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Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Formation Testing Dynamic Data

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Society of Petroleum Engineers

The document outlines the automated interpretation of wireline and LWD dynamic testing data in petroleum engineering, focusing on the testing technologies and current workflows. It highlights the motivations for testing, the evolution of formation testing tools, and presents a new automated workflow that improves efficiency in data analysis and reporting. The discussion includes field examples, conclusions, and the future direction of automated interpretation efforts.

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1 Mark Proett Aramco Services Company, Upstream Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Dynamic Testing Data Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
Automated Interpretation Outline • Motivation & Objectives • Dynamic Measurement Technologies • Wireline & LWD Testing & Sampling • Current Work Flow • Automated Work Flow • Field Examples • Conclusions and What’s Next? 2
Motivation for Testing - Results 3 It Depends? FormationAcademic Grade Product Rating 𝐽 = 𝑄 ∆𝑃 Q Flow Rate ∆𝑃 Pres Drop Productivity Index
E. C. Johnston 1927 US Patent 1,709,940 “… has for its principal object to provide a simple and efficient means for accurately testing sands which are encountered during the drilling of the well.” 4
Testing & Sampling – Technology spans 90 years 5
Wireline Formation Testing 6 JPT October 1957Chambers 1954
Wireline & LWD Formation Testing 7 Hypodermic 2-20cc
FormationQ - Flow Rate P - Pressure Change Small Volume - Same Physics C k C M P Q j pf dd pf dd     j Localized PI Mdd Mobility Cpf Probe Coeff 8
Wireline Formation Testers MDT 1989FT 1957 RFT 1974 9 RCI 1992 RDT 1998
Wireline Formation Testers RDT OvalStraddle Packers 10 RDT Focused MDT SaturnRCX Focused MDT Focused
Formation Testing While Drilling FTWD GeoTap IDS Halliburton 2010 TesTrak Baker Hughes 2003 StethoScope Schlumberger 2004 GeoTap Halliburton 2002 11 FASTrak Baker Hughes 2012
Vertical Barrier Pressures gm/cc 0.67 0.67 0.62 0.65 0.67 Motivation Samples Chengli, et al., 2007 SPE 109683 Mobilities k/u md/cp High Cost • Tools • Rig-time • Risks Critical Data • Pressure • Perm • Fluid ID Specialists • Planning • Monitor • Analyze 12
Formation Testing Tool Operations 13 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Drawdown Hydrostatic Pressure Pulse Pressure Gauge Pretest Chamber (5-10 cm3) Flow rate Qdd Packer Probe Equalization Valve Flowline Formation Testing Tool tp
Formation Testing Tool Operations Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Drawdown Hydrostatic Flow rate Qdd tp Buildup P*  Pstop ddstopdd PPP  P Q C k M dd dd pf dd sdd    jC k M pf dd sdd   14
Typical Pressure Transient Analysis 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Tim e (sec) 1 10 Pressure(psi) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Tim e (sec) 15
Typical Pressure Transient Analysis 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 2 & 3 DP DP Rad Spher Spher Rad0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) Bourdet LogLog Derivative 1989 16
Very Low Mobility Testing 0.01 md/cp Pretest Time Plots Log-Log Derivative Plots 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 1 Spherical Radial DP DP Spher t*dp/dt Radial t*dp/dt Version3, 4/15/2014 PressF9 to Update Calculations 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) 17
Buildup Overshoot Example 18 Pressure(psi) Time (sec)
Phase Change Example 19 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Below Bubble Point, Delayed Buildup
New Automated Workflow Analysis Log Data Archiving Integration Reporting Processed Results Automated  Current Methods Operator  New Workflow Analysis & Integration Log Data Archiving Reporting Service Co.  Operator  20
New Automated Workflow Automated  New WorkflowCurrent Methods 2-10 Days 8-25 Days Time Savings 0-2 Days 5-15 Days 2-10 Days Analysis & Integration Log Data Archiving Reporting Analysis Log Data Archiving Integration Reporting Processed Results 12-35 Total 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 , Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. Afte (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia)       .0 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 .5 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 .0 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 .5 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 .5 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 .5 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 .5 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 .0 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 .5 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 .5 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 .5 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 .5 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 .0 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 Formation Testing Su Current Workflow – Subjective QC of Dynamic Data12 13 14 15 16 17 Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)   0.15 36.00 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged Remarks y 22 Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary Current Workflow – Subjective QC of Dynamic Data 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary Results Formation Testing Summary Formation Pressure Pressure Stability Temp Temp Stability Pretest Vol. Drilled (psia) (psia/min) (deg F) (F/min) (cc) (hours)    36.00 Mobility (md/cp) Pressure Stdev (psia)  Mud Pres. Before (psia) Mud Pres. After (psia) ? Porosity 0.15 Flow rate (cc/sec)
New Automated Workflow - Objective QC of Data 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 rm. Depth, TVD Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Pr Stab (ft) (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.   0.50 1. A X,X697.0 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4. A XX,709.5 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2. A XX,721.0 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4. A XX,736.5 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2. B XX,870.5 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2. B XX,883.5 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2. B XX,886.5 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2. B XX,943.0 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1. B XX,957.5 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2. C XX,094.5 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2. C XX,116.5 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2. C XX,134.5 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2. C XX,148.0 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3. C XX,154.5 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1. C XX,162.5 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1. C XX,176.0 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2. C XX,189.0 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2. D XX,224.0 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3. D XX,234.5 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2. D XX,240.5 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2. Test Ratings & Remarks mation Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 rm. Depth, TVD Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Pr Stab (ft) (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.   0.50 1. A X,X697.0 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4. A XX,709.5 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2. A XX,721.0 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4. A XX,736.5 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2. B XX,870.5 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2. B XX,883.5 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2. B XX,886.5 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2. B XX,943.0 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1. B XX,957.5 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2. C XX,094.5 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2. C XX,116.5 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2. C XX,134.5 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2. C XX,148.0 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3. C XX,154.5 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1. C XX,162.5 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1. Test Ratings & Remarks mation Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 Testing Summary Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Press Stability Temp Stability Mobility Radius Invest Super charge (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.66 3.16 2.61 2.00 2.58   0.50 1.00 0.50 0.80 0.30 0.70 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.60 2.89 4.00 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2.80 4.00 4.00 3.95 4.00 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.46 2.75 4.00 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2.70 4.00 3.63 2.92 4.00 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2.11 2.48 2.93 2.22 3.66 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2.49 4.00 4.00 3.23 4.00 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2.38 2.87 1.85 1.15 0.35 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1.78 1.26 2.27 1.86 1.81 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2.25 2.24 2.54 2.01 2.62 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2.68 3.94 3.24 2.53 4.00 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2.37 2.49 4.00 3.43 4.00 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2.14 1.61 2.51 1.81 2.53 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3.30 4.00 1.71 1.00 0.06 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.90 0.19 0.00 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1.84 1.31 0.78 0.07 0.00 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2.28 2.23 1.82 1.11 0.26 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2.40 2.88 2.22 1.51 1.53 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3.70 4.00 1.65 0.94 0.00 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2.03 3.70 3.79 3.08 4.00 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2.35 2.24 3.18 2.48 4.00 4.03 4092.24 Valid Valid 2.32 1.95 2.29 2.04 2.61 1.90 2.68 4.11 4093.53 Valid Good 2.73 2.75 2.37 4.00 2.61 2.18 2.70 16.10 4094.46 Valid Good 3.21 3.17 2.48 4.00 3.21 2.50 4.00 0.03 4134.00 Supercharged Tight 0.55 0.00 0.82 1.75 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.73 4120.88 Supercharged Supercharged 1.01 0.89 1.26 0.00 1.86 1.15 0.44 0.16 4137.01 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.76 0.44 1.33 0.48 1.20 0.49 0.00 7.76 4115.30 Valid Good 3.08 3.40 2.64 3.73 2.89 2.26 3.57 2.56 4122.35 Valid Good 2.53 2.60 2.68 3.41 2.41 1.88 2.08 29.00 4148.59 Valid Good 3.17 2.75 2.57 3.27 3.46 2.93 4.00 Test Ratings & Comments Remarks Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Press Stability Temp Stability Mobility Radius Invest Super charge (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.66 3.16 2.61 2.00 2.58   0.50 1.00 0.50 0.80 0.30 0.70 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.60 2.89 4.00 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2.80 4.00 4.00 3.95 4.00 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.46 2.75 4.00 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2.70 4.00 3.63 2.92 4.00 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2.11 2.48 2.93 2.22 3.66 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2.49 4.00 4.00 3.23 4.00 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2.38 2.87 1.85 1.15 0.35 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1.78 1.26 2.27 1.86 1.81 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2.25 2.24 2.54 2.01 2.62 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2.68 3.94 3.24 2.53 4.00 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2.37 2.49 4.00 3.43 4.00 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2.14 1.61 2.51 1.81 2.53 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3.30 4.00 1.71 1.00 0.06 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.90 0.19 0.00 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1.84 1.31 0.78 0.07 0.00 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2.28 2.23 1.82 1.11 0.26 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2.40 2.88 2.22 1.51 1.53 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3.70 4.00 1.65 0.94 0.00 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2.03 3.70 3.79 3.08 4.00 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2.35 2.24 3.18 2.48 4.00 4.03 4092.24 Valid Valid 2.32 1.95 2.29 2.04 2.61 1.90 2.68 4.11 4093.53 Valid Good 2.73 2.75 2.37 4.00 2.61 2.18 2.70 16.10 4094.46 Valid Good 3.21 3.17 2.48 4.00 3.21 2.50 4.00 0.03 4134.00 Supercharged Tight 0.55 0.00 0.82 1.75 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.73 4120.88 Supercharged Supercharged 1.01 0.89 1.26 0.00 1.86 1.15 0.44 0.16 4137.01 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.76 0.44 1.33 0.48 1.20 0.49 0.00 7.76 4115.30 Valid Good 3.08 3.40 2.64 3.73 2.89 2.26 3.57 Test Ratings & Comments Remarks Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 New Automated Workflow - Objective QC of Data Testing Summary Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
Stability & Variance Measurements Linear Regression, Slope (psi/min), ± psi and Pstop 26 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Buildup Linear Regression 60 seconds Pstop ttp
Pretest Time Plots Log-Log Derivative Plots 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 1 Spherical Radial DP DP Spher t*dp/dt Radial t*dp/dt 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 100 200 300 400 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) t inv c tk r f   029.0 Van Poolen (1964) Radius of Investigation tpt t psdd inv c tM r f 029.0 27 tdd ddpf inv cP VC r f  029.0
Dynamic Wellbore Conditions Pbu  Pss Sandface pressure Pmh - Mud hydrostatic pressure Pf * - Far Field Formation Pressure Psc= (Pbu – Pf *)- Supercharge pressure 28
Automatic Rating System Special Cases, Limits & Comments Additional Comments Units Mud Set Overbal. psia < 20 Tight Msdd md/cp < 0.05 Low Perm Msdd md/cp < 0.5 Supercharged Psc Avg psia > 2.5 Msdd mc/cp < 0.5 Psc Avg psia > 2.5 Rating Low Perm & SC 29
Interval-D Automated Gradients & Contacts D PermeabilityLithology -2 -1 0 1 2 Pressure Depth Expected Variations 5.43 ± ft 1.06 ± psi ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.036 18.9% 0.5 1.00 0.085 15.4% 0.5 1.00 InputsGradient Saturations Pressure Contact Point 9251.78 ft 1.72 ± ft 0.32 ± psi Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft r2 ± psi/ft % 5 20.50 5.13 0.433 0.188 0.9879 0.024 12.5% 2 12.50 12.50 1.273 0.552 1.0000 0.000 0.0% Gradient Measurments Gradient Variances Statistics Pressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines Oil Sample Water Sample Oil SampleFT Press & Perm Data Points 30 XX,345.6
Interval-E Automated Gradient PermeabilityLithology SaturationsPressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft ± psi/ft % 10 64.50 7.17 1.086 0.471 0.009 1.9% Gradient Variances Gradient Measurments Statistics ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.010 2.2% 0.5 1.00 InputsGradient Expected Variations -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 PressurePressure Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines 31
4.39 ± ft 1.83 ± psi ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.047 13.5% 0.5 1.00 0.018 3.6% 0.5 1.00 Expected Variations InputsGradient Interval-G Automated Gradients & Contacts PermeabilityLithology SaturationsPressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Pressure -2 -1 0 1 2 Pressure Contact Point 10132 ft 2.08 ± ft 0.73 ± psi Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft r2 ± psi/ft % 3 18.50 9.25 0.804 0.349 0.9936 0.055 15.8% 4 52.10 17.37 1.109 0.481 1.0000 0.003 0.6% Gradient Measurments Gradient Variances Statistics Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines Oil Sample Water Sample 32 XX,789.0
Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Dynamic Testing • Dynamic Test data can be automatically & objectively analyzed • Commercial software is now available with these capabilities • Incorporated into workflows by operators • Improved efficiencies and savings are being realized • Leading to industry standards for reporting • Additional applications could include sampling & fluid ID 33
Testing Automation - What's Next ? Automatic Optimizing Test Control 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) 1 Qini Initial drawdown rate (cc/sec) 1 Vini Initial drawdown volume (cc) 0.1 Q 2 nd and 3 rd drawdown rate (cc/sec) 12.0 V 2nd and 3rd drawdown volume (cc) 290 tbu_max Maximum buildup time (sec) 0:19.49 Total Test Time (hours:min:sec) Results for Pretests Automatic Inputs 0.0360 sbu Measured stability (psi/min) 0.0305 sbu Theroy stability (psi/min) 8.72 rinv Radius of Investigation (ft) 0.01 sbu Buildup stability (psi/min) 2.5 Qcmax Maximum drawdown rate (cc/sec) 120.0 Tdd_max Max drawdown time (sec) 500 Pdd - Drawdown differential desired (psi) 1000 Pbp Drawdown limit (bubble point, psia) 60 tbu Stability time period (sec) 90 tbu_min Minimum buildup time (sec) Pretest Control Parameters 34
35 Your Feedback is Important Enter your section in the DL Evaluation Contest by completing the evaluation form for this presentation Visit SPE.org/dl Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl

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Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Formation Testing Dynamic Data

  • 1. 1 Mark Proett Aramco Services Company, Upstream Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Dynamic Testing Data Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
  • 2. Automated Interpretation Outline • Motivation & Objectives • Dynamic Measurement Technologies • Wireline & LWD Testing & Sampling • Current Work Flow • Automated Work Flow • Field Examples • Conclusions and What’s Next? 2
  • 3. Motivation for Testing - Results 3 It Depends? FormationAcademic Grade Product Rating 𝐽 = 𝑄 ∆𝑃 Q Flow Rate ∆𝑃 Pres Drop Productivity Index
  • 4. E. C. Johnston 1927 US Patent 1,709,940 “… has for its principal object to provide a simple and efficient means for accurately testing sands which are encountered during the drilling of the well.” 4
  • 5. Testing & Sampling – Technology spans 90 years 5
  • 6. Wireline Formation Testing 6 JPT October 1957Chambers 1954
  • 7. Wireline & LWD Formation Testing 7 Hypodermic 2-20cc
  • 8. FormationQ - Flow Rate P - Pressure Change Small Volume - Same Physics C k C M P Q j pf dd pf dd     j Localized PI Mdd Mobility Cpf Probe Coeff 8
  • 9. Wireline Formation Testers MDT 1989FT 1957 RFT 1974 9 RCI 1992 RDT 1998
  • 10. Wireline Formation Testers RDT OvalStraddle Packers 10 RDT Focused MDT SaturnRCX Focused MDT Focused
  • 11. Formation Testing While Drilling FTWD GeoTap IDS Halliburton 2010 TesTrak Baker Hughes 2003 StethoScope Schlumberger 2004 GeoTap Halliburton 2002 11 FASTrak Baker Hughes 2012
  • 12. Vertical Barrier Pressures gm/cc 0.67 0.67 0.62 0.65 0.67 Motivation Samples Chengli, et al., 2007 SPE 109683 Mobilities k/u md/cp High Cost • Tools • Rig-time • Risks Critical Data • Pressure • Perm • Fluid ID Specialists • Planning • Monitor • Analyze 12
  • 13. Formation Testing Tool Operations 13 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Drawdown Hydrostatic Pressure Pulse Pressure Gauge Pretest Chamber (5-10 cm3) Flow rate Qdd Packer Probe Equalization Valve Flowline Formation Testing Tool tp
  • 14. Formation Testing Tool Operations Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Drawdown Hydrostatic Flow rate Qdd tp Buildup P*  Pstop ddstopdd PPP  P Q C k M dd dd pf dd sdd    jC k M pf dd sdd   14
  • 15. Typical Pressure Transient Analysis 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Tim e (sec) 1 10 Pressure(psi) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Tim e (sec) 15
  • 16. Typical Pressure Transient Analysis 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 2 & 3 DP DP Rad Spher Spher Rad0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) Bourdet LogLog Derivative 1989 16
  • 17. Very Low Mobility Testing 0.01 md/cp Pretest Time Plots Log-Log Derivative Plots 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 1 Spherical Radial DP DP Spher t*dp/dt Radial t*dp/dt Version3, 4/15/2014 PressF9 to Update Calculations 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) 17
  • 19. Phase Change Example 19 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Below Bubble Point, Delayed Buildup
  • 20. New Automated Workflow Analysis Log Data Archiving Integration Reporting Processed Results Automated  Current Methods Operator  New Workflow Analysis & Integration Log Data Archiving Reporting Service Co.  Operator  20
  • 21. New Automated Workflow Automated  New WorkflowCurrent Methods 2-10 Days 8-25 Days Time Savings 0-2 Days 5-15 Days 2-10 Days Analysis & Integration Log Data Archiving Reporting Analysis Log Data Archiving Integration Reporting Processed Results 12-35 Total 21
  • 22. 5 6 7 8 9 10 , Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. Afte (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia)       .0 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 .5 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 .0 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 .5 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 .5 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 .5 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 .5 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 .0 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 .5 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 .5 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 .5 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 .5 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 .0 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 Formation Testing Su Current Workflow – Subjective QC of Dynamic Data12 13 14 15 16 17 Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)   0.15 36.00 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged Remarks y 22 Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
  • 23. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary Current Workflow – Subjective QC of Dynamic Data 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mobility Formation Pressure Pressure Stdev Pressure Stability Mud Pres. Before Mud Pres. After Temp Temp Stability Flow rate Pretest Vol. Porosity Drilled (md/cp) (psia) (psia) (psia/min) (psia) (psia) (deg F) (F/min) (cc/sec) (cc) f (hours)         0.15 36.00 39.60 3783.69 0.01 -0.001 4236.41 4236.60 178.8 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 459.00 3789.94 0.03 -0.016 4242.76 4242.81 179.3 -0.003 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 28.90 3795.67 0.00 0.000 4249.24 4248.46 180.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 42.90 3803.35 0.01 -0.020 4256.07 4255.94 180.1 -0.003 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 8.54 3905.05 0.26 -0.077 4319.76 4319.75 182.3 -0.004 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 115.00 3917.67 0.05 0.032 4326.20 4326.15 182.5 0.000 2 15 0.15 36 Valid 0.72 3921.21 0.16 0.042 4328.08 4327.78 182.6 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Low Perm 1.86 3994.11 4.06 0.167 4354.48 4354.66 183.8 0.005 1 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 3.48 3992.46 0.30 0.056 4360.79 4360.81 184.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 17.20 4024.88 0.24 0.021 4426.45 4426.47 185.0 0.001 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 138.00 4033.48 0.09 0.043 4437.33 4437.14 185.1 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 3.27 4075.65 0.83 0.072 4445.93 4445.94 185.3 0.011 2 20 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.51 4087.12 0.26 -0.005 4452.19 4452.43 185.7 -0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.08 4288.04 8.19 0.314 4455.16 4455.55 186.1 0.001 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.06 4211.80 9.45 -0.146 4458.94 4459.21 186.2 -0.012 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.66 4063.60 0.38 0.052 4465.38 4466.44 186.4 0.002 0.2 2 0.15 36 Valid 1.67 4077.00 0.30 0.040 4471.51 4472.45 186.8 0.005 0.5 5 0.15 36 Valid 0.45 4144.05 0.48 0.002 4487.86 4488.71 187.0 0.000 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 61.20 4090.72 0.36 0.094 4493.06 4493.27 187.2 0.001 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 15.30 4093.30 0.66 0.045 4495.70 4496.07 187.6 0.000 3 30 0.15 36 Valid 4.03 4092.24 0.53 0.051 4497.37 4497.71 187.8 0.010 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 4.11 4093.53 0.21 0.043 4499.82 4500.02 188.0 0.005 0.8 15 0.15 36 Valid 16.10 4094.46 0.13 0.033 4502.49 4502.85 188.1 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 0.03 4134.00 17.26 1.525 4506.84 4506.93 188.3 0.212 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.73 4120.88 1.79 0.546 4510.17 4512.55 188.4 0.005 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 0.16 4137.01 3.00 0.467 4514.01 4514.57 188.5 0.052 0.2 2 0.15 36 Supercharged 7.76 4115.30 0.10 0.023 4519.90 4519.60 188.6 0.000 1 12 0.15 36 Valid 2.56 4122.35 0.25 0.021 4525.10 4525.55 189.0 0.002 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 29.00 4148.59 0.21 0.027 4567.30 4567.67 189.3 0.004 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 11.10 4149.34 0.12 0.024 4569.45 4569.66 189.7 0.001 1.5 20 0.15 36 Valid 26.10 4151.28 0.07 0.001 4571.21 4571.34 189.7 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid 3.98 4154.25 0.04 0.008 4574.80 4574.42 190.0 0.000 1 15 0.15 36 Valid 3.88 4156.12 0.01 -0.001 4576.49 4576.73 190.3 0.000 1 20 0.15 36 Valid 6.54 4157.89 0.02 0.007 4577.49 4577.98 190.2 0.000 2 20 0.15 36 Valid Remarks Formation Testing Summary Results Formation Testing Summary Formation Pressure Pressure Stability Temp Temp Stability Pretest Vol. Drilled (psia) (psia/min) (deg F) (F/min) (cc) (hours)    36.00 Mobility (md/cp) Pressure Stdev (psia)  Mud Pres. Before (psia) Mud Pres. After (psia) ? Porosity 0.15 Flow rate (cc/sec)
  • 24. New Automated Workflow - Objective QC of Data 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 rm. Depth, TVD Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Pr Stab (ft) (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.   0.50 1. A X,X697.0 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4. A XX,709.5 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2. A XX,721.0 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4. A XX,736.5 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2. B XX,870.5 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2. B XX,883.5 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2. B XX,886.5 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2. B XX,943.0 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1. B XX,957.5 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2. C XX,094.5 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2. C XX,116.5 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2. C XX,134.5 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2. C XX,148.0 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3. C XX,154.5 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1. C XX,162.5 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1. C XX,176.0 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2. C XX,189.0 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2. D XX,224.0 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3. D XX,234.5 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2. D XX,240.5 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2. Test Ratings & Remarks mation Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 rm. Depth, TVD Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Pr Stab (ft) (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.   0.50 1. A X,X697.0 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4. A XX,709.5 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2. A XX,721.0 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4. A XX,736.5 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2. B XX,870.5 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2. B XX,883.5 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2. B XX,886.5 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2. B XX,943.0 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1. B XX,957.5 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2. C XX,094.5 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2. C XX,116.5 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2. C XX,134.5 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2. C XX,148.0 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3. C XX,154.5 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1. C XX,162.5 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1. Test Ratings & Remarks mation Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 Testing Summary Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
  • 25. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Press Stability Temp Stability Mobility Radius Invest Super charge (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.66 3.16 2.61 2.00 2.58   0.50 1.00 0.50 0.80 0.30 0.70 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.60 2.89 4.00 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2.80 4.00 4.00 3.95 4.00 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.46 2.75 4.00 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2.70 4.00 3.63 2.92 4.00 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2.11 2.48 2.93 2.22 3.66 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2.49 4.00 4.00 3.23 4.00 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2.38 2.87 1.85 1.15 0.35 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1.78 1.26 2.27 1.86 1.81 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2.25 2.24 2.54 2.01 2.62 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2.68 3.94 3.24 2.53 4.00 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2.37 2.49 4.00 3.43 4.00 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2.14 1.61 2.51 1.81 2.53 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3.30 4.00 1.71 1.00 0.06 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.90 0.19 0.00 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1.84 1.31 0.78 0.07 0.00 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2.28 2.23 1.82 1.11 0.26 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2.40 2.88 2.22 1.51 1.53 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3.70 4.00 1.65 0.94 0.00 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2.03 3.70 3.79 3.08 4.00 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2.35 2.24 3.18 2.48 4.00 4.03 4092.24 Valid Valid 2.32 1.95 2.29 2.04 2.61 1.90 2.68 4.11 4093.53 Valid Good 2.73 2.75 2.37 4.00 2.61 2.18 2.70 16.10 4094.46 Valid Good 3.21 3.17 2.48 4.00 3.21 2.50 4.00 0.03 4134.00 Supercharged Tight 0.55 0.00 0.82 1.75 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.73 4120.88 Supercharged Supercharged 1.01 0.89 1.26 0.00 1.86 1.15 0.44 0.16 4137.01 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.76 0.44 1.33 0.48 1.20 0.49 0.00 7.76 4115.30 Valid Good 3.08 3.40 2.64 3.73 2.89 2.26 3.57 2.56 4122.35 Valid Good 2.53 2.60 2.68 3.41 2.41 1.88 2.08 29.00 4148.59 Valid Good 3.17 2.75 2.57 3.27 3.46 2.93 4.00 Test Ratings & Comments Remarks Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mobility Formation Pressure Automatic QC Comments Ratings (4- 0) Pressure Stdev Press Stability Temp Stability Mobility Radius Invest Super charge (md/cp) (psia) Averages 2.73 2.77 2.66 3.16 2.61 2.00 2.58   0.50 1.00 0.50 0.80 0.30 0.70 39.60 3783.69 Valid High Quality 3.83 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.60 2.89 4.00 459.00 3789.94 Valid High Quality 3.68 4.00 2.80 4.00 4.00 3.95 4.00 28.90 3795.67 Valid High Quality 3.79 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.46 2.75 4.00 42.90 3803.35 Valid Good 3.50 4.00 2.70 4.00 3.63 2.92 4.00 8.54 3905.05 Valid Good 2.69 2.57 2.11 2.48 2.93 2.22 3.66 115.00 3917.67 Valid High Quality 3.54 4.00 2.49 4.00 4.00 3.23 4.00 0.72 3921.21 Low Perm Supercharged 1.94 2.99 2.38 2.87 1.85 1.15 0.35 1.86 3994.11 Supercharged Valid 1.61 0.18 1.78 1.26 2.27 1.86 1.81 3.48 3992.46 Valid Valid 2.39 2.44 2.25 2.24 2.54 2.01 2.62 17.20 4024.88 Valid Good 3.19 2.64 2.68 3.94 3.24 2.53 4.00 138.00 4033.48 Valid Good 3.26 3.49 2.37 2.49 4.00 3.43 4.00 3.27 4075.65 Supercharged Valid 2.12 1.56 2.14 1.61 2.51 1.81 2.53 0.51 4087.12 Supercharged Supercharged 2.18 2.57 3.30 4.00 1.71 1.00 0.06 0.08 4288.04 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.60 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.90 0.19 0.00 0.06 4211.80 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.83 0.00 1.84 1.31 0.78 0.07 0.00 0.66 4063.60 Valid Supercharged 1.71 2.24 2.28 2.23 1.82 1.11 0.26 1.67 4077.00 Valid Valid 2.20 2.44 2.40 2.88 2.22 1.51 1.53 0.45 4144.05 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 2.19 2.04 3.70 4.00 1.65 0.94 0.00 61.20 4090.72 Valid Good 3.10 2.29 2.03 3.70 3.79 3.08 4.00 15.30 4093.30 Valid Good 2.75 1.76 2.35 2.24 3.18 2.48 4.00 4.03 4092.24 Valid Valid 2.32 1.95 2.29 2.04 2.61 1.90 2.68 4.11 4093.53 Valid Good 2.73 2.75 2.37 4.00 2.61 2.18 2.70 16.10 4094.46 Valid Good 3.21 3.17 2.48 4.00 3.21 2.50 4.00 0.03 4134.00 Supercharged Tight 0.55 0.00 0.82 1.75 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.73 4120.88 Supercharged Supercharged 1.01 0.89 1.26 0.00 1.86 1.15 0.44 0.16 4137.01 Supercharged Low Perm & SC 0.76 0.44 1.33 0.48 1.20 0.49 0.00 7.76 4115.30 Valid Good 3.08 3.40 2.64 3.73 2.89 2.26 3.57 Test Ratings & Comments Remarks Testing Summary Weighting 0-1 New Automated Workflow - Objective QC of Data Testing Summary Mobility (md/cp) Formation Pressure (psia) Remarks
  • 26. Stability & Variance Measurements Linear Regression, Slope (psi/min), ± psi and Pstop 26 Pressure(psi) Time (sec) Buildup Linear Regression 60 seconds Pstop ttp
  • 27. Pretest Time Plots Log-Log Derivative Plots 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 Pressure(psi) t Time (sec) Pretest 1 Spherical Radial DP DP Spher t*dp/dt Radial t*dp/dt 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 100 200 300 400 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) t inv c tk r f   029.0 Van Poolen (1964) Radius of Investigation tpt t psdd inv c tM r f 029.0 27 tdd ddpf inv cP VC r f  029.0
  • 28. Dynamic Wellbore Conditions Pbu  Pss Sandface pressure Pmh - Mud hydrostatic pressure Pf * - Far Field Formation Pressure Psc= (Pbu – Pf *)- Supercharge pressure 28
  • 29. Automatic Rating System Special Cases, Limits & Comments Additional Comments Units Mud Set Overbal. psia < 20 Tight Msdd md/cp < 0.05 Low Perm Msdd md/cp < 0.5 Supercharged Psc Avg psia > 2.5 Msdd mc/cp < 0.5 Psc Avg psia > 2.5 Rating Low Perm & SC 29
  • 30. Interval-D Automated Gradients & Contacts D PermeabilityLithology -2 -1 0 1 2 Pressure Depth Expected Variations 5.43 ± ft 1.06 ± psi ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.036 18.9% 0.5 1.00 0.085 15.4% 0.5 1.00 InputsGradient Saturations Pressure Contact Point 9251.78 ft 1.72 ± ft 0.32 ± psi Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft r2 ± psi/ft % 5 20.50 5.13 0.433 0.188 0.9879 0.024 12.5% 2 12.50 12.50 1.273 0.552 1.0000 0.000 0.0% Gradient Measurments Gradient Variances Statistics Pressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines Oil Sample Water Sample Oil SampleFT Press & Perm Data Points 30 XX,345.6
  • 31. Interval-E Automated Gradient PermeabilityLithology SaturationsPressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft ± psi/ft % 10 64.50 7.17 1.086 0.471 0.009 1.9% Gradient Variances Gradient Measurments Statistics ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.010 2.2% 0.5 1.00 InputsGradient Expected Variations -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 PressurePressure Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines 31
  • 32. 4.39 ± ft 1.83 ± psi ± psi/ft % ± psi ± ft 0.047 13.5% 0.5 1.00 0.018 3.6% 0.5 1.00 Expected Variations InputsGradient Interval-G Automated Gradients & Contacts PermeabilityLithology SaturationsPressure Gradients Pressure Residuals Pressure -2 -1 0 1 2 Pressure Contact Point 10132 ft 2.08 ± ft 0.73 ± psi Points Interval Spacing # ft ft gm/cc psi/ft r2 ± psi/ft % 3 18.50 9.25 0.804 0.349 0.9936 0.055 15.8% 4 52.10 17.37 1.109 0.481 1.0000 0.003 0.6% Gradient Measurments Gradient Variances Statistics Measured Expected Fluid Contacts Variance CurvesGradient Points HighLow RatingsWater Oil Gradient Lines Oil Sample Water Sample 32 XX,789.0
  • 33. Automated Interpretation of Wireline and LWD Dynamic Testing • Dynamic Test data can be automatically & objectively analyzed • Commercial software is now available with these capabilities • Incorporated into workflows by operators • Improved efficiencies and savings are being realized • Leading to industry standards for reporting • Additional applications could include sampling & fluid ID 33
  • 34. Testing Automation - What's Next ? Automatic Optimizing Test Control 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 FlowRate(cc/sec) Pressure(psi) Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 Stability(psi) Time (sec) 1 Qini Initial drawdown rate (cc/sec) 1 Vini Initial drawdown volume (cc) 0.1 Q 2 nd and 3 rd drawdown rate (cc/sec) 12.0 V 2nd and 3rd drawdown volume (cc) 290 tbu_max Maximum buildup time (sec) 0:19.49 Total Test Time (hours:min:sec) Results for Pretests Automatic Inputs 0.0360 sbu Measured stability (psi/min) 0.0305 sbu Theroy stability (psi/min) 8.72 rinv Radius of Investigation (ft) 0.01 sbu Buildup stability (psi/min) 2.5 Qcmax Maximum drawdown rate (cc/sec) 120.0 Tdd_max Max drawdown time (sec) 500 Pdd - Drawdown differential desired (psi) 1000 Pbp Drawdown limit (bubble point, psia) 60 tbu Stability time period (sec) 90 tbu_min Minimum buildup time (sec) Pretest Control Parameters 34
  • 35. 35 Your Feedback is Important Enter your section in the DL Evaluation Contest by completing the evaluation form for this presentation Visit SPE.org/dl Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl