Autocad manual that helps designer for drawing different building structure
- 1. 1. VERTICAL CIRCULATION Circulation is the movement of people and goods between interior spaces in buildings and to entrances and exits. so to do the above movement we need Safe, convenient, rapid circulation is essential for all buildings under both normal and emergency conditions. Therefore this can be done through any of several different types of passageways, such as lobbies, corridors, ramps, stairways, and elevator hoist ways.
- 3. 2.1 RAMPS When space permits, a sloping surface, or ramp, can be used to connect different levels or floors. As a means of saving space in some garages, every floor serves as a ramp. Ramps are especially useful when large numbers of people or vehicles have to be moved from floor to floor. So they are frequently adopted for public buildings, such as railroad stations, stadiums, and exhibition halls. Ramps have been built with slopes up to 15%, but 8% is a preferred maximum. The ramp need not be straight for the whole distance, however. It can be curved, zigzagged, or spiraled
- 4. 2.1 Types of Rump • (a) Straight ramp (b) zigzag
- 5. 2.2 STAIRS Less space is required for stairs than for ramps, because steeper slopes can be used. Maximum slope of stairs for comfort is estimated to be about 27o , but this angle frequently is exceeded for practical reasons. Exterior stairs generally range in slope from 20 to 30 degree, interior stairs from 30 o to 35 degree.
- 6. Types of Stairs i. Straight stairs:- are stairs along which there is no change in direction on any flight between two successive floors. ii. Circular stairs:- when viewed from above appear to follow a circle with a single center of curvature and large radius. iii. Curved stairs:- when viewed from above appear to follow a curve with two or more centers of curvature, such as an ellipse. iv. Spiral stairs:- are similar to circular stairs except that the radius of curvature is small and the stairs may be supported by a center post.
- 7. Stairway Components • Step:- Combination of a riser and the tread immediately above. • Flight:- A series of steps extending from floor to floor, or from a floor to an intermediate landing or platform. • Riser:- Vertical face of a step. • Tread:- Horizontal face of a step. • Nosing:- Projection of a tread beyond the riser below. • Guard:- Protective vertical barrier along edges of stairways, balconies, and floor openings.
- 8. Stairway Components • Landings (platforms):- Used where turns are necessary or to break up long climbs. Landings should be level, as wide as the stairs, and at least 1.12 M long in the direction of travel. • Rise:- Distance from floor to floor. • Run:- Total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings. • Soffit:- Underside of a stair. • Header:- Horizontal structural member supporting stair stringers or landings. • Stringers:- Inclined members along the sides of a stairway.
- 9. Stairway Components • Railing:- Framework supporting a handrail and serving as a safety barrier. • Baluster:- Vertical member supporting the handrail in a railing. • Handrail:- Protective bar placed at a convenient distance above the stairs for a handhold. • Newel Post:- Post at which the railing terminates at each floor level. • Angle Post:- Railing support at landings or other breaks in the stairs. • Headroom:- Minimum clear height from a tread to overhead construction, such as the ceiling or next floor, ductwork, or piping.
- 10. Typical stair components • Fig 1.1 stair components
- 11. Dimensions for Stairs • Minimum vertical distance from the nosing of a tread to overhead construction should never be less than 1.83 M and preferably not less than 2.13 M. • Stairway Width:-Width of a stairway depends on its purpose and the number of persons to be accommodated in peak hours or emergencies. • The minimum width that can be used is specified in the local building code. For example, for interior stairs, clear width may be required to be at least 0.91 M one- and two family dwellings, and 1.12 M in hotels, motels, apartment…etc
- 12. Dimensions for Stairs • Step Sizes:-Risers and treads generally are proportioned for comfort and to meet accessibility standards for the handicapped, although sometimes space considerations control. • Treads should be11 (0.279 M) to 14 in (0.356M) wide, exclusive of nosing. Treads less than 11 in wide should have a nosing of about1 in. The most comfortable height of riser is 7 (0.178M) to 71⁄2 in(0.191M).
- 13. Number of Stairways Required • This is usually controlled by local building codes. This control may be achieved by setting a minimum of two exits per floor, a restriction on the maximum horizontal distance from any point on a floor to a stairway. • Restrictions usually also are placed on the maximum capacity of a stairway. For example, the National Fire Protection Association ‗‗Life Safety Code‘‘ sets a maximum capacity for stairways of 60 persons per 22-in (0.56M) unit of width, up or down.
- 14. ELEVATORS • An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves along guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and that transports passengers or goods, or both, between two or more floors of a building. • Passenger elevators are designed primarily to carry persons. Hospital elevators are also passenger elevators but employ special cars, suitable in size and shape for transportation of patients in stretchers or standard hospital beds and of attendants accompanying them. • Freight elevators carry freight, which may be accompanied only by an operator and persons necessary for loading and unloading it.
- 15. Types of elevators: • fig a & b are electric elevator with driving fig c shows hydraulic elevator Machine at top and basement
- 16. Different Designs of Elevators • Passenger Lift:-The total capacity of passenger lifts required for any building, to give a certain grade of service, is determined by the number of occupants and the number of visitors expected to use the lifts. Some example is listed below: Offices Residential Buildings Hotels Hospitals Car parks…..etc
- 17. Different Designs of Elevators • Fireman‘s Lift:-Many local authorities require that buildings which extend out of reach of conventional fire- fighting equipment higher than 24m in height must be provided with a special lift for firemen. • The Fireman‘s lift car must be capable of reaching the top floor in 1 min and have a minimum loading of 630kg and a floor area of 1.54 m².
- 18. Elevators arrangement • 1. Counterweight Guide Rail • 2. Linear Induction Motor (Secondary) • 3. Brakes • 4. Counterweight Frame • 5. Linear Induction Motor (Primary) • 6. Idler Sheaves • 7. Guide Rail • 8. Car (lift)
- 19. ESCALATORS • Escalators, or powered stairs:- are used when it is necessary to move large numbers of people from floor to floor. They provide continuous movement of persons and can thus remedy traffic conditions that are not readily addressed by elevators. • Escalators are used to connect airport terminals, parking garages, sports facilities, shopping malls, and numerous mixed-use facilities.
- 20. Components of an Escalator • An escalator resembles a powered ramp in construction. The major difference is that a powered ramp has a continuous tread way for carrying passengers, whereas the tread way of an escalator consists of a series of moving steps.
- 21. Safety Devices for Escalators • The handrails should extend at normal height at least 12 in(0.3M) beyond the line of points of the comb plate teeth. • The balustrades carrying the handrails and acting as a guard to prevent passengers from falling off the sides of the moving steps
- 22. Fire Protection of Escalators As much as possible the buildings completely protected by a standard supervised sprinkler system by any of the following: • Sprinkler-vent method, a combination of automatic fire- or smoke-detection system, automatic air-exhaust system, and an automatic water curtain. • Spray-nozzle method, a combination of an automatic fire or smoke detection system and a system of high-velocity water-spray nozzles. • Rolling shutter method, in which an automatic, self-closing, rolling shutter is used to enclose completely the top of each escalator. • Partial enclosure method, in which kiosks, with self-closing fire doors, provide an effective barrier to spread of smoke between floors.
- 23. Ladder • A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. There are two types: rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rope ladders that are hung from the top. • The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or stiles (UK). Rigid ladders are usually portable, but some types are permanently fixed to buildings. They are commonly made of metal, wood, or fibreglass, but they have been known to be made of tough plastic.
- 24. Variations • Roof ladder, a rigid ladder with a large hook at the top to grip the ridge of a pitched roof • Fixed ladder, two side members joined by several rungs; affixed to structure with no moving parts
- 25. Safety
- 26. Safety • The most common injury made by ladder climbers is bruising from falling off a ladder, but bone fractures are common and head injuries are also likely, depending on the nature of the accident. • For safety, a rigid ladder should be leaned at an angle of about fifteen degrees to the vertical, or 75 degrees to the horizontal. In other words, the distance from the foot of the ladder to the wall should be about one quarter of the height of the top of the ladder.
- 27. Uses • Rope ladders are used where storage space is extremely limited, weight must be kept to a minimum, or in instances where the object to be climbed is too curved to use a rigid ladder. Climbing a rope ladder requires more skill than climbing a rigid ladder, because the ladder tends to swing like a pendulum. • Boarding and pool ladders. A ladder is also used on the side of a boat, to climb into it from the water, and in a swimming pool.
- 28. Site overview • Bole Beshale 40/60 and Koye Feche condominium. • stair
- 29. Site overview
- 30. Elevator
- 31. Site overview
- 32. Rump
- 33. Ladder
- 34. Site overview
- 35. Site overview
- 36. End •Thank you for your attention.