Automatic Hydroponics Farming System with Image Processing Based Smart Nutrients System

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 203
Automatic Hydroponics Farming System with Image Processing Based
Smart Nutrients System
Dhruvkumar Sanjaybhai Patel1, Prof. Harsh Shastri2
1 Student, Dept. of I.C Engineering, L.D college of Engineering, Gujarat, India
2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of I.C Engineering, L.D college of Engineering, Gujarat, India
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Abstract - This project presents an automated irrigation
system for Hydroponic farmingbasedonIoTsensorswhich are
integrated with plant lifecycle monitoring through image
processing Hydroponic farming is the technique of plant
cultivation without using the soil. This technique ensures that
the plant receives all nutrientsfromthewater-solublenutrient
solution and doesn't need to grow extensive root systems to
obtain the nutrients they need are circulating hydroponic
system can conserve up to 85% water compared to standard
farming making it good for theenvironment. Irrigationsystem
is integrated with nutrients system. To operate nutrients
system, one should have expertise in botany science which is
not available to local farmers so we are developing a software
that used image processing to comment on plant lifecycle
status based on controller will be decided to the amount of
nutrients should supply this process makes the irrigation
system and nutrients system automatic and can be done by
ruler farmer without the need of learning botany in depth.
Key Words: Automatic Hydroponic farming, IOT, PLC,
Image Processing.
1.INTRODUCTION
The Greek words "hydro" (which means water) and"ponos"
(which means labour) are the roots of the word
"hydroponics." A new farming method called hydroponics
produces crops without the use of soil via nutrientsolutions.
To survive, humans need a living environment, food, and
water.
Automatic hydroponics farming system with image
processing-based smart nutrients system is an advanced
approach to growing plants without the use of soil.
Hydroponic systems are becoming increasingly popular due
to their numerous advantages over traditional soil-based
agriculture they offer precise control over environmental
factors reduce water usage and can increase crop yield and
quality.
As developments in sensors and processors continue to
present more chances to automate, automation has gaineda
stronger foot hold around the world.
The proposed system employs image processing to analyze
the plant's growth and determine their nutrient
requirements. A camera captures images of the plants at
regular intervals and image processing algorithms analyze
the images to identify various growth parameters such as
plant height, leaf area, and color. Based on this analysis the
system automatically adjusts the nutrient supply to ensure
that the plants always receive optimal nutrition.
The system is also fully automated reducing the need for
manual intervention and making it ideal for large-scale
commercial operations. The smart nutrient system ensures
that the plants receive the nutrients they need when they
need them resulting in healthier plants and higher yields.
Automatic hydroponics farming system with image
processing-based smart nutrients system is an innovative
solution that combines the benefits of hydroponics with
advanced technology to produce healthy, high-quality crops
with minimal environmental impact.
1.1 What is hydroponics?
Hydroponics is a branch of hydro culture, which is a method
of growing plants without using soil i.e., replacing it with a
controlled nutrient water source.
The plants maybegrown with only their roots exposedtothe
mineral solution or the roots
Maybe supported by inert medium, such as NPK (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and Potassium).
In this project have focused on ways of conducting
hydroponic farming using a compact modular setup with
least possible methods of treatment.
2. RELATED WORK
Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation technique that provides
plants with a nutrient-rich water solution, allowing them to
grow in a controlled environment. Several hydroponic
systemsarecommonlyused,eachofferinguniqueadvantages
and limitations. Here, we will review three popular
hydroponic systems: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Deep
Water Culture (DWC), and Drip Irrigation.
Hydroponics is a type of agriculture that involves growing
plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water instead. This
method of farming has becomeincreasinglypopularinrecent

years, particularly in urbanareas where space for traditional
farming methods is limited.
The concept of hydroponics has been around for centuries,
with early examples dating back to the ancient Babylonians
and Aztecs. However, it wasn't until the 20th century that
modern hydroponic systems began to emerge, using
advanced technology and techniques to optimize plant
growth.
Fig -1 : Hydroponic Farming System of Structure Design
The main advantage of hydroponic farming is that it allows
for precise control over growing conditions, including
nutrient levels, pH, and temperature. This can lead to faster
growth rates, higher yields, and better-quality produce
compared to traditional farming methods. Additionally,
hydroponic systems use less water than traditional farming
methods and can be set up in a variety of locations, from
urban rooftops to indoor facilities.
Hydroponic farming has the potential to revolutionize the
way we grow food, offering a sustainable and efficient
solution to the challenges of modern agriculture.
3. METHODOLOG
3.1 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is a type of hydroponic
farming system that is popular for growing crops with short
growth cycles, In an NFT system; plants are grown in
channels or troughs that are slightly tilted to allow athinfilm
of nutrient-rich water to flow over the roots of the plants.
NFT is a hydroponic system where a thin film of nutrient
solution continuously flows over the roots of the plants. The
roots are placed in channels or gutters with a slight
downward slopeto allow the nutrientfilmtoflow.Theexcess
solution is collected, reoxygenated, and recalculated to
maintain a constant flow.
Fig -2: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
The nutrient solution flows over the roots; it delivers the
necessary nutrients to theplantswhilealsoprovidingoxygen
and removing wasteproducts. Theexcessnutrientsolutionis
collected at the end of the channel and returned to the
reservoir for recirculation.
NFT systems require careful monitoring of the nutrient
solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) to ensure that
plants receive the correct balance of nutrients. Temperature
and humidity levels must also bemaintainedwithinaspecific
range to promote optimal plant growth.
The Nutrient Film Technique is a popular and effective
hydroponic farming system for producing high yields of
healthy and nutritious plants.
Advantages
Water and nutrient efficiency: NFT systems are highly
efficient in their use of water and nutrients.
Space-saving: NFT systems can be set up in small spaces,
making them ideal for users who have limited land or indoor
space. This makes them suitable forurban farmingand other
situations where space is at a premium.
Reduced use of pesticides: Since NFT systems are typically
grown indoors or in controlled environments, they are less
susceptible to pests and diseases. This means that users can
reduce their use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals.
Low maintenance: NFT systems require less maintenance
compared to traditional farming methods. They do not
require tilling, weeding, or other labor-intensive tasks,
making them easier to manage for users.
Efficient use of water and nutrients: The thin film of
nutrient solution provides a highly efficient nutrient uptake
for the plants.
Oxygenation of roots: The exposed roots in the film receive
ample oxygen, promoting healthy growth.

Suitable for smaller plants: NFT is ideal for smaller plants
with shallow root systems, such as lettuce and herbs.
Space-efficient: The design of NFT systems allows for high
plant density, making itsuitable forcommercialapplications.
Limitations
Limited crop selection: They may not be as effective for
crops that require longer growing periods or have deeper
root systems.
Nutrient balance: The nutrient solution in NFT systems
must be carefully monitored and adjusted to ensure that the
plants receive the correct balance of nutrients.
Nutrient imbalances: The continuous flow of nutrient
solution canlead to pH and nutrient imbalances if notclosely
monitored and managed.
Power supply: NFT systems require a reliable source of
electricity to power the water pump and other components.
Susceptibility to system failures: If the flow of the nutrient
film is disrupted, it can cause rapid plant stress and damage.
Limited suitability for larger plants: NFT may not provide
sufficient support for larger plants with extensive root
systems.
3.2 Deep Water Culture (DWC)
DWC is a hydroponic system in which plant roots are
submerged in a nutrient-rich solution. The roots are
supported by floating platforms or net pots, allowingthemto
access the solution.
An air pump or diffuser provides oxygenation to the solution
to prevent root rot. OxygenationiscriticalinDWCsystems,as
plants require oxygen to survive and grow. Air stones or
other aeration devices are typically used to ensure that the
nutrient solution is properly oxygenated.
Fig -2 : Deep Water Culture (DWC)
Deep Water Culture is a simple and efficient hydroponic
farming system that is well-suited for home gardeners and
hobbyists. With proper maintenance and monitoring, DWC
systems can produce high yields of cropsina relativelysmall
space. However, it is important to beawareofthelimitations
of the system and select crops that are well-suited for this
type of hydroponic farming.
Advantages
Efficient nutrient uptake: DWC systems allow plants to
directly access a nutrient-rich solution, resulting in faster
and more efficient nutrient uptake. This can lead to faster
growth rates and higher yields compared to traditional soil-
based farming methods.
Optimal oxygenation: DWC systems provide optimal
oxygenation to the root zone, which is critical for plant
growth and development.
Low water usage: DWC systems uselesswatercomparedto
traditional soil-based farming methods, making them more
environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
Low maintenance: DWC systems do not need soil
preparation or ongoing monitoring, hence they require less
maintenance than conventional soil-based farming
techniques. Lower lab our expenses and more profitability
may result from this.
Simple setup: DWC systems are relativelyeasytosetupand
require minimal equipment.
Excellent oxygenation: The roots are constantly immersed
in oxygenated water, promoting rapid growth and high
yields.
Suitable for a wide range of plants: DWC can
accommodate both smaller and larger plants, making it
versatile for various crops.
Good water and nutrient retention: The large volume of
water in DWC systems helps maintain stable nutrient
concentrations.
Limitations
Increased risk of root diseases: If the oxygenation is
insufficient or water quality is poor, root diseases can occur.
Challenging pH and nutrient management: The nutrient
solution in DWC systems requires frequent monitoring and
adjustment to maintain optimal pH and nutrient levels.
High water usage: DWC systems may require more water
compared to other hydroponic systems due to the large
volumes required to immerse the roots.

4. Image Capture Robotic Structure
At the top of the system, there is a robotic structure made of
aluminum and iron sticks. This structure incorporates
pulleys on two sides, along with silicon packing, which
ensure smooth movement.
Fig -3: Working of Image Capture Robotic
A fibred rope is bound with the robot using an aluminum
sliding door mechanism that enables free sliding along the
railing. The movement of the rope is actuated by a 12 RPM,
12-volt DC motor connected individually with a power
adapter. This one-axis robot is controlled by an ESP32 CAM,
which provides the necessary functionalityforcontrollingits
movement.
Hardware Setup: Connect the camera module to the ESP32-
CAM board using the camera interface. Ensure that the
connections are secure.
Programming: Write the firmware or code for the ESP32
microcontroller. You can use the Arduino IDE or ESP-IDF to
program the ESP32. The code should include instructions to
initialize the camera module and configure it for capturing
images.
Image Capture: Once the firmware is uploaded to theESP32,
it can start capturing images. You can trigger image capture
by sending a command to the ESP32 or by setting up a
specific interval for capturing images automatically.
Image Processing: After capturing an image, the ESP32 can
perform various processing tasks such as image filtering,
resizing, or applying algorithms for image recognition or
object detection. The processing capabilities depend on the
complexity of the algorithms implemented and theavailable
resources on the ESP32.
Image Transmission: Once the image is captured and
processed, it can be transmitted over the Wi-Fi connection.
You can choose to send the image to a remote server, save it
on an SD card, or stream it to a connected device such as a
Google drive and computer.
Control Mechanism: Depending on the design of your robot,
you may have additional components such as motors or
sensors. These components can be controlled by the ESP32
to move the robot, adjust the camera angle, orperformother
actions based on the captured images.
4.1. Output of google drive image
5. MicroLogix 1200 PLC Controllers for working
This project, we have used Allen Bradley MicoLogix 1200
trainer kit as PLC Controller. The Allen-Bradley M 1200 is a
compact and modular programmable logic controller (PLC)
manufactured by Rockwell Automation. It belongs to the
Micro800 series and is designed for small to medium-sized
industrial applications.
Fig -4: PLC Trainer Kit
The M 1200 features a compact design that allows it to fit
into tight spaces. It offers modular expansion options,
enabling users to customize their system configurationsand
accommodate future upgrades.ThePLCsupportsa varietyof

embedded I/O modules, including digital, analog, and
specialty options, facilitating connectivity with sensors and
actuators.
Program the controller using the Allen-Bradley
programming software, the MicroLogix 1200 controller is
programmed to monitor the sensor data and control the
system accordingly. The programming can be done using
ladder logic, function block diagrams, or structured text.
The automated hydroponic farming system is monitored
regularly to ensure that it is functioningcorrectly.Anyissues
that arise are addressed promptly to avoid damage to the
plants or system.
5.1 Control Panel
The MicroLogix 1200 PLC Controllers can be used as the
central control unit for the hydroponic farming system's
control panel. The control panel typically includes a
combination of input devices, such as toggle switches, push
buttons, and sensors, and output devices, such as relays,
lights, and motors.
The PLC program can be designed to read input signalsfrom
the various input devices and process them to control the
output devices.
For example, the program can read the sensor values to
determine the nutrient levels and adjust the nutrient dosing
accordingly using the output relays. Similarly, the program
can control the water flow to the plants by turning the water
pump on/off based on the input from the water level sensor.
The PLC Controllers for the hydroponic farming system's
control panel can provide a flexible and efficient solutionfor
controlling and monitoringthevariousaspectsofthesystem.
Fig -5: Control Panel
The code of the plc is based on timers, MOV instruction, LIM
instruction, toggle switch and push buttons as the input.
5.2 PLC Control Panel specifications
INPUT NO. INPUT OUTPUT NO. OUTPUT
I0 Stop
Hydroponics
O0 Green Light
I1 Start
Hydroponics
O1 Motor
I6 Stop
(Expansion)
O6 Yellow Light
I7 Start
(Expansion)
O7 Light Yellow
Light
I8 Master Reset O8 RED Light
I 12 Float Switch O9 Buzzer
I 13 Bypass Buzzer
Table 1: Control Panel
5.3 PLC Code Explanation
In this PLC program, each input and output have a specific
purpose and function.
Input Signals
I0: "Stop Hydroponics" - This input is used to signal theneed
to stop the hydroponics system.
I1: "Start Hydroponics" - When activated, this input initiates
the start of the hydroponics system. The System runs for 30
minutes ON and 30 minutes OFF, and the system runs until
and unless resented using I0.
I6: "Stop (Expansion)" - This input is associated with
stopping an expansion module or additional functionality.
I7: "Start (Expansion)" - When activated, this input starts an
expansion module or additional functionality.
I8: "Master Reset" - This input triggers a master reset,
typically used to reset the entire system.
I12: "Float Switch" - This input is connected to a floatswitch,
which detects the liquid level or presence of liquid. If the
water level is less than defined value a buzzer is runged
I13: "Bypass Buzzer" - This input indicates whether to
bypass or disable the buzzer function.
Output Signals
O0: "Green Light" - This output activates a green light as an
indicator when the hydroponics system is running

O1: "Motor" - When activated, this output controls a motor
that is part of the hydroponics system.
O6: This output activates a YellowLightasanindicatorwhen
the additional system is running.
O7: This output activates a Light-YellowLightasanindicator
when the additional system is Stopped.
O8: This output activates a RED Light as an indicator when
the system is resented.
O9: This output activates a Buzzer as an indicator when the
water level is low.
6. Results
Fig -6: Final Image Capture
6.1 Calculation of leaf area by image processing method
and plotting a growth graph
Fig-7: Leaf area Calculator GUI
Fig -8: View of The Leaf and Its area
Fig -9: Plot of area calculated of sample leaf

7. Conclusion
In conclusion, the implemented automatic hydroponics
farming system, featuring a PLC controller, an automatic
robot for image capture, and a Python-based application for
leaf area calculation and graph plotting, presents a
comprehensive solution for monitoring and managing plant
growth. The integration of hydroponics methodologyallows
for efficient water and nutrient delivery, ensuring optimal
plant development. The PLC controller acts as the central
control unit, orchestrating the water and nutrition supplyto
the plants, as well as providing essential measurements and
adjustments to maintain an ideal growing environment.The
inclusion of an automatic robot equipped with a camera
further enhances the system's capabilities. By capturing
photos of the plants at regular intervals and uploading them
to Google Drive, the system enables remote monitoring of
plant growth. This integration of the InternetofThings(IoT)
technology adds convenience and accessibility to the
monitoring process. The Python-based applicationservesas
a powerful tool for data analysis and visualization. By
calculating the leaf area from the captured images, it
provides valuable insights into plant growth and system
efficiency. The generated graphs offer a clearrepresentation
of the growth trends, aiding in decision-making and
performance evaluation.
Looking ahead, the suggested future enhancement of
incorporating machinelearningforreal-timemonitoringand
area calculation of the entire plant bush holds tremendous
potential. By leveraging live camera feeds and advanced
algorithms, the system can offer up-to-the-minute
information on plant growth and health, facilitating
proactive decision-making and precisesystemmanagement.
Overall, this implemented system demonstrates the
successful integration of multiple technologies to create an
automated hydroponics farming solution. It showcases the
benefits of combining robotics, IoT, and data analysis for
effective plant cultivation and optimization of agricultural
practices. With further advancements and refinements, this
system has the potential to revolutionize modern farming
methods and contribute to sustainable agriculture.
8. REFERENCES
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