Automatic dustbin ystem
- 1. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRRODUCTION The basic function of a automatic dustbin system is to use hands using an electric source. Hand hygiene is a very important aspect in preventing spread of communicable diseases. Since many disease-caused by germs spread through touch, automatic system were devised so that people can safe their hands without actually touching the roll of towel available for common use in public restrooms. dustbin machines not only help in maintaining hygiene, but also help in reducing waste produced by the use of wastage. Some years back, these devices were switched on using a button. When the button was pressed, the device started blowing garbage. But nowadays automatic dustbin machine have infrared motion sensors installed in them. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for garbage. Similarly, it automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the machine, thereby preventing wastage of electricity. circuit is activated by a hand machine using a sensor, a hybrid of chromium and nickel. The machine is then blown out of the device through a tube or a vent facing downwards. Hands are placed in the path of machine coming out of hand for machine. The warmth and pressure of machine coming out of the dustbin machine is sufficient to evaporate machine from wet hands. ds. Traditional automatic dustbin need around 45 seconds to come tap, whereas new-age machines take around 15 seconds to do this task.
- 2. 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The transmission of bacteria and other micro-organisms is most likely to occur from wet skin than from dry skin. Careful dustbin machine is a critical factor determining the level of touch-contact associated bacterial transfer following hand washing. Hence, the proper dustbin machine of hands should be an integral component of effective hand hygiene procedures in health care settings. Cloth towel, paper towel and electric handdustbin machine are commonly used to dry washed hands. Although there is wide consensus that hand dustbin machine is an essential part of hand hygiene process, there is much less consensus regarding the most effective method of hand machine in terms of hand hygiene in health care settings. 1.2.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Automatic dustbin have been popular and more economical in many homes, automatic dustbin can cut cost by 99.5% (for example a company may spend 500,000 per year on paper machine, where as the hand machine expenditure would be as low as 30,000 per year. This would vary due to cost of machine .Also, due to the reduction in liter and waste in comparison with machine, which cannot be recycled, automatic dustbin are also claimed to be better for the environment . Automatic dustbin are more hygienic compared to a towel. It does not require close contact before it commences its operation neither does it require washing after use.
- 3. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this project is to construct a machine that will automatically come up the wetness of a hand, when those hand are placed before it. 1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The automatic dustbin machine is operated automatically using a sensor called light dependent resistor (LDR). The LDR operates whenever it senses darkness or shadow in the absence of light. The resistance of the LDR is reduced whenever it experiences darkness thereby allowing the flow of electric current through it. Thus, this project is limited to a light dependent resistor, there are other type of sensor used in the modification of an automatic dustbin made machine.
- 4. COMPENENTS Fig: 2.1 Block diagram power supply system • transformer • rectifier • filter • regulator sensor switch Relay driver Solenoid tap
- 5. POWER SUPPLY UNIT 3.1 INTRODUCTION: As we all know any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the source of power. So in the fast moving world, we deliberately need a properpower source which will be apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic components starting from diode to Intel IC’s only work with a dc supply ranging from -+5v to -+12v. We are utilizing for the same , the cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230v-50hz and stepping down, rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM: The Block diagram of the Regulated power supply is as shown below. Fig:3.2 Block diagram of power supply system 3.3 TRANSFORMER
- 6. A transformer is a stationary electric machine which transfers eletrical energy (power)from one voltage level to another voltage level Fig: 3.3 Transformer 3.3.1 Step down transformer When the ac is applied to the primary winding of the transformer it can be either stepped down or up depending on the value of dc needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230v ac appears 12v ac across the secondary winding one alternation of input causes the top of the transformer to be positive and bottom negative. The next alternation will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of transformer is used in our project is 2amps. Apart from stepping down ac voltages it gives isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries. Fig:3.3.1 step down transformer 3.4 RECTIFER UNIT:
- 7. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which is in only one direction, a process known as rectification. BRIDGE RECTIFIER: Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier circuit above, is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output. The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below. Fig:3.4 Bridge rectifier circuit
- 8. The Positive Half-cycle: The Negative Half-cycle: 3.5 FILTER UNIT: Filter circuits which are usually capacitors acting as a surge arresters always follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupled capacitor or a by passing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the dc to appear at the output. Capacitor c1(1000µf/25v) is used for the reduction of ripples from pulsating.
- 9. 3.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR: A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Fig: 3.6 Voltage regulator 7805 series ICs do not require any additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical, and also efficient uses of circuit board real estate. By contrast, most other voltage regulators require several additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switching power supply) can require not only a large number of components but also substantial engineering expertise to implement correctly as well.
- 10. RELAYS 4.1 INTRODUCTION: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches. • Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical. Fig: 4.1 Relay
- 11. Fig 4.2 Circuit symbol for a relay Working : When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts the armature , and the consequent movement of the movable contacts either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact.
- 12. CONCLUSION The project dustbin controlling system” has been successfully designed and tested. This is low cost project can be used to controlling dustbin by using sensors. It is positioned to continue leading the industry with innovative, low cost, high performance for a growing number of applications. It can be used insteps of dustbin packets so that plastic which is a atmosphere hazard will be reduced. This technique can be used in industries for controlling the dustbin etc