets, principal
products and services, geographic domain,
technologies used, philosophy, and desired
image. A business plan assesses strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to
the business (SWOT). Range poultry
SWOT examples:
• Strengths: image, good taste and
texture
• Weaknesses: expensive
• Opportunities: concern about
Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs) in food production, concern
about “mad cow” disease, growth in
eco-labeling programs such as
organic, interest in animal welfare,
increasing environmental regulations
in the conventional poultry industry,
restrictions on routine antibiotics. Small
single-plant chicken companies may be
on the outs in the conventional industry,
but these plants are an opportunity for a
small niche company.
• Threats: conventional poultry industry,
government policy
The operational plans for business functions
can be filled in by the work already done in
the feasibility study.
• Market plan: (use the information from
your Market Section)
• Production plan: (use the information
from your Production Section feasibility
study)
• Human resource plan: (use the
information from your Labor and
Management Section under Production)
• Financial Plan: (use your income
statement and cash-flow analysis)
You can also add a title page, executive
summary, and appendices that include
resumes of business owners or key
personnel, agreements, etc.
Some business plans are 25−35 pages long,
with 10−20 pages of appendices23. However,
they do not have to be long.
A Canadian website has a tutorial on
business planning as well as a several sample
business plans, including one for a broiler
business, at
<www.agf.gov.bc.ca/busmgmt/> . Many
books available on small business include
information on taxation, zoning, labor and
employment, insurance and liability, and
entrepreneurial skills. Extension has
materials on farm business and agribusiness
management.

In presenting your business plan to a
lender, you may also need to present
profitability; you will need to have a
record of your expenses and income. Be
sure to record your labor hours. Many
small poultry farmers use supporting
personal documents such as a net-worth
statement and a resume8.
Plan on accurate record-keeping as a labor
cost in the new or expanded enterprise.
Keep production records on mortalities,
feed consumed, weight gains, feed
efficiency, and yield. Record expenses,
income, and labor hours (including your
own). Many small poultry farmers use a
computer, but the work also can be done
without one.
Oregon poultry producer Aaron Silverman
has expertise in record-keeping and offers
consulting services. Marcie Rosenzweig
has created a “Spreadsheet Template for
Planning and Organizing Information on
Diversified Farms34.”
A business plan may require information
on the type of accounting system the
business will use and the type of inventory
control.
Cooperative Extension and NRCS are good
places to turn to for help, as are small-
business development resources.
It is challenging to do feasibility studies,
business planning, and entrepreneurial
development by yourself. See ATTRA’s
Adding Value Through Sustainable Agriculture
Entrepreneurship: Overview and Resources,
online at <ncatark.uark.edu/~hollyb/
ssawg/dir.html> for business development
resources. Like other small businesses, farms
and processing plants can be eligible for
assistance or incubation. Entrepreneurship
Overview and Resources lists agriculture-based
business and farm-management courses such
as NxLevel. It also describes competitive
funding programs such as the Value-added
Development Grants program. For more
information on this program, see
<www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/coops/vadg.
htm>. Entrepreneurship Overview and
Resources has a special supplement for the
South: a state-by-state guide developed for
Heifer International and the Southern
Sustainable Agriculture Working Group. It
highlights organizations that will help with
market research, feasibility studies, business
planning, product development, design of
facilities, getting through the web of
regulations, and breaking into markets. For
example, the Agricultural Development
Center35 in Knoxville, Tennessee, provides a
team of specialists to assist farmers,
entrepreneurs, and business people in the
evaluation of value-added ideas, projects,
and products based on Tennessee
agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry.
Successful producers are usually generous
with information and their time but need to
charge a fee for in-depth help. Aaron
RRRRECORDECORDECORDECORD----KEEPINGKEEPINGKEEPINGKEEPING
AAAASSISTANCESSISTANCESSISTANCESSISTANCE ANDANDANDAND RRRRESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCES
Production records will help you to analyze your
profitability.

Silverman15, Tom Delehanty36, and Luke
Elliott7 can consult on live production,
small plant development, and marketing.
Jim McLaughlin37 is experienced in
pastured poultry and whole farm
management. New Horizon Technologies,
Inc.38, a for-profit subsidiary of NCAT, can
also help with business planning for
poultry operations.
State economic development:State economic development:State economic development:State economic development:
Rural development is a priority in some
states, where policy-makers have set goals
to support value-added livestock
enterprises in order to increase economic
activity.
Rural economic development funds may
be available to assist producer groups in
building a multi-species ‘incubator’ type of
slaughter facility in which groups could
share in the costs and scheduling of the
plant. It could be billed as a demonstration
project for possible adoption in other
geographic areas if it is viable. Small
slaughter plant operators may need to seek
some sort of regulatory relief from
Congress, particularly with HACCP, to
maintain a viable industry21.
Some states provide assistance with
feasibility and business planning, market
research, product development, etc. Check
with your department of economic
development.
Resources:Resources:Resources:Resources:
The American Association of Meat
Processors (AAMP)30 had many small
locker plants in the past but membership is
going down as they close because of
consolidation in agriculture. AAMP has
expressed interest in involving small
poultry processors. The American Pastured
Poultry Producers Association (APPPA)16 is
also a resource.
Many pastured-poultry producers are
accustomed to working independently, which
has certain advantages. “The beauty of an
owner-operator who markets his own
production is that his communication chain is
extremely short”40
. When you market the
product yourself, you keep more control over
quality, image, and price. And direct
marketing allows the producer to keep all the
profits from the sale of the bird. However, it
can be expensive for independent producers
to take small quantities of birds to a custom
processor. Custom processors usually charge
$1.50−$2.50 per chicken, more if it’s cut-up.
Turkeys can cost up to $8.00 for custom
processing.
Collaboration often arises from a need to
share resources such as processing
equipment, to buy feed and supplies in bulk,
or to collectively market the group’s
production. In a 1999 NCAT survey, 85% of
pastured-poultry producers that responded
indicated interest in collaboration1.
WWWWORKINGORKINGORKINGORKING TTTTOGETHEROGETHEROGETHEROGETHER
Collaboration is powerful.

The “lone freeThe “lone freeThe “lone freeThe “lone free----ranger” vs.ranger” vs.ranger” vs.ranger” vs.
collaborative work:collaborative work:collaborative work:collaborative work:
When establishing a processing plant, a
do-it-yourself approach is difficult.
Working together is not only a way to
spread resources and reduce risk, but it
also helps prevent burn-out. It is hard to
be a jack-of-all-trades and handle
production, processing, marketing,
business management, and more. “You
don’t want to have to learn how to run a
plant, learn HACCP, and do all the
marketing and production,” says Luke
Elliott. “It is nearly impossible to handle
all aspects of a poultry business once
production exceeds a certain volume.”
Cooperative groups can pool resources for
labor and have greater market clout as a
group; they may attract more outside
assistance (technical and financial) than
individuals. It may take many partners to
make something happen.
The Label Rouge certification system in
France provides an example of farmers
working together, along with consumers
and government, in a highly coordinated
effort. Poultry are reared on pasture and
marketed under the Label Rouge label. The
main unit of cooperation is a coordinated
supply chain. Filiere is a French term for a
supply chain centered around a group of
poultry producers with affiliates upstream
(breeding company, hatchery, feed mill)
and downstream (processor, distributor,
retailer). A supply chain can help
producers stay more in control of their
product. It also helps to spread risk. In
addition, a national certification program
coordinates the marketing efforts of the
supply chains and includes consumer
education. Label Rouge is a government-
supported certification system, created by
farmers and driven by consumers41. For
more information, see ATTRA’s Label Rouge:
Pasture-Raised Poultry in France.
CooperativCooperativCooperativCooperatives:es:es:es:
Cooperatives are an important option for
structuring a collaborative business. In
traditional co-ops, there is a very small initial
investment for new members. “New
members are usually required to purchase
one share of stock, but often for only a very
small amount ranging from $25−$100. The
remainder of a member’s investment will be
earned over time in the form of retained
patronage refunds. New-generation or
limited-membership cooperatives are
different from traditional cooperatives in
terms of financing. Members must purchase
shares of stock that are tied directly to
delivery rights to market specific
commodities. In these cooperatives, the
initial investments are usually significant
amounts of money”42. Some states have
programs to promote new-generation
cooperatives.
The USDA Rural Business and Cooperative
Development Service
<www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/> has excellent
resources on cooperative development.
USDA RBS cooperative publications
available from ATTRA:
Cooperative Services: What We Do,
How We Work
How to Start a Cooperative
Understanding Cooperatives: Ag. Marketing
Cooperatives
Cooperative Feasibility Study Guide
Cooperative Farm Bargaining
& Price Negotiations

Case studies provide real-life examples of
how other range poultry producers grew
their businesses and the challenges they
faced.
Luke and Cindy Elliott:
Courageous Pioneers
Luke and Cindy Elliott7 in Fox, Arkansas,
wanted to farm and raise their two
daughters in the country. They started
with 200 free-range birds and processed
them on the back porch. Meanwhile, Luke
investigated meat inspection regulations in
his area. He found that Arkansas’
requirements for operating under the
federal exemptions were almost the same
as the federal requirements to operate
under full USDA inspection. This fact,
along with his belief that regulations will
get more restrictive in the future, led Luke
to establish a small but federally-licensed
slaughter facility. The number of birds he
could sell would be unlimited and he
could also sell out of state. When the
inspector is not present, he can operate as a
federally exempt plant, but the number of
birds is limited to 20,000 per year and there
are ownership and resale restrictions.
Luke obtained funding from a small lender
specializing in alternative ventures. He
leased a 2,400 sq. ft. building (formerly a
quilt factory) in town for $150 per month,
and spent $45,000 on renovations and
$30,000 on equipment. He started running
the plant in 1998 and operated year-round.
The plant is designed to handle 100,000
birds per year, based on 500 birds per day,
but he usually processed only one day a
week, under inspection. He also did
custom processing for other local free-range
poultry producers. Five workers could
typically process only 200 birds per day
under the inspection protocol. Inspection
varies with the inspector; in Luke’s case, the
inspection process took a lot of time and
reduced the line speed.
He grew his business to 5,000 chickens and
200 turkeys per year. He easily developed
wholesale accounts in Little Rock of 100
chickens per week and 150 turkeys per year.
However, he realized he did not have
enough volume to be making the 200-mile
round trip to Little Rock and needed to
spend more time marketing.
Luke, Cindy, and their older daughter were
managing production, processing, and
marketing and doing most of the labor.
Luke was also working a full-time off-farm
job. “We were caught in the classic position
of small business owners in that we did not
have adequate cash flow or capital to sustain
us. Greater sales would have helped but
that would have necessitated increased
production and even more time and
money.” Then Luke had a back injury.
“There was no time for personal preferences,
no time to be ill, no time to rest.” They
realized they were not getting the quality of
life they intended—they did not have family
PPPPRODUCERRODUCERRODUCERRODUCER PPPPROFILESROFILESROFILESROFILES
The Elliotts in their production facility.

time. They made
the difficult
decision to close
their operation.
Luke was one of
the first range
poultry producers
to operate a USDA plant. He has been a
resource to others wanting to establish
small plants. There are not many small
poultry processors who operate under full
USDA inspection with Standard Sanitation
Operating Procedures (SSOPs), HACCP
plan, and required microbial testing and
who are willing to share information with
others interested in doing the same.
“We learned a lot about ourselves…
Building something like this, putting one’s
heart and soul into something and then
seeing it not turn out like we intended is a
lesson that is not easy to absorb.”
Although times became difficult for the
family, they have many happy memories
of farm life, working with animals
(“raising chickens in moderate dry weather
is a joy”), the excitement of operating a
plant, and having the courage to live their
dream. “It’s hard not to love it.”
Aaron and Kelly Silverman:
Working with a Growing Group
Aaron Silverman’s15 background is in
horticulture. He began using chickens for
added fertility and tillage on his 20-acre
Oregon vegetable farm. Already selling
fresh produce to restaurants, he found an
eager market for range poultry and started
expanding his operation. He started with
2,000 birds, processing them on-farm. Then
he began exploring the state licensing
needed to operate under USDA exemptions.
It was a challenge because Oregon
authorities were not accustomed to working
with a small, federally exempt plant. He
considered a mobile processing unit but
decided against it since it was “already
going to be confusing enough for the
authorities to license an exempt plant.”
Aaron leased a
defunct 2,000-sq.-
ft. locker plant
nearby (built in
the 1950s) for $240
per month. He
put $20,000 into renovating the building and
$40,000 into movable equipment. Since the
plant was built to pack hogs, beef, and game,
it has a poor layout for poultry processing.
The plant is capable of processing 500 birds a
day; however, he is processing only two
days a week. His wife Kelly helps with
packaging and labeling. He sells frozen
product in the winter.
Aaron is building his operation in two
phases. The second phase will involve
moving to a bigger plant that is USDA-
inspected. The first phase will allow him to
develop systems, marketing, and
distribution, and later to make a jump to
more birds. It was not feasible to establish a
large business at first. A successful proposal
“It’s hard not
to love it.”
—Luke Elliott
Aaron is leading the
way in grower
collaboration
According to Luke Elliott, “The
stress of operating a full-scale
business that included a farm,
processing plant, sales and
distribution was simply too much to
handle without sacrificing what we
want most in terms of being really
present for our children.” Jennifer
Elliott enjoys the chickens, above.

writer, he has received grants to do a
market survey at a local farmers’ market,
to do legal work, to lease a refrigerated
vehicle, to do a feasibility study and
business plan, and for equipment and
supplies.
He increased his production to 13,000 birds
of his own, in addition to the birds raised
by his business partners at Greener
Pastures Poultry, LLC. However,
operating under the federal exemption
limits his business to 20,000 birds per year.
He plans to expand to a larger operation in
the near future. He wants to operate
under USDA inspection in a plant capable
of processing at least 200,000 birds per
year, probably working with a group of 25
producers. Growers net about $1.00 per
bird and help with weighing the birds to
ensure that the price they receive is
accurate. Growers working with Aaron are
required to help out with marketing—they
give him either 15 cents/bird or 20 hours
of time. Greener Pastures Poultry sells to
local high-end restaurants, at a farmers’
market, and to a natural foods store.
Aaron is leading the way in terms of
collaboration. He has a producer education
program and standardized feeding,
brooding, lighting, sanitation, housing
design, density, and field management
practices. He limits producers to 1,000 birds
the first year so they can get production
problems ironed out. And, he has incentives
for them.
Aaron Silverman at his plant.

1) NCAT. 1999. Range Poultry Needs Assessment Survey. National Center for
Appropriate Technology, Fayetteville, AR. Unpublished report.
2) Lampkin, Nicolas. 1997. Organic Poultry Production. Aberystwyth, University of
Wales, U.K. Available on-line as a free PDF download at
<www.organic.aber.ac.uk/library/Orgpoultprod.pdf>. Available in print (price £15)
from:
Nic Lampkin
Welsh Institute of Rural Studies
University of Wales
Aberystwyth, SY23 3AL
01970 622248 (telephone and fax)
E-mail: nhl@aber.ac.uk
Website: www.organic.aber.ac.uk/publications.shtml
3) Salatin, Joel. 2001. Pastured poultry can be a quick fix for new graziers. The Stockman
Grass Farmer. June. p. 31–32.
4) Hoagland, Heath and Lionel Williamson. 2000. Feasibility Studies. University of
Kentucky Department of Agricultural Economics, Lexington, KY. 2 p.
5) Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives. 1998. The Cooperative Development Manual.
Cooperative Development Training Conference sponsored by the Wisconsin Center for
Cooperatives, Madison, WI. The manual is available online at
<www.wisc.edu/uwcc/manual/cover.html>.
Print copies can be ordered for $20 from:
U.W. Center for Cooperatives
Attn: Publications Section
230 Taylor Hall
427 Lorch Street
Madison, WI 53706-1503
608-262-3981
6) Servo, Jenny C. 1999. Business Planning for Scientists and Engineers. 3rd Edition.
Dawnbreaker Press. 247 p.
7) Luke Elliott
P.O. Box 76
Fox, AR 72051
870-746-4604
Lelliott@mvtel.net
RRRREFERENCESEFERENCESEFERENCESEFERENCES

8) Grudens Schuck, Nancy, Wayne Knoblauch, Judy Green, and Mary Saylor. 1988.
Farming Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the Feasibility of New Farm-Based
Enterprises. Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES), Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY. 88 p. A copy can be ordered from the address below for $8.00
plus $3.75 shipping and handling.
Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES)
Cooperative Extension
152 Riley-Robb Hall
Ithaca, NY 14853-5701
607-255-7654
607-254-8770 fax
E-mail: nraes@cornell.edu
Website: www.nraes.org
9) Schermerhorn, Richard W. No date. Is Your Agribusiness Project Feasible? University
of Georgia Cooperative Extension. <www.ces.uga.edu/pubcd/b1066-w.html>.
10) Woods, Tim and Steve Isaacs. 2000. A PRIMER for Selecting New Enterprises for Your
Farm. Extension No. 00-13. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
Available on-line at:
<www.uky.edu/Agriculture/AgriculturalEconomics/extpubs.html#aec>.
11) Pereira, Kathryn. 2000. Pastured Poultry: Its Potential as a Sustainable Agriculture
System in Wisconsin. MS thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 168 p.
12) Hartman Group. 1996. The Hartman Report: Food and the Environment: A
Consumers’ Perspective. Phase I. Prepared for The Food Alliance, Portland, OR. 60 p.
13) Gregory, Catherine. 1999. A step closer to defining “organic.” Natural Foods
Merchandiser. December. p. 43, 45.
14) Zagat Survey, LLC
4 Columbus Circle
New York, NY 10019
800-333-3421
212-977-9760 fax
Website: www.zagat.com
15) Aaron Silverman
Creative Growers
88741 Torrence Rd.
Noti, OR 97461
541-935-7952
E-mail: cgrowers@epud.net

16) American Pastured Poultry Producers Association
P.O. Box 1024
Chippewa Falls, WI 54729
715-577-5966
E-mail: Grit@apppa.org
Website: www.apppa.org
Membership is $20 per year and includes quarterly newsletter Grit.
17) Salatin, Joel. 1993. Pastured Poultry Profits. Polyface, Swoope, VA. 330 p. Order
from:
The Stockman Grass Farmer
P.O. Box 2300
Ridgeland, MS 39158-2300
800-748-9808
Book ($30 plus $4.50 s/h)
Video ($50)
18) Beck-Chenoweth, Herman. 1996. Free-Range Poultry Production and Marketing. Back
Forty Books, Creola, OH. Order for $39.50 (plus $4.50 s/h) from:
Back Forty Books
Natures Pace Sanctuary
Hartshorn, MO 65479
E-mail: Herm.NaturesPace@EarthLink.net
Website: www.back40books.com or
www.free-rangepoultry.com
573-858-3559
19) Lee, Andy and Patricia Foreman. 2002. Day Range Poultry. Good Earth Publications,
Buena Vista, VA. 308 p. Order for $22.00 plus $4.00 shipping from:
Good Earth Publications
1702 Mountain View Rd.
Buena Vista, VA 24416
540-261-8774
E-mail: AndyLee@ntelos.net
Website: www.goodearthpublications.com
20) Office of Community Development
Stop 3203
1400 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, D.C. 20250-3203
202-619-7980
800-645-4712
E-mail: ocdfeedback1@ocdx.usda.gov
Website: www.ezec.gov/

21) Nudell, Dan and Tim Petry. 1997. Feasibility of Operating a Lamb Slaughter Plant in
North Dakota. Department of Agricultural Economics, North Dakota State University.
30 p.
22) University of Wisconsin’s Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems
1450 Linden Drive
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI 53706
608-262-5200
608-265-3020 fax
E-mail: gwsteven@facstaff.wisc.edu
Website: www.wisc.edu/cias/pubs/briefs/057.html
23) Zbeetnoff, Darrell. No date. Preparing a Business Plan: A Guide for Agricultural
Producers. Chicken Broiler Producer Example. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
British Columbia.
24) Diana Endicott
Health Harvest Produce
Rt. 1, Box 117
Bronson, KS 66716
316-939-4922
E-mail: allnatural@ckt.net
25) Hamilton, Neil. 1999. The Legal Guide for Direct Farm Marketing. Drake University
Law School, Des Moines, IA. 235 p. Order from:
Drake University Agricultural Law Center
Des Moines, IA 50311
515-271-2974
Cost: $20.
26) Hipp, Janie. 2001. Legal Issues for Small Poultry Processors. Edited by Skip Polson.
Heifer International, Little Rock, AR.
27) Richard Mathews
Program Manager
USDA-AMS-TMP-NOP
Room 4008-South Building
1400 and Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20250-0020
202-720-3252
202-205-7808 fax
E-mail: NOPWebmaster@usda.gov
Website: www.ams.usda.gov/nop/

28) Barbut, Shari. 2002. Poultry Processing Systems. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
29) Farm Section
Environmental and Agricultural Law Division
Iowa Attorney General's Office
1223 E. Court Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50319
515-281-5351
515-242-6072 fax
Website: www.state.ia.us/government/ag/livestck.htm
30) Pickwick/Zesco
Chan Zuber, General Manager
7887 Fuller Road #116
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
952-906-3333
952-906-3335 fax
E-mail: Chan@zesco-inc.com
Website: www.zesco-inc.com
31) Don Schuster
Center for Integrated Agriculture Systems
427 Lorch St.
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Madison, WI 53706
608-262-7879
608-265-3020 fax
E-mail: schuster@aae.wisc.edu
32) Bevers, Stan et al. 1998. Developing a Marketing Plan. RM3-3.0 Texas Agricultural
Extension Service, Texas A&M University.
33) Dhladhla, Vusumuzi. 1992. Economics of Establishing a Low-Volume Poultry
Processing Plant: A Computer Application Design. PhD Dissertation. University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 173 p.
34) Marcie Rosenzweig
Full Circle Organic Farm
3377 Early Times Lane
Auburn, CA 95603
530-885-9201
E-mail: fullcircle@jps.net
$50 for Spreadsheet Template for Planning and Organizing Information on Diversified Farms

35) Agricultural Development Center
Rob Holland, Project Coordinator
P.O. Box 1071
307 Morgan Hall
Knoxville, TN 37901-1071
865-974-3824
E-mail: adc@utk.edu
Website: www.utextension.utk.edu/adc/
36) Tom Delehanty
Real Chicken/ Pollo Real
108 Hope Farms Rd.
Socorro, NM 87801-5092
505-838-0345
E-mail: organic@zianet.com
Website: www.organicchicken.com
37) McLaughlin
242 Dan Main Road
Norwich, NY 13815
607-334-2833
E-mail: jrmclaughlin@juno.com
Website: www.cornerstone-farm.com
38) New Horizon Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 3657
Fayetteville, AR 72702
479-871-9329
Contact: Anne Fanatico (annef@ncat.org) or Holly Born (hollyb@ncat.org)
39) American Association of Meat Processors
P.O. Box 269
Elizabethtown, PA 17022
717-367-1168
717-367-9096 fax
E-mail: info@aamp.com
Website: www.aamp.com
40) Nation, Allan. 2002. To co-operate or not. The Stockman Grass Farmer. May. p. 16–17.
41) Paybou, Francois. 2000. Technical and Economic Feasibility Study of Adopting French
Label Rouge Poultry Systems to Illinois. Master’s Thesis, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
42) Williams, Chris et al. Selecting a Business Structure. Arthur Capper Cooperative
Center, Kansas State University.

Appendix A
Poultry Enterprise Decision Tree
Page 1 Basics
Prepared by Luke Elliott
Do you like
growing chickens?
Do You want to sell
less than1000 Birds
per year?
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
yes
no
Consider a table top
plucker and hand
scalder. Cost <$1000.
no
Do you want to grow
50 to 200 birds per year
solely for your own use?
Consider one portable pen
per 75 birds or one dayrange
pen per 300 birds.Cost $200
per pen or $700 per dayrange
Consider one or two
portable pens
Cost $50 to $200 each
yes
yes
Do you want to sell
more than 1000
birds per year?
no
Proceed to page Two
yes
yes
Do you enjoy dressing poultry?
If you think this means with
a coat and tie, answer no and
proceed immediately to the
next square.
If you will be selling poultry
will the regulations in your
state permit you to process
less than 1000 birds without
inspection or regulation?
yes
no
Take your birds
to an established
plant. Cost $1.50 to
$3.15 per bird
Consider rabbits,
goats, sheep, cows,
parakeets,goldfish
or emus!
no

Poultry EnterpriseDecision Tree
Page2 Production
Preparedby Luke Elliott
yes
Can you lease land?
no
yes
no
Do you have at least
one acre of fairly level pasture
for each 1000 birds?
no
Do you want to grow
1000 to 5000 birds per year?
Subscribe to TV Guide!
Consider year-round
production only if
you have a moderate climate
and the labor and fortitude to
operate year-round
yes
Have you ever
grown chickens?
Take Heed --
Start Small!!no Continue to page three
yes
Consider working
with others in a
collaborative effort
no yes
Consider Dayrange pens
with batches of 300 or
more harvested weekly
or every two weeks
Do you want to grow
more than 5000
birds per year?
Do you want to
growseasonally
e.g. six months/year
Appendix A (continued)

Buy a truck or
take the seats
out of the Volvo
Consider that each batch of 300
will require nearly 2 tons
of feed over an 8 week period.
Do you have a truck?
no
Do you have storage
space for bag or bulk feed
on your farm?
Do you have storage for
up to 20 tons of bulk feed
and do you have an on-farm
mill and will you grow at
least 3000 birds per year?
Arrange for local
milling and feed
delivery
yes yes
yes
Will you grow organic
birds?
Secure organic certification
for feed, land
and processing
no
Arrange for local
milling and feed
pickup
Arrange purchase
of bulk feed
(40,000#). Congratulations,
you saved at least
4 to 6 cents
per pound of feed!!
Do you have
at least $3500
to invest in feed?
yes
yes
Do you have
a local
feed mill that
will deliver?
yes
Page 3 Feeds

Page 4 Processing and Inspection
Will the regulations
in your state allow
processing of up
to 20,000 birds per
year without an
inspector present?
Will you process
only your own birds
and will you sell
those only in your
state?
yes
Take your birds to
an existing USDA -
inspected plant
Is there an existing
plant available
for processing?
no yes
Will you process
birds for others
for resale or transport
birds across state lines?
Consider building
a USDA-inspected
plant
no
Can you arrange
growers and markets
for 30,000 to 50,000
birds per year?
Plant cost of
$75,000 to $250,000.
Consider working with
an established small
USDA-inspected
red meat plant --
lease space, lease
equipment
to them, etc.
Consider on-farm
processing with basic
stationary equipment.
Expect cost of $5,000
to $20,000.
Will you process less
than 5000 birds per
year?
Will you process
more than 5000
birds per year?
yes
no
yes
Consider a permanent
plant or a mobile unit
either on farm or at
another location with larger -
capacity equipment. Expect
cost of $10,000 to $40,000.
yes
no
yesno
yes

Poultry Decison Tree
Page 5 Marketing
Prpared by Luke Elliott
Will you have product
year-round?
Set an appropriate
retail price.
Consider most birds
retail for $2.50 to
$3.50 per pound.
Will you primarily sell frozen
product?
Will you primarily sell fresh
(unfrozen) product?
Will you market less
than 5000 birds?
Will you market over
5000 birds?
Restaurants normally
(not always) demand
unfrozen product
delivered weekly.
Stores need good labeling,
weekly delivery; will take
frozen product although
fresh sells better.
no
Consider wholesale
to stores and restaurants
yes
Will you have product
year-round? May
involve freezer
storage and cost.
yes
yes
yes
no
no
Will you market over
5000 birds?
yes
yes
yes
Consider sales to a
distributor or marketer. You
might want to be a grower
as part of a cooperative
organization. This normally
implies a lower $ per unit
and higher volume with no
delivery or sales involved.
Will you
have product
seasonally?
yes
yes
Do you want to
focus on growing
and are you willing
to give the money
for marketing to
someone else?
(Consider that there
is a cost to marketing
and there is time
involved.)
yes
no
yes
Does your product
meet legal requirements
for processing and labeling?
Consider sales direct
to customers. Individuals
will take whole chicken
and parts and the
product is normally frozen.
Determine what is needed
as this may determine what and
where you can market.
no

Will you sell
frozen product?
WIll the product
be frozen prior
to loading?
Consider that you
will need a cooler
or refrigerated truck
for storage prior
to transport.
Consider a cold
plate unit in an
insulated shell.
Consider on-farm
sales, or direct
sales to individuals.
Consider a
refrigerated
air unit.
Calculate how much
product you will need
to deliver with each
load to determine
feasibility.
Consider the weight
of each load when
determining a delivery
vehicle. Chicken is
heavy as is ice and
cooling equipment.
yes
no
yes
Will you sell less
than 5000 birds
per year?
Will you sell more
than 5000 birds
per year?
Will you sell less
than 5000 birds
per year?
Will you sell more
than 5000 birds
per year?
yes
no
Depending on
local regulations,
you maybe able
to transport product
in ice chests.
Consider that a full-
size pickup will hold
up to 200
chickens in ice chests.
Consider that you
will need a freezer
with proper capacity
to freeze and hold
your product.
yes
Consider the distance
that you will transport
product. Depending on
fuel and labor costs, it
will cost $1.00 to $1.50
per loaded mile.
Plan for adequate
ice (1# per pound
of meat) or
cooling equipment
yes
yes yes
yes
no
no
Will the product
be chilled to
at least 40
degrees F. prior
to loading?
Consider that as a general
rule, you would need to
deliver at least 200 chickens
to pay for a 100 mile one
way delivery.
Will You sell
fresh product?
Poultry Decision Tree
Page 6 Distribution & Storage

Appendix B
Pasture Pen Budget: "Pastured poultry" pen production with on-farm
processing
Enterprise Budget Your
Estimate
Income # of
birds
lbs.
per
bird
$/lb.
Sell 999 birds $8,991.00 1 0 0 0
Expenses
Fixed:
1 Brooder House $320.00 0
2 Processing Building 320.00 0
3 Processing Equipment 157.86 0
4 Pens 160.00 0
5 Composter 50.00 0
6 Brooder waterer/feeder 10.00 0
7 Brooder 17.86 0
8 Dolly (to move pens) 20.00 0
Total Fixed Expenses 1,055.72 0
Variable:
9 Chicks 684.00 0
10 Bags and Staples 79.92 0
11 Wood chips 150.00 0
12 Utilities 20.00 0
13 Feed 2,520.00 0
14 Marketing 400.00 0
15 Labor (production) 1,584.00 0
16 Labor (processing) 1,152.00 0
17 Liability insurance (rider on Farm Policy) 250.00 0
18 Pasture rent per acre 30.00
19 Miscellaneous 400.00 0
Total Variable Expenses $7,269.92 0
Total Expenses $8,325.64 0
Net Income $665.36 0
20 Cost per bird (Breakeven) 999 $8.33 0
21 Net Income per Bird 999 $0.67 0

Budgets
The financial projections used in these documents, and the assumptions on which they
are based, should be used only as guidelines and estimates. In each budget example, the
business is operating at full production capacity. Most businesses require up to five years
to achieve profitability and good market exposure. It is vitally important that each
potential business develop its own set of financial statements before starting an
enterprise. The economic and business environment varies tremendously from region to
region, and what works in one area may not work in another. Extension specialists,
bankers, and accountants can all help in developing the necessary financial statements.
Remember, the sustainability of any enterprise is based on its ability to produce and sell a
product consistently at a profit.

Pasture Pen Budget Detail — Appendix B (continued)
Basic assumptions:
Seasonal production (only in spring, summer, and fall)
4 batches per year
Each batch is 300 birds in 4 pens (10’ x 12’)
Birds placed each year: 1200
Grow out period: 8 weeks
Birds eat 15 lbs. of feed each
Feed costs $280 per ton
No bulk feed storage
10% death loss
Crew of 4 workers to process chickens
7.5% processing loss (7% kept for home consumption)
Dressed weight of 4.5 pounds per bird, without giblets
Price is $2.00/pound
Birds for sale each year: 999
Birds are direct marketed to customers; no labels
Offal and feathers are composted in a covered, 3-bin system
Labor is based on pens and servicing them but also includes pen construction, brooding,
feed-mixing, etc). Pens are not moved daily at first. Only family labor (no hired),
valued at $6.00/hour
All assets fully depreciated over life span with no residual value

Appendix B (continued)
Detail:
Line 1- Brooder house: $5000 - 2% salvage value = $4900/20 year life = $245 per year
Interest = $5000/2 x 3% = $75 per year
Depreciation + interest = $320 per year
Line 2- Processing building: $5000 – 2% salvage value = $4900/20 year life = $245 per
year
Interest = $5000/2 x 3% = $75 per year
Depreciation + interest = $320 per year
Line 3- Processing equipment: $1000/7-year life = $142.86
Interest = $1000/2 x 3% = $15
Depreciation + interest = $157.86
Line 4- Pens: $200 per pen, 5-year life, 4 pens; $200/5 = $40.00 per year
Line 5- Composter: $500, includes labor and materials, 10-year life; $500/10 = $50.00
per year
Line 6- Brooder waterer/feeder: $20, 2 year life; $20/2 = $10 per year
Line 7- Brooder: $125 for gas brooder, 7 year life; $125/7 = $17.86 per year
Line 8- Dolly to move pens; $20
Line 9- Chicks: $0.57 each, 1200 chicks; $0.57 x 1200 = $684
Line 10- Bags and staples: $0.08/bird, 999 saleable birds x $0.08 = $79.92
Line 11- Wood chips (for brooder and composter): $150 per year
Line 12- Utilities (estimated cost): $20 per year
Line 13- Feed: $280 per ton, 1200 birds x 15 lb. each/2000 lbs x $280 per ton = $2520.00
Line 14- Marketing (printing, postage, advertising, phone, travel, fees, etc.) = $400 per
year
Line 15- Production labor: 0.5 hour per pen x 4 pens x 33 moves per batch x 4 batches/
year x $6 per hour = $1584 per year
Line 16- Processing labor: 12 hours x 4 people x 4 batches/year x $6.00/hour = $1152
per year
Line 17- Liability insurance: $500,000 coverage = $250/year
Line 18- Pasture rent for one acre: $30
Line 19- Miscellaneous (cleaning supplies, LP, repairs, ice): $400 per year
Line 20- Cost per bird (breakeven) = $8.33
Line 21- Net income per bird = $0.67

Appendix C
Net-Range Budget: "Day-range" production with custom processing
Enterprise Budget Your
estimate
Income # of birds lbs. per bird $/lb.
sell 5292 birds 53361.00 1 0 0 0.00
Expenses
Fixed Cost: $/year
1 Houses $213.33 0.00
2 Composter 50.00 0.00
3 Brooder waterer/feeder 10.00 0.00
4 Brooder 77.86 0.00
5 Bulk Feed Storage 92.86 0.00
6 Fencing 136.00 0.00
7 Fence Charger 18.75 0.00
8 Battery 32.50 0.00
Total Fixed Expenses 631.30 0.00
Variable Expenses:
9 Chicks 3,420.00 0.00
10 Wood chips 1,152.00 0.00
11 Utilities 432.00 0.00
12 Feed 12,600.00 0.00
13 Marketing 400.00 0.00
14 Transportation 384.00 0.00
15 Labor (production) 4,032.00 0.00
16 Cleanout cost
a Tractor/loader rental 60.00 0.00
b Manure Spreader 55.44 0.00
17 Custom Processing 16,200.00 0.00
18 Liability Insurance 500.00 0.00
19 Transportation crate rental 810.00 0.00
20 Miscellaneous 400.00 0.00
Total Variable $40,445.44 0.00
Total Expenses 41,076.74 0.00
Net Income $12,284.26 0.00
21 Cost per bird
(Breakeven)
5292 $7.76 0.00
22 Net Income per bird 5292 $2.32 0.00

Net-Range Budget Detail — Appendix C (continued)
Basic assumptions:
Seasonal production
6 batches per year
Each batch is 1000 birds in 4 houses (12’x 21’)
Cost of house includes labor for construction
Birds placed each year: 6000
Grow-out period: 8 weeks
Fence charger will work with up to 8 houses
House is moved after each grow-out
Each brooder heats a 16’x16’ zone; 500 chicks are placed in each zone
Litter use in brooder: 2 yards of litter for a 2-inch depth in each zone for each batch
Litter use in house: 3 yards of litter for a 2-inch depth in each house for each batch
Litter costs $12 per yard (27 cubic feet), bulk, delivered
10% death loss
Birds custom-processed
Birds eat 15 lbs. of feed each
Feed costs $280 per ton delivered
Transport crates are rented by producer from the plant, but producer uses own vehicle
2% processing loss
Dressed weight of 4.5 pounds per bird, without giblets
84% whole birds, 16% of birds cut-up
Price is $2.00 per pound
Birds for sale each year: 5292
Birds are marketed from the plant; no need for producer to haul dressed birds
Labor is based on houses and servicing them but also includes house construction,
brooding, feed-mixing, etc). Only family labor (no hired), valued at $6.00/hour
All assets fully depreciated over life span with no residual value

Appendix C (continued)
Details:
Line 1- Houses: $800 each; 15 year life; $800 x 4 pens = $3200/15 = $213.33 per yr.
Line 2- Composter: $500, includes materials and labor; 10 year life; $500/10 = $50 per year
Line 3- Brooder waterer/feeder: $20, 2-year life; $20/2= $10 per year
Line 4- Brooder: $545 for gas brooder, 7-year life; $545/7 = $77.86 per year
$280 = 2 brooders at $140 each
$ 40 = thermostat
$225 = control box to supply electricity
$545 = Total
Line 5- Bulk Feed Storage, used 6-ton storage bin: $650 (*see detail below), 7-year life;
$650/7 = $92.86
*$150 storage bin
$200 auger
$125 motor
$ 75 relocation
$100 assembly and new concrete pad
$650 = Total
Line 6- Net fencing, 165 feet: 4 rolls, $170 each, 5 year life; ($170 x 4)/5 yr. life = $136 per
year
Line 7- Fence charger: $150, 8 yr. Life; $150/8 yr. = $18.75 per year
Line 8- Battery: $64, 2 yr. life; $64/2 yr. = $32.50 per yr.
Line 9- Chicks: $0.57 each, 6000 chicks; 0.57 x 6000 = $3420
Line 10- Wood chips for litter in brooder and houses = $1152 per year. No additional chips
for composter.
Line 11- Utilities (estimated cost): $432 per year; 6000 birds – (6000 x 0.10) x $0.08/bird
propane
Line 12- Feed: $280 per ton; (6000 birds x 15 lb. each)/2000 lbs. x $280 = $12,600 per year
Line 13- Marketing (printing, postage, advertising, phone, travel, fees, etc.) = $400 per year
Line 14- Transportation for marketing, processing: 100 miles per batch x 6 batches x 2 trips
x $0.32 per mile = $384/year
Line 15- Production labor: 0.5 hours per house x 4 houses x 7 days/week x 8 weeks/batch x
6 batches/year x $6.00 per hour = $4032 per year
Line 16- Cleanout (rental of tractor/loader and manure spreader) = $115.44
Line 17- Custom processing: $3.00 per bird; 5400 birds x $3.00 = $16,200 per yr.
Line 18- Liability insurance ($2,000,000) = $500 per year
Line 19- Transportation crates: $3.00/each x 45 crates x 6 batches per year = $810
Line 20- Miscellaneous (cleaning supplies, LP, repairs) = $400 per year
Line 22- Net income per bird = $2.32

Appendix D
Mobile Processing Unit Budget
Income Your
Estimate
1 Process 26,481 birds per year $66,203 0.00
Total Gross Income $66,203 0.00
Fixed Expenses
2 Trailer, modifications, and hitch 5,280.77 0.00
3 Processing Equipment 4,975.90 0.00
4 Insurance 3,500.00 0.00
5 Tags & License 300.00 0.00
Total Fixed Expenses $14,056.6 0.00
Variable Expenses
6 Mileage $416.00 0.00
7 LP gas 514.80 0.00
8 Labor 18,720.00 0.00
9 Maintenance and Repair on trailer 316.85 0.00
10 Main. And Repair on equipment 256.36 0.00
11 Docking Station rental per batch 49.23
12 Water 327.60 0.00
13 Electricity 56.16 0.00
Total Variable Expenses $20,657.0 0.00
Total Fixed + Variable Expenses $34,713.6 0.00
14 Breakeven/bird (total processed during year) 26,481 $1.31 0.00
15 Net Income $31,489.3 0
16 Net Income/bird 26,481 $1.19 0.00
Mobile Processing Unit Budget Detail
Basic Assumptions:
Custom processor charging $2.50/bird processing fee
Dressed weight of 4.5 lbs. without giblets
Whole birds; no cut-up
Equipment includes basic processing equipment and ice maker
Docking stations have appropriate electrical, water, waste, etc. hook-ups and pad, rental fee
required

Appendix D (continued)
Operates ½ year or 26 weeks, 3 days per week, 1 day set-up, 1 day tear-down
Moved between each of three docking stations each week
Processing capacity 350 birds/day, 3 batches/week, 26 weeks/year
Total production: 27,300 birds per year
Labor estimate includes time for set-up and take-down
Crew of 4, one being trained as a facility manager
Only family labor (no hired), valued at $6.00/hour
Offal and feathers removed by producers
3% processing loss
Details:
Line 1 - Income 26,481 birds per year x $2.50 processing charge = $66,203
Line 2- Trailer, modifications, hitch: $42,246; (42,246 – 10% salvage value)/15-year
life = $2,534.76 per year
Interest charge (42,246/2) x 8% = $1689.84 per year
Taxes, storage 42,246 x 2.5% = $1056.17 per year
Total depreciation, interest, taxes, and storage = $5280.77 per year
Line 3- Processing equipment: $23,939; $23,939/7 yr. life = $3,419.86 per year
Interest Charge (23,939/2 x 8%) = $957.56 per year
Taxes, Storage 23,939 x 2.5% = $598.48 per year
Total depreciation, interest, taxes and storage = $4975.90 per year
Line 4- Insurance: $3500 per year
Line 5- Tags and license: $300 per year
Line 6- Mileage: $0.32 per mile 50 miles per move x 26 moves per year (50 x 26 x
$0.32) = $416 per year
Line 7- LP gas for scalder: $1.10 per gallon; 1.5 gal./hr. x 4 hrs/batch/day x 78 batches
per year x $1.10 = $514.80
Line 8- Labor (10 hrs./batch x 78 batches/yr. X 4 workers x $6/hr.) = $18720/yr.
Line 9- Trailer maintenance and repair = $316.85 per year
Line 10- Equipment maintenance and repair = $256.36 per year
Line 11- Docking station rental:
4 stations at $6000 each installed with 10-year life, no salvage value = $2400
Interest (24,000/2) x 10% = $1200
Taxes 24,000 x 1% = $240
Total depreciation, interest and taxes divided by 78 batches per year =
$3840/78 = $49.23 per-batch rental cost for docking station
Line 12- Water: $1.50/1000 gallons (8 gallons/bird x 27,300 birds/yr.)/1000 gal.) x $1.50 =
$327.60/yr.
Line 13- Electricity: $56.16 per year
Line 15 - Net income = $31,489.33
Line 16- Net income per bird processed = $1.19

Appendix E
Small Processing Plant Budget
Income Your Estimate
Process 147,000
birds
$441,000.00
Total Gross
Income
$441,000.00
Annual
Overhead Cost
1 Building $45,752.87 0.00
2 Equipment 8,964.31 0.00
3 Lagoon System 1,577.69 0.00
4 Insurance 6,149.63 0.00
5 Taxes 10,416.05 0.00
6 Misc. 791.39
Total Annual
Overhead Cost
$73,651.94 0.00
Operating Cost
7 Labor $84,000.00 0.00
8 Payroll service 600.00
9 Admin./Manager 20,000.00 0.00
10 Packaging 27,000.00 0.00
11 Utilities
a Electric 2,400.00 0.00
b Water 1,872.00 0.00
c LP gas 1,650.00 0.00
12 Offal Disposal 1,355.00 0.00
13 Repairs and
Maintenance
7,500.00 0.00
14 Supplies 2400.00
15 Misc. 2450.00 0.00
Total Operating
Costs
$15,1227.00 0.00
Total Cost
(year 1)
$22,4878.94 0.00
16 Breakeven/bird
processed
$147,000 1.53 0.00
17 Net Income $21,6121.06 0.00
18 Net Income/bird $1.47 0.00

Small Processing Plant Budget Detail — Appendix E (continued)
Basic Assumptions:
Land purchased: 2 acres
Dressed weight of 4.5 lbs without giblets
84% whole birds; 16% cut-up
Plant operates at full capacity: one 8-hour shift 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year
Processed birds are shipped out every other day. Due to the limited storage capacity of the
walk-in cooler, this is necessary for the plant to have enough storage for newly processed
birds. Freezer rental will be an additional charge.
Birds are killed for four hours in the morning and processed in the afternoon in batch
processing.
Total number slaughtered each day: 150 birds/hour x 4 hours = 600 birds per day, 150,000
birds per year.
Chill tank capacity is 600 birds; walk-in cooler capacity is 1200 birds.
Carcasses are bagged individually.
2% processing loss.
Total saleable birds = 147,000 per year.
Plant is government-licensed.
Offal is picked up daily.
A credit line of at least $2,500 per year is recommended for unforeseen expenses.
Insurance overhead includes product liability.
Crew of 7, including a facility manager. All labor is hired.
Details:
Income- Charge $3.00 per bird
Line 1- Building: $348,000, 15 yr. note, 10% interest (Calculated with amortization
schedule formula = $45,752.87 per year)
Line 2- Equipment: $43,642, 7 yrs., 10% interest (Calculated with amortization schedule
formula = $8,964.31 per year). See Small Plant Equipment Detail below.
Line 3- Lagoon system: $12,000, 15 yr. note, 10% interest (Calculated with amortization
schedule formula = $1,577.69 per year)
Line 4- Insurance: 1.5% of the initial investment (4116428 x 0.015) = $ 6175.000 per year
Line 5- Tax: 2.5% of the initial investment; 411642 x 0.025 = $10291.00 per year
Line 6- Miscellaneous (computer, office furniture, etc.): $3000, 3 yr. note, 10% interest
(Calculated with amortization schedule formula = $1206.34 per year)
Line 7- Labor: Six employees working 8 hours/day, 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year,
$7 per hour; 6 x 8 x 5 x 50 x 7 = $84000
$6 = Wages
$1 = 14% of wages includes payroll taxes (social security, medicare,
unemployment, workman’s comp, etc.)
$7 = Total
Line 8 – Payroll service: $50 per month; $50 x 12 = $600 per year
Line 9- Administrative/Facility Manager: $20,000 per year

Appendix E (continued)
Line 10- Packaging (shrink bags, staples, labels): $0.18 per bird (600 birds/day x 5 days/
week x 50 weeks/year x $0.18/bird = $27,000.00 per year
Line 11- Utilities costs:
Electric (for lights, cooler, picker, scalder)- 2,500 kwH/month x .08/hour x
12 months= $2,400 per year
Water: (8 gals./bird x 600 birds/day x 5 days/week x 50 weeks/year)/1000
gallons x $1.50 per 1,000 gallons = $1,800 year
LP Gas (to heat water): (4 hours/day x 1.5 gallons per hour x 5 days/week x 50
weeks/year) x $1.10 gallon = $1,650 per year
Line 12- Offal disposal: 1.25 lbs./bird x 150,000/415 lbs (weight of 50-gallon drum) x $3
per 50-gal drum = $1355 per year
Line 13- Repairs and Maintenance = $7500.00
Line 14 – Supplies (includes gloves, soap, aprons, hair nets, knives, towels, scrub brushes,
buckets, plastic totes, stacking trays for cooler, office supplies) = $2450 per
year
Line 15- Miscellaneous = $2400 per year
Line 16- Cost per bird (Breakeven) = $1.53
Line 17- Net Income = $216,121.06
Small Plant
Equipment Detail
Prices based on Pickwick-Zesco as of 3/1/01
Kill and Picking Room
Description Price Each No. Total
Price
High Velocity Air Curtain $ 745 3 $2,235
Stunning Knife 1,560 1 1,560
Multiple-Bird Shackle 95 5 475
Killing Cabinet 1,875 1 1,875
Scalder 2,900 1 2,900
Dunkmaster 2,125 1 2,125
Spin-Pik Batch Picker 4,700 1 4,700
Handwash Sink 695 1 695
Hot & Cold Water Mixing
Station
480 1 480
Total $17,045

Eviscerating Room
Description Price Each Number Total Price
Handwash Sink $ 695 1 $ 695
SS Three Compartment Sink 1,179 1 1,179
Eviscerating Table 1,890 1 1,890
Eviscerated Bird Holding Tank 75 24 1,800
Stainless Steel Table 382 1 382
Gizzard Peeler 1,955 1 1,955
Ice Cuber 3,000 1 3,000
Ice Bin Cap 900 1 900
Hot & Cold Water Mixing Station 480 1 480
Total $12,281
Processing Room
Description Price Each Number Total Price
Stainless Steel Table $ 382 1 $ 382
Poultry Cut-up 1,495 1 1,495
Stainless Steel Table 454 1 454
Poultry Vacuum
Machine
7,350 1 7,350
Handwash Sink,
Floor-Mounted
695 1 695
Hot & Cold Water 480 1 480
Chicken Dolly 199 6 1,194
Chillpac Transport
Food Container
35 36 1,260
Storage Tubs Cooler 56 18 1,008
Total $14,318
Note: Air chill equipment may cost more; however, the cost of water will be lower.
Appendix E (continued)

Appendix F
Sensitivity Analyses
Profitability of organic table-bird production units of different sizes in the U.K.
200 birds/wk 500 birds/wk 1000 birds/wk
Annual production 10,000 25,000 50,000
Labor (full-time equivalent) 0.3 0.45 0.6
Building type mobile fixed hoop stationary
Capital invested $ 14,063 $ 17,188 $140,625
Gross margin $ 14,063 $ 35,156 $ 70,313
Fixed costs
Labor $ 7,031 $10,547 $14,063
Deprec/repairs $ 1.875 $ 3,906 $ 7,813
Interest @ 8.5% $ 1,195 $ 1,461 $11,953
Org. cert. $ 469 $ 469 $ 469
Other (office) $ 1,250 $ 1,563 $ 1,875
Total $ 11,820 $17,945 $36,172
Profit $ 2,242 $17,211 $34,141
Source: Lampkin, Nicolas. 1997. Organic Poultry Production. Aberystwyth, University of
Wales, U.K.

Processing Plant Capacity Utilization
100% 90% 80% 70% 50%
Production Capacity 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
Average Volume 150,000 135,000 120,000 105,000 75,000
Ownership Costs: $73,652 $73,652 $73,652 $73,652 $73,652
Operating Costs:
Labor $84,000 $75,600 $67,800 $58,800 $42,000
Payroll Services 600 600 600 600 600
Admin./Manager 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
Packaging 27,000 24,300 21,600 18,900 13,500
Electric 2,400 2,160 1,920 1,680 1,200
Water 1,872 1,620 1,440 1,260 900
LP Gas 1,650 1,485 1,320 1,155 825
Offal Disposal 1,355 1,215 1,080 945 675
Repairs &
Maintenance
7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500
Misc. & Supplies 4,850 4,320 3,840 3,360 2,400
Total Cost $224,879 $212,452 $200,752 $187,852 $163,252
Cost/bird $1.50 $1.57 $1.67 $1.79 $2.18
Based on the sensitivity analysis of the capacity utilization on the fixed processing plant
shown in Appendix E, costs per bird continues to rise as the number of birds processed
falls. The difference between operating at 100% capacity and 80% capacity is $0.17/bird
while the difference between 80% and 50% is $0.61/bird. This is a reflection of the
ownership or fixed expenses associated with a processing facility. It is cheaper to operate
closer to full capacity, spreading the fixed costs over more birds processed. All costs are
held constant except for the number of birds processed per year and the operating costs
affected by the number of birds processed.
Appendix F (continued)

Appendix G
Project Summary
Enhancing Feasibility for Range Poultry Expansion
Helping producers and groups establish or
expand small pasture-based poultry businesses is
an interest of the National Center for Appropriate
Technology (NCAT) and its partner Heifer
International. “Enhancing Feasibility for Range
Poultry Expansion” was a project led by the two
nonprofit organizations. During an earlier project
helping limited-resource farmers try out small
batches of “pastured poultry” as an enterprise, the
organizations realized that many of these farmers
would like to expand operations and, in
particular, need access to slaughter facilities in
order to sell inspected meat. Consolidation in the
meat processing industry has left few small
plants.
When starting or expanding an enterprise, it is important to do feasibility and business
planning. To develop Growing Your Range Poultry Business: An Entrepreneur’s Toolbox,
NCAT and an additional sustainable agriculture partner, the Kerr Center, surveyed small
producers to determine their needs. The Toolbox focuses on feasibility issues that look at
personal and family considerations, as well as marketing, production, and economic issues.
It is especially important to look at the web of meat inspection regulations related to
processing. The Toolbox also contains Budgets for enterprises such as a small operation
with on-farm processing and direct marketing, as well as a Mobile Processing Unit (MPU),
and a small plant. The Toolbox discusses the benefits of working together instead of being
a “lone ranger,” especially when establishing a processing plant, and refers to resources for
assistance.
The project also examined the use of Mobile Processing Units (MPUs). MPUs are a
development tool to help producer groups develop a consistent product, build a market,
and build capacity. Producers can start with small flocks, ironing out production issues
with a low investment of resources. MPUs reduce individual risk since the unit is shared
by a group of producers. Once a market and capacity are built, a small regional processing
plant can be established.
In Kentucky, Heifer worked with a collaborative group, including the Kentucky
Department of Agriculture and Partners for Family Farms, to build an MPU. In Kentucky,
no poultry can be sold unless it is slaughtered in a licensed facility. The KY MPU is a
federally exempt facility that is licensed by Kentucky’s Cabinet for Health Services. It is an
enclosed gooseneck trailer, with equipment mounted inside. It cost about $70,000 to build.
It must be used at approved docking stations that include a level place to park the unit, a
Heifer International was instrumental in building a
state-of-the-art mobile processing unit for poultry in
Kentucky. Photo by Steve Muntz.

Appendix G (continued)
concrete pad, and appropriate electrical, water, and waste hookups. A canopy extends out
and is screened in to make an outdoor kill area. Facility managers must be trained to use
the unit. It has a rental fee and user agreement. The plant has Standard Sanitation
Operating Procedures (SSOPs) and an HACCP plan. The unit takes a lot of work to set up
and tear down but is an excellent example of how MPUs can operate. The Kentucky MPU
not only provides a good option to small KY poultry producers, but serves as a model for
other groups exploring MPUs.
Heifer examined the use of MPUs in two other states. As of 2002, Mississippi state meat
inspection authorities did not permit an MPU to operate under exemptions. Heifer
brought players to the table—inspection authorities, legislators, and farmers—to discuss
the impact of meat inspection regulations on small poultry producers. The interpretation
of the federal exemptions in Alabama were similarly limiting for small producers. Heifer
identified a federally licensed plant that might consider custom processing and organized
the farmers interested in supplying it with birds, along
with the trailer and crates needed for hauling them.
Additional reports from the project include Poultry
Processing Facilities Available for Use by Independent
Producers in the Southern Region, Legal Issues for Small
Poultry Processors, and reports on nutritional resources and
stock. These publications are available on the website of
the American Pastured Poultry Producers Association
(www.apppa.org) or ATTRA can provide hard copies free
of charge.
In the future, NCAT, Heifer, and the Kerr Center can
provide training to farmers, educators, and other agricultural professionals interested in
pasture-based poultry enterprises.
• Heifer International is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the alleviation of hunger
and poverty through community development and sustainable livestock production.
The headquarters is in Little Rock, AR.
• The National Center for Appropriate Technology is a nonprofit organization with
offices in Butte, MT, Fayetteville, AR, and Davis, CA, that has programs in sustainable
agriculture, energy, and communities. NCAT promotes the economic well-being and
quality of life of urban and rural residents while working to conserve America’s natural
resources.
• The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture is a nonprofit education foundation in
Poteau, OK, with a mission to encourage sustainable agriculture.
This three-year project was funded by the Southern Region of the Sustainable Agriculture
Research and Education program from 1999 to 2002.
Careful planning is important when
expanding range poultry operations.
Photo by Karen Machetta.

Heifer International:
Steve Muntz
Heifer International Appalachia Prog. Manager
Jeff Dombroskas
Heifer International Appalachia Field Assistant
110 N. Maysville St., Suite 100
Mt. Sterling, KY 40353
859-497-0603
859-497-0626
800-359-9581
E-mail: steve.muntz@heifer.org
E-mail: jeff.dombroskas@heifer.org
Website: www.heifer.org
Skip Polson
Heifer International Program Consultant
3224 Alani Dr.
Honolulu, HI 96822-1403
808-988-2729
E-mail: spolson@compuserve.com
Kathy Colverson
Heifer International Southeast Program
Manager
1810 NW 6th St.
Gainesville, FL 32609
352-371-1170
E-mail: kathy.colverson@heifer.org
Gus Heard-Hughes
Heifer International Southeast Field Assistant
720 16th Ave. North
Clanton, AL 35045
205-755-9226
E-mail: angus.heard-hughes@heifer.org
Roger Jones
Heifer International South Central Program
Manager
2601 Hwy. 98 East
New Augusta, MS 39462
601-964-3371
E-mail: roger.jones@heifer.org
Project Contacts
Jesse Strassburg
Heifer International South Central Field
Assistant
7973 Phillips 300 Rd.
Helena, AR 72342
870-572-3360
E-mail: jesse.strassburg@heifer.org
NCAT:
Anne Fanatico, Poultry Program
Specialist
Holly Born, Agricultural Economics and
Marketing Specialist
NCAT
P.O. Box 3657
Fayetteville, AR 72702
479-442-9824
479-442-9842 fax
800-346-9140
E-mail: annef@ncat.org, hollyb@ncat.org
Website: www.attra.ncat.org
Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture:
David Redhage
Kerr Center
P.O. Box 588
Hwy. 271 South
Poteau, OK 74953
918-647-9123
918-647-8712 fax
E-mail: dredhage@kerrcenter.com
Website: www.kerrcenter.com

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