Avit final thesis doc

AN ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION’S
CONTRIBUTION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
POLICY
CASE OF KARAGWE DISTRICT, TANZANIA
AVIT THEOPHIL
MPA (DL) 312/ 0417
A Research project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award
of Master Degree in Public Administration
Mount Kenya University
JUNE, 2015

ii
DECLARATION
I, Avit Theophil do hereby declare that this project document is my own work. It has never
been represented elsewhere except to MKU for partial fulfillment for the award of a Master‟s
degree in Public Administration and Management.
Name: Avit Theophil
Signature:
Date: 7/07/2015
This work has been Submitted with Our approval as a supervisors.
Name of Supervisor: Dr. Juda Leonard Msaki
Signature:
Date: 7/07/2015
Name of Supervisor: Mr. John Momanyi Ongubo
Signature:
Date: 12/03/2015

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Of all, I thank the Lord, God for keeping me healthy and physically fit. Also I acknowledge
my internal and external supervisors upon this work, John Momanyi Ongubo (PhD Scholar)
and Dr. Juda Leonard Msaki for their hearty effort during all my consultation period. My
sincerely thanks to Post Graduate Coordinator at MKU, Dr Joyce Gikandi for her full
academic support that she has been providing to me and I also acknowledge kind, resource
and technical support that I have received from my line manager, Dr. Livingstone
(SAWAKA Executive Director). And finally, I do appreciate workmate and best friends at
SAWAKA who encouraging me while taking this study, Iman G. Masenge (Programs
Officer Technical), Frank Fallon (ICS UK volunteers), Fadhila Hussein (Assistance
Programs Officer), Ruth Hole (Community Social Mobiliser Officer), Theonest Kashushura
(Finance Manager), Evelyne Rwechungura (ICS TZ volunteer), Elvis Chuwa (ICS TZ
Volunteer), Libertha Charles (Admnistrator), Mzee Nekemia Kazimoto (Chairman-
SAWAKA), Mzee C.K Nsherenguzi (Vice Chairperson-SAWAKA), Mr. Boas Kaitaba
(Project Advisor-SAWAKA), Imisa Masinjila (ICS VSO Manager), just to mention a few.
Last but not list, I thank my wife Mary Urio as well as Theophil Mussa family for their
tireless effort to support me academically until this time.
Thank you all who have contributed in one way or another and your names didn‟t appear in
this acknowledgement section but your contributions are seriously appreciated.
Thank you and God bless you all!

iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................viii
ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................ ix
DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS USED............................................................................... x
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background of the study ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 General Objectives ................................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 Specific Objectives................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Justification of the Study................................................................................................. 8
1.7 Significance of the study................................................................................................. 9
1.8 Scope of the Study........................................................................................................... 9
1.9 Assumptions of the Study ............................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................... 10
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Theoretical Literature Review....................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Behavioral Theory on Child Development............................................................. 10
2.1.2. Social Child Development Theories...................................................................... 11
2.1.3. Public Administration Theory ............................................................................... 11
2.2 Empirical Literature ...................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Awareness creation by national NGOs................................................................... 14
2.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation..................................................................................... 16

v
2.2.3 Surveys by national NGOs ..................................................................................... 16
2.4 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 17
2.5 Research Ethics Considerations .................................................................................... 18
2.6 Research gaps................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................... 20
3.0 Introduction................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Research Design............................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Target Population of the study ...................................................................................... 20
3.3 Sampling procedures and sampling Techniques ........................................................... 21
3.4 Sample Size................................................................................................................... 21
3.5 Data Collection Methods............................................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Surveys ................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2 Questionnaires ........................................................................................................ 22
3.6. Validation and Reliability of Instruments .................................................................... 22
3.6.1 Instrument‟s Validity.............................................................................................. 23
3.6.2 Instrument‟s Reliability.......................................................................................... 23
3.7 Data Analysis techniques and procedures..................................................................... 24
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATIONS AND
PRESENTATIONS............................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 Response Rate......................................................................................................... 25
4.1.2 Reliability Analysis ................................................................................................ 25
4.2 Demographic Information............................................................................................. 26
4.3 Awareness Creation....................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation............................................................................................ 31
4.5 Surveys Conducted By NGOs....................................................................................... 34
4.6 Implementation of Child Development Policy.............................................................. 36
4.7 Regression Analysis ...................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................... 40
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 40

vi
5.2 Discussion of The Findings........................................................................................... 40
5.2.1 Awareness Creation................................................................................................ 40
5.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation..................................................................................... 40
5.2.3 Surveys Conducted By NGOs ................................................................................ 41
5.2.4 Implementation of Child Development Policy....................................................... 41
5.3 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 42
5.4 Study Recommendations............................................................................................... 43
5.5 Recommendation for further studies............................................................................. 43
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 44
Appendix I: Questionnaire .................................................................................................. 48

vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. 1: The table below shows the total population of study ........................................... 20
Table 3.2: The Table below Shows Sample Size Of Study.................................................... 21
Table 3.3: Cronbach‟s Alpha reliability coefficient table....................................................... 24
Table 4.1: Response rate......................................................................................................... 25
Table 4.2: Reliability Analysis ............................................................................................... 25
Table 4.2: Gender distribution................................................................................................ 26
Table 4.2: Age Category......................................................................................................... 26
Table 4.2: Length of Service in the Organization................................................................... 27
Table 4.2: Level of education ................................................................................................. 28
Table 4.1: Creation of Awareness by NGOs .......................................................................... 29
Table 4.2: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation .............. 29
Table 4.2: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation .............. 30
Table 4.2: Effects of Monitoring and Evaluation on Policy Implementation......................... 31
Table4.2: Extent to Which Monitoring and Evaluation Influence Policy Implementation .... 31
Table 4.2: Influence Monitoring and Evaluation on Child Development Policy ................... 32
Table 4.2: Effects of surveys on implementation of child development policy ..................... 34
Table 4.2: Influence Surveys on the Implementation of Child Development Policy............. 34
Table 4.2: Influence of Surveys by NGOs on Child Development Policy............................. 35
Table 4.2: Statements Relating To Implementation of Child Development Policy ............... 36
Table 4.15: Model summary................................................................................................... 37
Table 4.16: Analysis of Variance............................................................................................ 37
Table 4.18: Table of Coefficients ........................................................................................... 38

viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Theoretical frame work ........................................................................................ 12
Figure 2. 2. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 18
Figure 4.1: Gender distribution............................................................................................... 26
Figure 4.2: Age category......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4.3: Length of Service ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 4.4: Level Of Education .............................................................................................. 28

ix
ABBREVIATIONS
MVC : Most Vulnerable Children
MVCC : Most Vulnerable Children Committee
NGO : Non Governmental Organization
OVC : Orphans and Vulnerable Children
UN : United Nations
SAWAKA : Saidia Wazee Karagwe
UNECOSOC : United Nations Economic and Social Council
MOH : Ministry of Health
DPI : Department of Public Information
WTO : World Trade Organization
WB : World Bank
USAID : U.S. Agency for International Development
AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
GDP : Gross Domestic Products
MKU : Mount Kenya University
CSO : Civil Society Organization
DPI : Department of Public Administration
MDGs : Millennium Development Goals

x
DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS USED
According to Child development policy (1996) the term child development refers to
provision and strengthening of material and child care, immunization and preventive health,
implementation of water projects, environmental sanitation campaigns, establishment and
strengthening of feeding posts and day care centers, establishment of pre-schools,
establishment and care of playgrounds and provision of primary education for all. Hence
briefly child development mean provision of comprehensive service to child for her social
wellbeing which may include education, social protection to the child, health and care,
shelter, economic strengthening and psychological support.
Policy Public policy is the action taken by government to address a particular public issue.
Local, state, federal, and international government organizations all craft and implement
public policy to protect and benefit their populations. (Kettl, Donald and Fessler, J. 2009)
Public policy is the action taken by government to address a particular public issue. Local,
state, federal, and international government organizations all craft and implement public
policy to protect and benefit their populations (Casey, 2004)
Policy actors is an entity that enacts a certain policy action (Casey, 2004)
Private sectors the part of the national economy that is not under direct state control.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Legal Advocacy refers to representation by legally qualified advocates, usually barristers or
solicitors. (Oxford Dictionary)
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) refers to a process through which
stakeholders at various levels engage in monitoring or evaluating a particular project,
program or policy, share control over the content, the process and the results of the M&E
activity and engage in taking or identifying corrective actions it focuses on the active
engagement of primary stakeholders. (World Bank, 2013)
Civic education means all the processes that affect people's beliefs, commitments,
capabilities, and actions as members or prospective members of communities. (Malpas, J.
2013)

xi
On job training and development refers to a method of preparing an employee to perform a
task by providing them with information about the task, a demonstration of its performance,
an opportunity for the employee to imitate the demonstration and subsequent feedback.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Non Governmental Organization normally refers to organizations that are neither a part of
a government nor conventional for-profit businesses (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Child development refers to the various stages of physical, social, and psychologic growth
that occur from birth through young adulthood (Oxford Dictionary)

xii
ABSTRACT
This study focused on the NGO‟s roles as private actors in implementation of child
development policy Tanzania, the case of study was conducted in Karagwe district. In a
mainly qualitative investigation, empirical data from vulnerable children village committees,
managers of registered NGOs, department of social welfare and police officers were
interviewed. The total samples of 57 respondents were involved in this study. The rationale
behind the use of this identified group is to enhance the quality of research and get relevant
information in Karagwe district, was collected by means of individual interviews a n d
questionnaires. Theoretical research also formed part of the literature review, thus
theories: Behavioral Theory on Child Development, Public Administration Theory, and
Social Learning Theory is the bases by which the researcher deduced the problem. This was
be done to shed light on the role of the NGO‟s in the implementation of child development
policy. Perceptions of NGO leaders and child development committee in the selected regions
regarding the child development policy implementation were collected by means of a survey.
Fifty seven questionnaires are expected to be completed by employees from selected NGO‟s
and committees, and interviews were conducted with either the project leader or a member of
the senior management team of each NGO. The qualitative data was analyzed in accordance
with accepted procedures for qualitative data processing and that of quantitative were
analyzed statistically. Findings of the study were presented in tables and graphs with more
illustrations on the findings presented. The findings enabled the researcher to make
conclusions and recommendations to come up with a solution that could prevent the
prevailing problems. The study revealed that NGOs, through community education, can
awaken latent local champions that would act as representatives of a community, take over
the leadership role and push through the partnership, the study established that monitoring by
NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation progress as well which enhances the
quality of expected results. The study concludes that; awareness creation by national NGOs,
monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child development policies done by national
NGOs and surveys by national NGOs all have a positive influence on the implementation of
child development policy. The study recommends that study recommends that the
nongovernmental organizations needs to continue with their efforts towards awareness
creation to all stakeholders, frequent reviews and evaluations on policy implementation
process need to be done periodically in order to ascertain whether any significant steps are at
all being realized, nongovernmental organizations need to thoroughly invest in survey
research and development and that nongovernmental organizations need to closely work with
the other stake holders; there is also need to ensure that roles to be played by each stake
holders are clearly defined and stipulated.

1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter comprises background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study,
objectives of the study, research questions, and justification of the study, scope, assumptions
and finally limitation of the study.
1.2 Background of the study
Tanzania like other countries in Africa is at the moment of its greatest development
challenges. A majority of children in Tanzania report experiencing violence and abuse
without a clear point of contact for support. The 2011 Violence against Children in Tanzania
report presents violence against children as a serious problem in Tanzania with nearly 3 in 10
girls and approximately 1 in 7 boys in Tanzania having experienced sexual violence prior to
the age of 18. Almost three-quarters of both girls and boys have experienced physical
violence prior to the age of 18. Despite these alarming rates and national efforts to address
the problem, necessary services for affected children have been fragmented and
uncoordinated with no clear primary point of contact for services provided across different
ministries, departments and national agencies. The lack of response from families,
community leaders, police, and state departments has meant that many cases never get
reported, let alone reach the health and/or judicial services. (Save the Children Report, 2012)
Optimal development requires the harnessing of country assets, its capital, human and natural
resources to meet demand from its population as comprehensively as possible. The public
and private sectors, by themselves, are imperfect. They cannot or are unwilling to meet all
demands. Many scholars argue that the voluntary sector may be better placed to articulate the
needs of the poor people, to provide services and development in remote areas, to encourage
the changes in attitudes and practices necessary to curtail discrimination, to identify and
redress threats to the environment, and to nurture the productive capacity of the most
vulnerable groups such as the disabled or the landless populations. (Samuel, 2005)

2
Moser, (1998) explains how UNICEF and UNAIDS convened the first global forum for
spelling out the strategies; principles and programming guidance to enable countries meet the
global goals regarding OVC based on the UNGASS declaration and contribution towards the
achievement of Millennium Development Goals. In 2003 October, the framework for
protection, care, and support for orphans and vulnerable children living in the world with
HIV/AIDS was endorsed. The framework also promoted the best interest of a child as stated
in the convention on the rights of the child, including rights to survival, wellbeing and
development (Moser, 1998).
However, like many of the government's policy, this has not improved social protection of
the OVC households in practice. Smart, (2003) argues that “disconnect between policies,
principles, and frameworks on the one hand and practice and action on the other is the major
impediment to effective responses for OVC and needs to be acknowledged and affirmatively
addressed” (Smart 2003). So the researcher will be set out to find out why there was
persistent vulnerability amidst NGOs efforts by analyzing the strategies.
The major reason to carry out this research was to get an answer as to why there is persistent
vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active participation and support. The
researcher is inspired by scholars like (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010) to
analyze NGOs strategies for enhancing child-wellbeing in OVC households. These reasons
motivated this study to find answer to the issue at hand and the public policy implementation
to address the problem.
Some scholars define it as a system of "courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and
funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its
representatives. Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and
judicial decisions." (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).
In the United States, this concept refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to
the decision-making and analysis of governmental decisions. As an academic discipline,
public policy is studied by professors and students at public policy schools of major
universities throughout the country. The U.S. professional association of public policy

3
practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students is the Association for Public Policy Analysis
and Management (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).
Public policy making can be characterized as a dynamic, complex, and interactive system
through which public problems are identified and countered by creating new public policy or
by reforming existing public policy. Public problems can originate in endless ways and
require different policy responses (such as regulations, subsidies, quotas, and laws) on the
local, on the national level, or on the international level, (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).
A recent study by Jennifer H. and Reza, H. (2014) on NGOs tries to describe that NGOs vary
in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conduct programs
and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation,
might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean drinking
water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and documentation of
human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses.
Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technical
products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other
organizations.
A global environmental crisis has also stimulated greater private initiative. The continuing
poverty of developing countries has led the poor to degrade their immediate surroundings in
order to survive. Citizens have grown increasingly frustrated with government and eager to
organize their own initiatives. Finally, a fourth crisis, Solomon is referring to that of
socialism - has also contributed to the rise of the third sector. It caused a search for new ways
to satisfy unmet social and economic needs. While this search helped lead to the formation of
market-oriented cooperative enterprises, it also stimulated extensive experimentation with a
host of nongovernmental organizations offering services and vehicles for self-expression
outside the reaches of an increasingly discredited state. (Samuel, 2005),
Since 1986, there has been a rapid proliferation of both indigenous and international NGOs
in Tanzania, (Kwesiga and Ratter, 1993). By 1995, more than 1200 NGOs had been
registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Barton and Bizimana, 1995). “NGOs in

4
different areas grew constantly starting from the end of the World War II however, the
largest leap was observed during 80s and 90s. The number of NGOs has increased from
nearly 13,000 in 1981 to more than 47,000 by 2001 according to the Union of International
Organizations” (Sydorenko 2010). “NGOs are playing an important role in every sphere of
our live today.
NGOs have consequently increased in coverage and scope of their services in rural areas,
reaching the very poor at community and household levels (Robinson 1992). However,
irrespective of the increase in the number of NGOs and efforts, Child well-being among
OVC households has not been enhanced and vulnerability has continued to increase in these
households. It‟s against this background that I decided to find out why NGOs strategies are
not improving OVC households to address vulnerability.
Tanzania National OVC Quality Standards, (2005) stipulates that if OVC programs are to be
sustainable, household‟s projects should be integrated into the local government operations
and local resource persons should be trained on skills for continuous assessment of the needs
of OVC and their households. Ensure there is provision of support for short, medium and
long term mechanisms. NGOs should build capacity of OVC households for self-sufficiency
and complementary items of OVC households should make a minimum contribution of
locally available materials (Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, (2005) and
Tanzania National OVC service Quality Standards, (2005)). Since this is not happening,
there was a need for a study to find out the extent to which NGOs have adhered to the OVC
set guidelines to enhance child-wellbeing in OVC households through their strategies.
According to REPOA Report, (2010) on Childhood Poverty in Tanzania, children of between
0-14 years are living below the basic needs poverty line of 6 million, children 0-14 years
living below the food poverty line about 3 million and children suffering two or more severe
deprivations of basic human needs about 70.8%. Tanzania has made significant progress
towards achieving global and national targets in key areas of child wellbeing, particularly
child survival and primary schooling. Yet a full decade of economic growth has only led to
negligible declines in poverty rates.

5
Byekwaso, (2006) illustrated that despite Tanzania‟s strongly egalitarian policy thrust since
independence, vast disparities persist most vulnerable groups including children and aged
people in Tanzania in health outcomes and access to health services among households of
different means, as well as across regions and districts. Similar disparities are present in
regard to education, water and sanitation, and protection from abuse, neglect and
exploitation. The persistence of such disparities hampers Tanzania‟s efforts to build a solid
basis for sustained growth and achieve progress towards the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
According to UNU-WIDER, Working paper (2012), due to the fact that Tanzania national
budget depends highly on donor‟s assistance. Tanzania is said to be the second-largest aid
recipient in sub-Saharan Africa, after Ethiopia, and received about $26.85 billion in
assistance between 1990 and 2010. Hence limited budgets for fulfilling child rights,
translating policy intentions into programmes and services that deliver results for children
requires resources – human, technical as well as financial . Children cannot study without
schools. Students cannot learn if schools have no teachers. Teachers will not be able to
impart their knowledge if they lack incentives, are poorly paid or trained, or if there are
insufficient classrooms or textbooks. Nor can children learn on an empty stomach or if they
miss school as a result of sickness, or if their parents cannot afford the cost of educating
them. Removing the barriers that prevent children from accessing core services depends on
the availability of resources, whether raised through domestic revenues, borrowing or
development partners‟ contributions (Daniel, 2012).
Nongovernmental organization in Karagwe like in other parts of Tanzania, have agreed to
establish a joint platform for effective engagement in government aid management process,
in particular towards implementation of joint assistance strategy (including child
development policy) for Tanzania. As this initiative is very important provided that it is
effectively and efficiency implemented. The roles of NGOs in the JAST are well stipulated
as they include mobilizing and enhancing community participation, and resources
contribution in development activities. Also, they act as partners of the government and
development partners in delivering community services and they participate in local

6
government planning and in reviewing development strategies, (CSOs Joint Initiative Report,
2010)
1.2 Problem Statement
Karagwe is one of eight districts in Kagera region with a number of national non-
governmental organizations compared to other districts in Kagera region, in Tanzania.
According to Ministry of Community Development Gender and Children, Karagwe district
has more than 20 national NGOs operating in Karagwe district. These organizations most of
them have been involved in implementation of different projects aim at supporting vulnerable
children, HIV/AIDS projects and other related project on child development in supporting
national effort in insuring quality improvement in OVC Program.
According to National Guidelines for Quality Improvement in OVC Program (2009) there
are several challenges in the implementation of child development policy and projects. As
since policy aim at to ensure that a child receives comprehensive care by the government
working in partnership with national and local governmental organizations and ensure
participation of other stakeholder‟s.
This means that NGO‟s roles are of great importance in the implementation of child
development policy, and this has led to the strengthening of Public Private Partnership (PPP).
Scholte (2005), argue that civil society associations can bring greater public control to global
governance. They are usually established to advocate and oversee democratic accountability
in global regulatory arrangements and to promote new norms and ideas on the international
agenda in different policy areas: human rights, environmental movements, labor standards
and health and development groups. They promote and increase accountability in global
governance through policy monitoring and review, participation: democratic legitimacy of
global governance arrangements and their mechanisms of influence can be: networks,
relationships with ruling authorities (lobby), mass media (newspapers, magazines, websites),
campaigns, demonstrations, consultancy (information, insights to policy process, political
viability, research). Through advocacy, public policy analysis and development, the NGOs
have gained an important place in international public policy making.

7
Moreover, Nongovernmental organization roles can be seen on in terms of helps to reach
places where sometime government services cannot be accessed easily using mobilized
resources for the projects that aim at child protection and development like HIV/AID
projects, in planning, execution of project and monitoring and evaluation of projects and
programs that aim at child development. (Muzinda M., 2012)
Despite the huge amount of resources and number of national NGOs in Karagwe to
implement child development policy and projects related to child development and despite
the fact that these private actors play big role in supplement government efforts in the
community it is not clear how effective the monitoring and evaluation, amount of resources
invested by these NGOs in implementation of child development policy.
Based on the above problem stated the researcher wants to conduct research in Karagwe
district is to find out the NGO‟s roles that play in implementation of child development
policy.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Purpose of this study was to investigate on contribution of national NGOs, as private actor on
implementation of child development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.4.1 General Objectives
To investigate the contribution of national NGOs, on the implementation of child
development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
i. To examine the extent to which awareness creation by national NGOs influences
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe
ii. To identify the influence of monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child
development projects done by national NGOs in Karagwe
iii. To examine the influence of surveys by national NGOs on national NGOs in the
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

8
1.5 Research Questions
i. Does awareness creation by national NGOs influences implementation of child
development policy in Karagwe?
ii. How does monitoring and evaluation influence the implementation of child
development projects done by national NGOs in Karagwe?
iii. How do surveys conducted by national NGOs influence the implementation of child
1.6 Justification of the Study
This study is important as it gives more information on the roles that NGOs play in ensuring
child receives a comprehensive care and support as part of implementation of child
development policy as well as child right in Tanzania where Karagwe district was chosen for
the study since according to Foundation for Civil Society directory 2913, Karagwe is one of
the district with many NGOs with more 78 NGOs, followed by Bukoba urban in Kagera
region. Karagwe district based on district council report, (2012) has more than 5000
vulnerable children. Different scholars and journalists have written on importance of NGOs
roles in social, economic, political and cultural development. For instances Casey (2004)
identified six important roles these includes development and operational of infrastructure,
supporting innovations, demonstration and pilot projects by selecting particular projects and
specify particular length of time which they were supporting the projects. Facilitating
communication through monitoring and evaluation and using interpersonal methods of
communication.
As according to Foundation for civil society journal, (2009), advocacy for and with the poor,
since NGOs become spokespersons or ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to influence
government policies and programs on their behalf done through a variety of means ranging
from demonstration and pilot projects to participation in public forums and the formulation
of government policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case studies of the poor
especially women and children.

9
1.7 Significance of the study
This study will help to state on existing gaps between theoretical and problem aspects of the
problem also the study will help researcher to add knowledge on public administration role as
well as the role of NGOs in implementation of child development policy in Karagwe district.
The study will provide a brief recommendations and suggestions to government departments,
donors, civil society organization and NGOs and officials on NGOs roles that they play in
implementation of development policy (1996) in Tanzania.
The findings will help the policy makers and other stakeholders take a complimentary
approach and ensure child receives a comprehensive care by creating good and sustainable
systems that will help to reduce number of vulnerable children. For the future researcher
proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as their guide and open in
development of this study.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The study took place in Karagwe district and its all twenty two wards that found in Karagwe
district in Kagera region, involving registered thirty nine (39) NGOs found in Karagwe, 44
most vulnerable committees, district social welfare officers and policemen dealing with
vulnerable children issues. It was conducted in the months of January to April 2015.
1.9 Assumptions of the Study
NGO‟s role in implementation of child development policy in Karagwe are said to be vital in
ensuring every child gets comprehensive social care on the basis of the children‟s. There are
certain formal and informal ways in which private actors particularly NGO‟s get involved
through organizing campaign meetings and workshops, provide civic education, monitoring
child care projects, strengthening and protesting which mobilize the public towards
addressing a specific issue, through public private partnership (PPP), writing global petition,
engaging skillful advocacy, civic education, training, monitoring and evaluation.

10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter will comprise of theoretical review and empirical reviews, conceptual
framework, research gaps and ethical consideration of proposed research study.
2.1 Theoretical Literature Review
2.1.1 Behavioral Theory on Child Development
Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences
behavior and are based upon the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov
and Skinner, B. F. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is
considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement. This theory differs
considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to
internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we
are. Learn more about these behavioral theories in these articles on classical conditioning and
operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of
thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan
Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between
an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, (Cherry, 2012).
It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a
naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was
the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By
associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food),
the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how
more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic
principles of the process.

11
2.1.2. Social Child Development Theories
2.1.2.1 Attachment Theory
There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowbly
proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early
relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to
influence social relationships throughout life. Then attachment theory on child development
describes on need importance of social environment to the child development and child care
which actually starts from the parents or caregivers.
2.1.2.2 Social Learning Theory
Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed what is known as social learning theory. According to
this theory of child development, children learn new behaviors from observing other people.
Unlike behavioral theories, Bandura believed that external reinforcement was not the only
way that people learned new things. Instead, intrinsic reinforcements such as a sense of pride,
satisfaction and accomplishment could also lead to learning. By observing the actions of
others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information.
And this theory therefore also it try to describe that child learn behaviours from observing
others and interactions. Hence social environment for child development is of great
importance.
2.1.3. Public Administration Theory
Aspect of governmental activity is very old. It views Public administration as a system of
connection and organization and mainly concerned with the performance of political decision
of these goals. Public Administration is characterized with cooperative group effort in public
setting, covers three branches that is legislatives, executives and judicial where their
important role is formulation of public policy and they closely associated with numerous
private groups and individuals in providing services to the community (Raj, K. 2005).
Public Administration is the complex of governmental activities that are undertaken in public
interest at different levels such as the central, state/ provincial (in federal set up) and local

12
levels.
Government as a political authority is the major regulator of social life. With the emergence
of democracy, and the concept of welfare state, the governmental activities have increased by
leaps and bounds.
Expanding governmental activities have resulted inn expansion of the bureaucracy, creation
of different forms of public and semipublic organizational raising public expenditure, and
overall control over public life. The scope of public administration and major concerns of the
discipline it include policy sensitization, promoting publiciness, implementation capabilities,
shared understanding of social reality and Learning experience. (Raj K., 2005).
Theoretical Framework
Figure 2.1: Theoretical frame work
It is this study view that the above theories can help practitioners working to keep children
safe in residential or field settings. As concepts from social child and behaviour theories have
emerged in the social sciences, debates are now taking place about whether commentators
intend the application of these theories as hard science or the use of the theories as metaphor.
Choi (2009) in his discussions on children development theories notes that individuals must
have an understanding about any given situation, and hold this idea with sufficient
confidence to follow the course of action it suggests. If a situation is complex, individuals
seek ideas that enable them to deal with it, ending that search only when such understandings
have been obtained. In conclusion it is believe that the above theories offers tools for
Behavioral Theory on Child
Development
Public Administration Theory
Social Child Development Theories
 Attachment Theory
 Social Learning Theory

Child development
policy Implementation

13
understanding and analyzing many of the complex adaptive systems within which
practitioners operate in protecting children.
2.2 Empirical Literature
Child periods of development can be categorized into five (5) that is prenatal period which
occurs from conception to birth, infancy and toddlerhood which occurs at birth to 2 years,
early childhood 2-6 years old, middle childhood: 6-12 years old and finally adolescence
period which occurs at 12-19 years old. Domain of development is described in three
domains, but growth in one domain influences the other domains where every domain has its
own characteristics. Physical domain is where body size, body proportions, appearance, brain
development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health. The we have
cognitive Domain characterized with thought processes and intellectual abilities including
attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday
knowledge, met cognition, and language and lastly is social or emotional domain with self-
knowledge (self-esteem, met cognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning,
understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding
others, interpersonal skills, and friendships.
The implementation of the Tanzanian Child Development Policy will help to reduce and
even eliminate problems facing children (Mkombozi, 2007). Child Development Policy was
developed in 1996 by the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children to
safeguard the rights of the child and encourage education of all other sectors of society in
their responsibilities. It recognizes child protection as a vital element to create “intellectually,
spiritually and morally” sound future citizens. This paper aim paper aims to discuss and
clarify: factors affecting the provision of child rights; measures to promote the rights of the
child; definition of child survival and measures to promote this; important issues concerning
child development and measures to promote this. In all sections, the responsibilities of
government, ministries, community, guardians, institutions, parents and the child are
discussed (ibid).
Extra-governmental actors are the entities and individuals not directly connected with the

14
state and who function with independence in respect to government agencies. The creation of
government corporations, quasi-non-governmental organizations (QUANGOs), and private
enterprises with a majority of government capital makes it increasingly difficult to define the
legal and political frontiers. There is constant movement of people between the two worlds:
many individuals traffic in and out of government, alternating periods as public sector
employees with those as consultants, professional lobbyists or just "names about town".
Strong corporatist relationships can confer privileged, quasi-governmental status of
legitimation, credibility and participation. The organizations that enjoy this status vary
according to the society and the policy areas in which they work, but typically include
unions, employer organizations, the church in religious societies and non-government
associations particularly important in their areas of influence.
The relations created by contracting and consultation as well as the vertical integration
between political parties and other organizations prejudice the possibility of independent
action of even the most clearly legally separate organizations. Non-government, non-profit
organizations that articulate a wide range of interests, but primarily those related to public
goods; can be part of social movements or other interest groups, formed specifically to
intervene in the policy process; but, at the same time, all NGOs can potentially participate in
lobby activities even though they have not been constituted directly for this purpose. The
decision to restrict their activities specifically to service delivery or, on the contrary, to play a
more political role depends on the internal tendencies of the organization. In some countries
there are attempts to limit the lobby activities of NGOs (Wilson, 2000), and this work is
treated in the same way as that of professional lobby groups; but in general NGOs are free to
participate in this type of activity.
2.2.1 Awareness creation by national NGOs
Livingstone Byekwaso (2006) conducted a study on the plight of older people, care and
protection in rural Tanzania. The researcher aimed at to examine the actual situation of older
people in rural setting regarding care and protection. By using the population of Karagwe,
sample size was drawn from the population of Government officials at the district, ward and

15
villages levels, NGO‟s, CBO‟s officials, prominent community members, family members,
older people and Religious leaders. A total of 161 respondents were obtained from a targeted
sample frame of 180 which is 89% of respondents interviewed, using documentary review,
interview, observation and questionnaire, and focused group discussion. The researcher
recommendation was need for civic education to community to be responsible for protecting
rights of vulnerable groups like older people and children, as well as providing social,
economic, cultural and political support to them and he also acknowledged on the role of
NGOs including SAWAKA, in protecting the rights and entitlements of older people and
vulnerable groups in Karagwe. The current researcher needs to observe and confirm on the
matter above in the current present era, here much has been changing across Tanzania region.
Moreover, Wolfram Schulz (2008) did a study on questionnaire construct validation in the
International Civic and Citizenship Education to measure context and outcomes of civic and
citizenship education and it was explicitly linked through common questions to the IEA
Civic Education Study (CIVED) which was undertaken in 1999 and 2000 Torney-Purta, L.,
(2004). The study surveyed 13-to-14-year old students in 38 countries in the years 2008 and
2009 and report on student achievement and perceptions related to civic and citizenship
education. Outcome data was to be obtained from representative samples of students in their
eighth year of schooling and context data from the students, their schools and teachers as
well as through national centers. The study builds on the previous IEA study of civic
education (CIVED) undertaken in 1999.
It was recognized that there was substantial diversity in the field of civic and citizenship
education within and across countries. Consequently, maximizing the involvement of
researchers from participating countries in this international comparative study was of
particular importance for the success of this study in the process of developing an assessment
framework and instruments. Input from national research centers has been sought throughout
the study and strategies have been developed to maximize country contributions from early
piloting activities until the selection of final main survey instruments in June 2009. And the
researcher also suggested on further studies on significant impact of civic education on

16
policy implementation.
2.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
Greenblot, (2008) on behalf of the Working Group on Social Protection for the IATT on
children and HIV and AIDS did a study. The general objective of the paper was to find the
essential support services and policies that required attention for the monitoring and
evaluation of the child development policies. Target was a population of Africa, Asia and
Latin America and using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done with the
help of SPSS, and then he found that NGO‟s played important roles through participatory
monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) towards the implementation of child development policy.
Then he concluded by saying that all public administration in public policy implementation
have the necessity of NGO‟s innervations.
And he further, emphases on more research to be conducted in that area, though the paper
taken a different approach by looking on understanding the risk factors and vulnerabilities
affecting children, need for social protection, need to move towards a more integrated
vision, essential support service and policies required attention, guiding principles for
promoting social protection for vulnerable children and finally current opportunities and
issues to address which include institutional capacity and good governance.
2.2.3 Surveys by national NGOs
Nae, G., Grigore, C. & Grigore, G. (2008), conducted a study aim at to approach the role of
the private actors in general and NGOs in particular in international public policy making and
when and how these actors should be given access to the process of policy making.
Therefore, where in the first part of the paper briefly set to the context of international public
policy and the actors performing in global governance. In the second part, the researcher
focused on the role that NGOs and business groups play in policy making. In the third
section presented some guidelines that we were considered important related to the access
that should be given to these actors and in the last section researcher drew some concluding
remarks on NGO‟s Engagement in International Public Policy Making. In giving findings
and recommendations, the researcher recommended on civil society associations and NGOs

17
do make important contributions to greater democratic accountability in global governance.
Already these activities have reached a notable scale, and considerable opportunities exist to
broaden them further on how trainings and other NGOs activities contributes to the
achievement of policy implementation.
Scripen, T. and Gill W. (2008), conducted a study on the role of state and non state actors in
the policy process. The researcher aimed at to assess the contribution of policy networks to
the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. He used population of Thailand employing
qualitative approaches, including in depth interviews, document review and direct
observation to examine the process by which universal ART policy developed between 2001
and 2007, with the focus on the connections between actors who shared common interests- so
called policy networks. Research findings illustrated the crucial contributions of non-state
networks in the policy process. The supportive role of public-civic networks could be
observed at every policy stage, and at different levels of health sector. The role of non state
actors including NGOs contribution was not simply at agenda setting stage for example
lobbing government but in the actual development and implementation of health policy. The
researcher has seen potential areas and opportunity to do research study on this area
extensively by future researchers.
2.4 Conceptual Framework
Independent variables Dependent variable
Awareness Creation
-Parents and caregivers training
-Mass media programmes
-Rural information dissemination
-Documentation of research done Child Development Policy
Implementation
 Children abuse
 Access to education
 Enough food provision
 Adequate clothing
Monitoring and Evaluation
-Frequent research
-Vulnerable areas identification
-Monitoring Duration
Surveys by National NGOs
-Conducting case studies
-Conducting surveys

18
Figure 2. 2. Conceptual Framework
Source: Researcher (2015)
NGOs play major roles like legal framework, strengthening governance systems through
legal advocacy and lobbying; interventions that support establishment of more significance
on the children‟s development and protection policy implementation through different ways
for instance writing of reports that are used as fact sheets and evidences. Technical
monitoring and evaluation is another role for NGOs towards the child development and
protection policy implementation. This involves activities like; being watchdogs and
observers by through feedback on what the child protection policy implementation is really
like at the ground.
NGOs also conduct on job training and development to impart skills to the stakeholders of
child protection policy implementation to ensure effectiveness during this policy
implementation. Effectiveness is also derived from the NGOs role of being Civic educators
to impart knowledge that increases the awareness and stakeholder understanding on the
importance of child protection policy implementation. Thus, the current study has adopted
the “Role of NGOs as Independent Variable” and the “Child Development policy
Implementation as a dependent variable”; as the researcher seeks to address proper child
development policy implementation.
2.5 Research Ethics Considerations
In carrying out this study the researcher will take into consideration research ethical issues
and make sure he acknowledge materials that will be used by making reference of the
sources used, avoiding plagiarism by using citation, abide ethical confidentiality of the
respondent and ensure privacy by following informed consent rule, and use of APA ethical
code. Bryman, (2004), states that it is the responsibility of the researcher to carefully assess
the possibility of harm to research participants and the extent that it is possible; the
possibility of harm should be minimized. He further says that the researcher must take all
reasonable precautions to ensure that the respondents are in no way directly harmed or
adversely affected as a result of their participation in the current research.

19
Permission to conduct the study will be sought and granted by the author from the District
offices and other relevant local authorities. High level of data privacy and confidentiality will
be maintained and the findings only used for academic purpose. The author will present a
letter of request to the relevant offices to be allowed to perform the study.
2.6 Research gaps
Previous Research on children development is occurring worldwide (Fredrick, 2010). Abuse
damages the physical, emotional, sexual and social wellbeing of children. Child abuse is
happening locally and daily despite the concern and efforts of a wide range of adults
including, parents, police, NGOs, welfare workers, politicians and educators (Webster,
2011). Many adults who are involved with children have reported the effects of poor children
development and articulate an urgent need to prevent and stop abuse. The joint call from
researchers for increased children development remains a compelling reason to look for
strategies to enhance child development and protection and more specifically in the
developing countries.
Specific barriers to efficient child protection by organisations have been recurrently
identified as a lack of transparency, poor monitoring and insufficient co-ordination among
those involved in in policy implementation (Save the Children, 2010). Conversely, similarly
unequivocal measures to maximize resources to meet children‟s rights include: (early)
investment in children; child impact assessments; rights-based budget monitoring and
analysis; legislating a dedicated proportion of public expenditure; and broader interpretation
of „available resources‟ (UN, 2007).
Despite overall recognition of the value of early intervention and the investment of resources
in children development by NGOs, few studies have been carried in the developing countries
and no known study has been done in Tanzania on the contribution of national NGOs,
implementation of child development policy at Karagwe district. This study therefore seeks
to fill this research gap.

20
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter covers the details about the research methodology of the study, type and design,
sampling procedures and techniques, research instruments, procedures of data gathering, and
statistical treatment of that was used for accurate data analysis and interpretation.
3.1 Research Design
The researcher chose research design that is descriptive. It used both qualitative and
quantitative approach (Kothari, 2004). Quantitative research refers to the systematic
empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or
computational techniques, where qualitative method Qualitative researchers aims to gather an
in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The
qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where,
when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples.
3.2 Target Population of the study
The target area was Karagwe district, Tanzania which has 48 registered NGOs to be involved
in this study, 22 wards to be reached, department of social welfare officers, representatives
from ward and village government officer, 20 representatives of most vulnerable children
committees and 10 households from Karagwe districts were involved in the current research
study.
Table 3. 1: The table below shows the total population of study
S/N POPULATION OF STUDY TOTAL POPULATION
1 48 registered NGO‟s in Karagwe district 10
2 76 villages (community committees) 20
3 Department of social Welfare in Karagwe District 2
4 Ward executive officers (WEO) 5
4 Village government leaders (VEO) 10
5 Households 10
TOTAL POPULATION 57

21
Source: Author (2015)
3.3 Sampling procedures and sampling Techniques
Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that
the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected (Kothari, 2004).
The current study used stratified random sampling technique. It randomly drew 10
respondent from the 48 registered NGOs in Karagwe district and only executive directors of
NGO were selected; get respondent from the 76 villages of Karagwe district where only 10
most vulnerable committees were selected by taking 2 most vulnerable children committees
leaders who are chairperson and secretary of the committees and making total of 20
respondents , 2 government social welfare officers were involved in the study, 10 village
government officers, 5 ward government executive officers, as well as 10 households taking
care of vulnerable children in Karagwe district were used as representative sample of the
study.
3.4 Sample Size
The sample size was determined by using the Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) proposition of
10 to 30% of the target population depending on whether the population is large or small.
The researcher took 10% of the population as the sample size; this enabled the selection of
10 executive directors from 78 registered NGOs in Karagwe, 20 respondents from MVCC
committees, 2 social welfare officers, and officers from one of police stations found in
Karagwe participated in the research study. Table 3.1 summarises the sample categorisation.
Table 3.2: The Table below Shows Sample Size Of Study
S/N Population of study Total population Sample size (btn 10%-30%)
1 National NGOs 20 10
2 Most vulnerable committees members 78 20
3 Officers from DSW 2 2
4 Ward executive officers 22 5
5 Village executive officers 78 10
6 Households 100 10
Total respondents 300 57

22
Source: Researcher (2015)
3.5 Data Collection Methods
The researcher used questionnaires, and interviews methodologies to collect primary and
secondary data was collected through documentary reviews.
3.5.1 Surveys
Since surveys involve collecting information, usually from fairly large groups of people, by
means of questionnaires but other techniques such as interviews or telephoning may also be
used through use straightforward type (the “one shot survey”) which is administered to a
sample of people at a set point in time (Kothari, C.R: 2004). The current proposed research
is expecting to use several survey methodologies for better coverage.
3.5.2 Questionnaires
Large part of data collection was done by questionnaire administration. Questionnaires are a
good way to obtain information from a large number of people and or people who may not
have the time to attend an interview or take part in the research experiments. They enable
people to take their time, think about it and come back to the questionnaire later. Participants
can state their views or feelings privately without worrying about the possible reaction of the
researcher. Unfortunately, some people may still be inclined to try to give socially acceptable
answers. Respondents were encouraged to answer the questions as honestly as possible so as
to avoid the researchers drawing false conclusions from their study.
3.6. Validation and Reliability of Instruments
The research instrument used was the questionnaire and the analysis tool SPSS. Data quality
control comprised of reliability and validity of data collection instruments. Refers to the
degree to which a test measures what it is suppose to measure. Validation is also a matter of
degree: highly valid, moderately valid, or generally valid. Reliability refers to the degree to
which a test consistently measures whatever it is suppose to measure. The five general
approaches to reliability are stability, equivalence, equivalence and stability, internal
consistency, and score/rater (Kothari, 2010).

23
3.6.1 Instrument’s Validity
Validity indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure; the accuracy, soundness and effectiveness with which an instrument measures what
it is intended to measure (Kothari, 2010) or the degree to which results obtained from the
analysis of the data actually represent the phenomena under study (Mugenda & Mugenda,
2008). Validity of the questionnaire was established by peers and a panel of experts from the
University. The research instrument was availed to the experts and peers, who established its
content and construct validity to ensure that the items are adequately representative of the
subject area to be studied. Content validity was established through carrying out pre-testing
measures where content validity index was calculated using computation formulae as
suggested below:
C V I = Valid rated Questions / Total numbers of Questions being judged. The researcher
randomly sampled 20 questions and if the CVI is anything above 0.7 then it indicates that the
instrument is valid for use in the proposed study.
3.6.2 Instrument’s Reliability
Reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results
after repeated trials. According to Mugenda and Mugenda, (1999), in a research study, the
reliability coefficient can be computed to indicate how reliable data are. The reliability
instrument were pre-tested by using the pilot method where a set of questionnaires were
distributed to identified respondents and then data analyzed using Cornbrash‟s Alpha
(Cronbach, (1951), by the help of SPSS. The reliability coefficient (α) obtained was used to
identify the level of data reliability as shown in table 3.3 below
.

24
Table 3.3: Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient table
Cronbach's alpha Internal consistency
α ≥ 0.9 Excellent (High-Stakes testing)
0.7 ≤ α < 0.9 Good (Low-Stakes testing)
0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Acceptable
0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Poor
α < 0.5 Unacceptable
Source: Nunnaly, (1978)
3.7 Data Analysis techniques and procedures
Data analysis is the process which starts at data collection and ends at interpretation of
processed data. The current researcher used the document analysis-recording sheets. A
margin of error of 0.075 is selected since it is logically difficult to deal with a larger sample
size (Mugenda et al., 2003).
The study incorporates the following model to determine the relationship between variables;
Y= F (X1, X2, X3, X4)
Y= F (0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3X3+ 4 X4 + E)
Where: Y = Child Protection Policy Implementation
X1 = Advocacy
X2 = Monitoring & Evaluation
X3 = Training
X4 = Civic Education
0 = Constant
E = Margin of Error
Multiple Regression was run on a SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) to establish
correlations between the different variables. The researcher organized the results around
every objective. Data was presented by the use of tables and graphs, giving rise to
descriptively detailed interpretation of the phenomenon.

25
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATIONS AND
PRESENTATIONS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the interpretation and presentation of the findings obtained from the
field. The chapter presents the background information of the respondents, findings of the
analysis based on the objectives of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics have been
used to discuss the findings of the study.
4.1.1 Response Rate
The study targeted a sample size of 57 respondents from which 54 filled in and returned the
questionnaires making a response rate of 94.7%. This response rate was satisfactory to make
conclusions for the study. The response rate was representative. According to Mugenda and
Mugenda (1999), a response rate of 50% is adequate for analysis and reporting; a rate of 60%
is good and a response rate of 70% and over is excellent. Based on the assertion, the response
rate was considered to be excellent.
Table 4.4: Response Rate
Questionnaires
Administered
Questionnaires
filled & Returned
Percentage
Respondents 57 54 94.7%
4.1.2 Reliability Analysis
A pilot study was carried out to determine reliability of the questionnaires. The pilot study
involved the sample respondents. Reliability analysis was subsequently done using
Cronbach‟s Alpha which measured the internal consistency by establishing if certain item
within a scale measures the same construct. Gliem and Gliem (2003) established the alpha
value threshold at 0.7, thus forming the study‟s benchmark. Cronbach‟s alpha was
established for every objective which formed a scale
Table 4.5: Reliability Analysis
Variable Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficient score
No. Of
Items
Comments
Awareness creation 0.879 6 Reliable

26
Monitoring and evaluation 0.930 7 Reliable
Surveys conducted by NGOs 0.825 5 Reliable
Implementation of child
development policy
0.794 4 Reliable
The table above shows that monitoring and evaluation had the highest reliability (α= 0.930),
followed by awareness creation (α=0.879) surveys conducted by NGOs (α=0.825) and finally
the implementation of child development policy (α=0.794). This illustrates that all the
variables were reliable as their reliability values exceeded the prescribed threshold of 0.7.
4.2 Demographic Information
Table 4.6: Gender distribution
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 32 59.3
Female 22 40.7
Total 54 100
Figure 4.3: Gender distribution
The study sought to determine the gender category of the respondents, from the findings the
study established that majority of the respondents as shown by 759.3%, were males whereas
40.7% of the respondents were females, this is an indication that both genders were well
involved in this study and thus the finding of the study did not suffer from gender bias.
Table 4.7: Age Category
Age Frequency Percentage
21-29 years 10 18.5

27
30-39 years 13 24.1
40-49 years 16 29.6
50 years and above 15 27.8
Total 54 100
Figure 4.4: Age category
On respondent‟s age category, the study established that most of the respondents as shown by
29.6% were aged between 40-49 years, 27.8% of the respondents were aged 50 years and
above, 24.1% of the respondents were aged 30-39 years whereas 18.5% were aged 21-29
years. This is an indication that respondents were well distributed in terms of their age.
Table 4.8: Length of Service in the Organization
Length of Service Frequency Percentage
0-5 years 8 14.8
6-10 years 11 20.4
11-15 years 16 29.6
16-20 years 19 35.2
21 years and above 12 22.2
Total 54 100
Figure 4.5: Length of Service

28
The researcher requested the requested the respondents to indicate the period which they had
worked with the agency, from findings the study revealed that 35.2% of the respondents had
worked with the organization for a period of 16-20 years, 29.6% of the respondents had
worked with the organization for a period of 11-15 years, 22.2% of the respondents had
worked with the organization for a period of 21 years and above, 20.4% of the respondents
had worked with the organization for a period of 6-10 years whereas 14.8% of the
respondents had worked with the organization for a period of 0-5 years. This implies that
majority of the respondents had worked with the organization for a considerable period of
time and thus they were in a position to give credible information relating to this research.
Table 4.9: Level of education
1. Level Of Education Frequency Percentage
Secondary 4 7.4
College diploma 13 24.1
Degree 21 38.9
Masters 16 29.6
Total 54 100
Figure 4.6: Level Of Education
The study requested the respondents to indicate their highest level of education achieved,
from the research findings; the study revealed that most of the respondents as shown by
38.9% held bachelor‟s degrees certificates, 29.6% of the respondents held master‟s degrees
whereas 24.1% of the respondents held college diploma certificates, whereas 7.4% of the
respondents held Secondary school certificate. From the findings, the study deduces that
county most of the respondents engaged in this study were well educated and therefore they
were in a position to respond to research questions with ease.

29
4.3 Awareness Creation
Table 4.10: Creation of Awareness by NGOs
Opinion Frequency Percentage
Yes 46 85.2
No 8 14.8
Total 54 100
The study sought to establish whether creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings,
majority of the respondents as shown by 85.2% agreed that creation of awareness by NGOs
in Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe while 14.8%
of the respondents were of the contrary opinion, this implies that creation of awareness by
NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe.
Table 4.11: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation
Extent Frequency Percentage
Very great extent 12 22.2
Great extent 34 63.0
Moderate extent 8 14.8
Total 54 100
The study sought to establish the extent to which awareness creation by NGOs influence
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings,
majority of the respondents a shown by 63% were of the opinion that awareness creation by
NGOs influence implementation of child development policy to a great extent, 22.2% of the
respondents indicated to a very great extent whereas 14.8% of the respondents indicated to a
moderate extent this implies that awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of
child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent.

30
Table 4.12: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation
Statements
Stronglydisagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
StronglyAgree
Mean
Stddeviation
Coefficientsof
variation
NGOs ensure that the goals of the major
stakeholders are mutually compatible and
understood by the sides.
2 1 3 29 19 4.15 0.23 0.055
NGOs, through community education, can
awaken latent local champions that would
act as representatives of a community, take
over the leadership role and push through
the partnership.
1 2 2 27 22 4.24 0.23 0.054
Nongovernmental organizations in
Tanzania play an increasingly important
role in implementation of child
development policy.
0 2 2 25 25 4.35 0.24 0.055
NGOs should a moral obligation to act in
the public interest
1 2 2 21 28 4.35 0.24 0.055
NGOs should be accountable for what
they say and the positions they take on
particular issues
1 1 2 26 24 4.31 0.24 0.056
NGOs should take accountability of the
values they promote
2 3 1 23 25 4.22 0.22 0.052
Mean Coefficients of variation 0.055
The study sought to establish the level at which respondents agreed with the above
statements relating to extent awareness creation and its influence on implementation of child
development policy. From the research findings, majority of the respondents agreed that;
Non-governmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly important role in
implementation of child development policy, NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the
public interest as shown by a mean of 4.35 in each case, NGOs should be accountable for
what they say and the positions they take on particular issues As shown by a mean of 4.31,

31
NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local champions that would act as
representatives of a community, take over the leadership role and push through the
partnership as shown by a mean of 4.24, NGOs should take accountability of the values
they promote as shown by a mean of 4.22, NGOs ensure that the goals of the major
stakeholders are mutually compatible and understood by the sides as shown by a mean of
4.15 all the cases were supported by low mean of std deviation which implies that
respondents were of similar opinion. The above findings concur with the study finding by
Torney-Purta, L., (2004). An increased social and cultural awareness should be viewed as
comprising part of the social and environmental benefits to be derived from such projects
4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
Table 4.13: Effects of Monitoring and Evaluation on Policy Implementation
Yes 48 88.9
No 6 11.1
Total 54 100
The research sought to investigate whether monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence the
implementation of child development policies done by NGOs in Karagwe, from the research
findings, majority of the respondents as shown by 88.9% agreed that monitoring and
evaluation by NGOs influences the implementation of child development policies
while11.1% of the respondents were of the contrary opinion. This implies that monitoring
and evaluation by NGOs influences the implementation of child development policies in
Karagwe

32
Table4.14: Extent to Which Monitoring and Evaluation Influence Policy
Implementation
Very great extent
23 42.6
Great extent
28 51.9
Moderate extent
3 5.6
Total 54 100
The study sought to establish the extent to which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs
influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research
findings, majority of the respondents a shown by 51.9% were of the opinion that monitoring
and evaluation by NGOs influences implementation of child development policy to a great
extent, 42.6% of the respondents indicated to a very great extent whereas 5.6% of the
respondents indicated to a moderate extent this implies that monitoring and evaluation by
NGOs influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent.
Table 4.15: Influence Monitoring and Evaluation on Child Development Policy
Statements
Stronglydisagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
StronglyAgree
Mean
Stddeviation
Coefficientsof
variation
NGOs ensure the quality of services
provided by either public or private
sector and monitor the price
1 1 2 24 26 4.35 0.24 0.055
Monitoring by NGO help to ensure
smooth policy implementation progress
as well which enhances the quality of
expected results
2 1 2 30 19 4.17 0.24 0.058
NGOs serve as enablers of the
partnership through setting cooperation
frameworks
1 2 2 27 22 4.24 0.23 0.054
NGOs may ensure transparency and that
the interests of all the major
stakeholders are reflected in project
development
1 2 3 24 24 4.26 0.22 0.052

33
NGOs are a key link in the
accountability chain, and stakeholders
expect donor representatives to ensure
that action is taken when system does
not perform well
2 0 1 29 22 4.28 0.25 0.058
NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence
to standards and accountability
mechanisms at the various stages of the
funding cycle
0 1 2 26 25 4.39 0.25 0.057
NGOs monitoring of funded projects is
another way of enhancing quality and
accountability
1 0 2 27 24 4.35 0.25 0.057
The study sought to establish the extent to which respondents agreed with the above
statements relating to monitoring and evaluation influence on implementation of child
development policy, from the research findings, majority of the respondents agreed that;
NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability mechanisms at the
various stages of the funding cycle as shown by a mean of 4.39, NGOs monitoring of funded
projects is another way of enhancing quality and accountability, NGOs ensure the quality of
services provided by either public or private sector and monitor the price as shown by a mean
of 4.35 in each case, NGOs are a key link in the accountability chain, and stakeholders
expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when system does not perform
well as shown by a mean of 4.28, NGOs may ensure transparency and that the interests of all
the major stakeholders are reflected in project development as shown by a mean of 4.26,
NGOs serve as enablers of the partnership through setting cooperation frameworks as shown
by a mean of 4.24 and that monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy
implementation progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results shown by a
mean of 4.17. the above findings conforms with the study findings by Livingstone Byekwaso
(2006) that NGOs should influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability
mechanisms at all stages throughout the funding cycle

34
4.5 Surveys Conducted By NGOs
Table 4.16: Effects of surveys on implementation of child development policy
Yes 44 81.5
No 10 18.5
Total 54 100
The study sought to determine whether surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of
child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings, majority of the
respondents as shown by 81.5% agreed that surveys by NGOs influences the implementation
of child development policy in Karagwe whereas 18.5% of the respondents were of the
contrary opinion. This implies that surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child
development policy in Karagwe.
Table 4.17: Influence Surveys on the Implementation of Child Development Policy
Very great extent
20 37.0
Great extent
26 48.1
Moderate extent
8 14.8
Total 54 100
The study sought to establish the extent to which surveys by NGOs influence implementation
of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings, most of the respondents
a shown by 48.1% were of the opinion that surveys by NGOs influence implementation of
child development policy to a great extent, 37% of the respondents indicated to a very great
extent whereas 14.8% of the respondents indicated to a moderate extent, this implies that
surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe to a
great extent.

35
Table 4.18: Influence of Surveys by NGOs on Child Development Policy
Statements
Stronglydisagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
StronglyAgree
Mean
Stddeviation
Coefficientsof
variation
Non-governmental organizations play a
vital role in the shaping and
implementation of participatory
democracy
1 2 2 24 25 4.30 0.23 0.053
The government should Encourage and
enable partnership and dialogue between
local non-governmental organizations
and local authorities in activities aimed at
implementation of child development
policy
0 1 2 27 24 4.37 0.25 0.057
Non-governmental organizations Carry
out research on issues of importance to
implementation of policy and share
findings with the Government and other
stakeholders
2 1 2 24 25 4.28 0.23 0.054
Non-governmental organizations
Participate in strengthening quality
assurance
1 0 2 29 22 4.31 0.25 0.058
Non-governmental organizations help to
Complement Government efforts in
mobilizing resources
1 2 3 25 23 4.24 0.22 0.052
The study sought to establish the extent to respondents agreed with above statements relating
to influence of NGO surveys on the implementation of child development policy, The
government should encourage and enable partnership and dialogue between local non-
governmental organizations and local authorities in activities aimed at implementation of
child development policy as shown by a mean of 4.37, non-governmental organizations
participate in strengthening quality assurance as shown by a mean of 4.31, non-governmental
organizations play a vital role in the shaping and implementation of participatory democracy

36
as shown by a mean of 4.30, non-governmental organizations carry out research on issues of
importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the government and other
stakeholders as shown by a mean of 4.28, and that non-governmental organizations help to
complement government efforts in mobilizing resources as shown by a mean of 4.24. The
above findings concurs with study findings by (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010)
who argue that the major reason for NGOs carry out this research was to get an answer as to
why there is persistent vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active
participation and support.
4.6 Implementation of Child Development Policy
Table 4.19: Statements Relating To Implementation of Child Development Policy
Statements
StronglyDisagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
StronglyAgree
Mean
StdDeviation
CoefficientsOf
Variation
NGOs acts intermediaries between actors
in the Child Development Policy, by
building bridges between communities and
governments
1 3 2 33 15 4.07 0.25 0.061
NGOs make a greats contribution towards
Implementation of Child Development
Policy by enhancing transparency to both
sides
0 2 1 25 26 4.39 0.25 0.057
NGOs provide feedback on specific
policies implementation process thereby
enhancing its success
1 2 5 32 14 4.04 0.24 0.059
NGOs involvement provides expert input
for during policymaking and
implementation as well.
2 1 1 38 12 4.06 0.29 0.071
The study sought to establish the extent to which respondents agreed with the above
statements relating to Implementation of Child Development Policy. From the research

37
findings, majority of the respondents agreed that NGOs make a greats contribution towards
Implementation of Child Development Policy by enhancing transparency to both sides As
shown by a mean of 4.37, NGOs acts intermediaries between actors in the Child
Development Policy, by building bridges between communities and governments as shown
by a mean of 4.07, NGOs involvement provide expert input for during policymaking and
implementation as well as shown by a mean of 4.06, NGOs provide feedback on specific
policies implementation process thereby enhancing its success As shown by a mean of 4.04
4.7 Regression Analysis
Table 4.20: Model summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .876 .767 .746 .223
Adjusted R squared is coefficient of determination which tells us the variation in the
dependent variable due to changes in the independent variable. From the findings in the
above table the value of adjusted R squared was 0.746 an indication that there was variation
of 74.6 percent on implementation of child development policy due to changes in awareness
creation, monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs at 95 percent
confidence interval. This shows that 74.6 percent changes in implementation of child
development policy could be accounted awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation and
surveys conducted by NGOs. R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship
between the study variables, from the findings shown in the table above is notable that there
extists strong positive relationship between the study variables as shown by 0.876.
Table 4.21: Analysis of Variance
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 2.946 3 .982 4.837 .001b
Residual 10.15 50 .203
Total 13.096 53
Critical value = 2.58

38
From the ANOVA statics, the study established the regression model had a significance level
of 0.1% which is an indication that the data was ideal for making a conclusion on the
population parameters as the value of significance (p-value) was less than 5%. The
calculated value was greater than the critical value (4.836>2.58) an indication that awareness
creation, monitoring and evaluation, surveys conducted by NGOs all affect implementation
of child development policy. The significance value was less than 0.05 indicating that the
model was significant.
Table 4.22: Table of Coefficients
The following tables gives the coefficients which helps in establishing the regression line
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.451 .229 6.336 .000
Awareness creation .482 .104 .393 4.635 .001
Monitoring and evaluation .532 .115 .332 4.626 .002
Surveys conducted by NGOs .498 .114 .423 4.368 .000
The established regression equation was
Y = 1.451+0.482 X1+ 0.5322 X2+ 0.498 X3
From the regression model below, it is can be deduced that, holding awareness creation,
monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs to a constant zero,
implementation of child development policy would be 0.451 (45.1%), it‟s was also
established that a unit increase in awareness creation while holding other factors at constant.
would enhance implementation of child development policy by a factor of 0.482 (48.2%), a
unit increase in monitoring and evaluation, while holding other factors at constant would
enhance implementation of child development policy by a factor of 0.432, (43.2%), also a
unit increase in Surveys conducted by NGOs would cause increase in implementation of
child development policy by a factor of 0.498 (49.8%).

39
This Cleary shows that there is a positive relationship between in implementation of child
development policy and awareness creation, monitoring / evaluation and surveys conducted
by NGOs. The analysis was undertaken at 5% significance level. The criteria for comparing
whether the predictor variables were significant in the model was through comparing the
obtained probability value and α=0.05. If the probability value was less than α, then the
predictor variable was significant otherwise it wasn‟t. All the predictor variables were
significant in the model as their probability values were less than α=0.05

40
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
From the analysis and data collected, the following discussions, conclusion and
recommendations were made. The responses were based on the objectives of the study. The
sought to examine the extent to which awareness creation by national NGOs influences
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, to identify the influence of
monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child development projects done by national
NGOs in Karagwe and to examine the influence of surveys by national NGOs on national
NGOs in the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe
5.2 Discussion of The Findings
5.2.1 Awareness Creation
The study established that awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of child
development policy in Karagwe to a great extent, the study also reveled that Non-
governmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly important role in
implementation of child development policy, NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the
public interest, NGOs should be accountable for what they say and the positions they take on
particular issues, NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local champions
that would act as representatives of a community, take over the leadership role and push
through the partnership, NGOs should take accountability of the values they promote,
NGOs ensure that the goals of the major stakeholders are mutually compatible and
understood by the sides cases were supported by low mean of std deviation which implies
that respondents were of similar opinion and that an increased social and cultural awareness
should be viewed as comprising part of the social and environmental benefits to be derived
from such projects
5.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influences implementation of
child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent. The study also established that

41
NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability mechanisms at the
various stages of the funding cycle, NGOs monitoring of funded projects is another way of
enhancing quality and accountability, NGOs ensure the quality of services provided by either
public or private sector and monitor the price, NGOs are a key link in the accountability
chain, and stakeholders expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when
system does not perform well, NGOs ensure transparency and that the interests of all the
major stakeholders are reflected in project development, NGOs serve as enablers of the
partnership through setting cooperation frameworks and that monitoring by NGO help to
ensure smooth policy implementation progress as well which enhances the quality of
expected results. the above findings confirms with the study findings by Livingstone
Byekwaso (2006) that NGOs should influence partners‟ adherence to standards and
accountability mechanisms at all stages throughout the funding cycle
5.2.3 Surveys Conducted By NGOs
The study revealed that surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development
policy in Karagwe to a great extent. The research further revealed that The government
should encourage and enable partnership and dialogue between local non-governmental
organizations and local authorities in activities aimed at implementation of child
development policy, non-governmental organizations participate in strengthening quality
assurance, non-governmental organizations play a vital role in the shaping and
implementation of participatory democracy, non-governmental organizations carry out
research on issues of importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the
government and other stakeholders, and that non-governmental organizations help to
complement government efforts in mobilizing resources. The above findings concurs with
study findings by (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010) who argue that the major
reason for NGOs carry out this research was to get an answer as to why there is persistent
vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active participation and support.
5.2.4 Implementation of Child Development Policy
The study established that NGOs make a greats contribution towards implementation of child
development policy by enhancing transparency to both sides, NGOs acts intermediaries

42
between actors in the child development policy by building bridges between communities
and governments, NGOs involvement provide expert input for during policymaking and
implementation as well, NGOs provide feedback on specific policies implementation process
thereby enhancing its success. These findings confirm with behavioral theory and discovered
by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs
through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus,
(Cherry, 2012).
5.3 Conclusions
The study revealed that NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local
champions that would act as representatives of a community, take over the leadership role
and push through the partnership. The findings concurs with the Livingstone Byekwaso
(2006) that civic education to community is important in protecting rights of vulnerable
groups like older people and children, as well as providing social, economic, cultural and
political support to them and he also acknowledged on the role of NGOs including
SAWAKA, in protecting the rights and entitlements of older people and vulnerable groups
Therefore the study concludes that awareness creation by national NGOs had a positive
influence on the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe.
The study established that Monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation
progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results ,the findings concurs with
the literature by Greenblot, (2008) that NGO‟s played important roles through participatory
monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) towards the implementation of child development policy,
therefore the study concludes that monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child
development policies done by national NGOs in Karagwe enhance the implementation of
child development policies.
The study revealed that Non-governmental organizations Carry out research on issues of
importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the Government and other
stakeholders, thus the study concludes that surveys by national NGOs on have a positive
influence on the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

43
5.4 Study Recommendations
Based on the study findings, the study recommends that the nongovernmental organizations
needs to continue with their efforts towards awareness creation to all stakeholders, since
awareness creation was found to play an instrumental role in enhancing implementation of
child development policy.
The study also recommends that frequent reviews and evaluations on policy implementation
process need to be done periodically in order to ascertain whether any significant steps are at
all being realized. This should also be done in view to effect changes if at all required.
The study further recommends that nongovernmental organizations need to thoroughly invest
in survey research and development, as this was found to be a key pillar on which the process
learning and knowledge development are based.
The study further recommends that nongovernmental organizations need to closely work
with the other stake holders; there is also need to ensure that roles to be played by each stake
holders are clearly defined and stipulated.
5.5 Recommendation For Further Studies
The Study sought to assess to investigate contribution of national NGOs, implementation of
child development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study. The study variables
(awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs) only
accounted for 74.6 % on implementation of child development policy in Karagwe. The study
recommends that other variables accounting for 25.4% need to be identified and their effects
assessed as well.

44
REFERENCES
Abebe and Aase, (2007), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd
Edition, Edward N.
Zalta (ed.):http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/Davidson
Bryman, A. (2004) Confrontation, Collaboration And Costs: Third Sector Participation In
The Policy Process. Australian and New Zealand Third Sector Review, Vol. 8, No. 2,
pp. 71-86.
Bariton and Bizimana, (1995) Education Presentation on Overview of Child Development.
Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/p/pollack/edu420/overview07.web.ppt)
Byekwaso, L. (2006), Study on the Plight of Older People, Care and Protection in Rural
Tanzania, Institute of Social Work, Dar es Salaam.
Casey John, (2004). Third Sector Participation in the Policy Process: A Framework for
Comparative Analysis in Policy and Politics. Vol. 32
Chenny, (2010), Clinical and Sonographic Evaluation of Dengue Fever in Bangladesh
Retrieved form
http://www.mkombozi.org/publications/factsheet/2007_11_20_factsheet_child_
development_policy.pdf
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika.
16, 297-334
CSO Joint initiative report, (2008): Retrieved from http://www.mcf.gov.bc.ca/foster/pdf/
advocating role caregiver.pdf
Cherry, K. (2010), An Introductory Guide to the Science of Human Behaviour, Adams Media
Corporation; 2nd
Revised Edition.
Greenblot, K. (2008), Research Paper on Working Paper on Social Protection for
vulnerable Children in the context of HIV/AIDS

45
Hsu, J., Hasmath, R. (2014). "The Local Corporatist State and NGO Relations in China".
Journal of Contemporary China 23 (87).
Kettl, Donald and Fessler, J. 2009. The Politics of the Administrative Process. Washington
D.C.: CQ Press.
Kothari, C.R. (2014), Research Methodology; Methods and Techniques, New Age
Publications (Academic), India
Kwesiga and Ratter, (1993), the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
Development. Retrieved from http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/samuel-
uwhejevwe-togbolo/the-role-of-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-
development.html
Lombe and ochumbo, (2008), Research Paper on Working Paper on Social Protection for
vulnerable Children in the context of HIV/AIDS
Ministry of health, (2008), Professional Development Program Newsletter on Policy into
Practice, State University of New York
Moser, (1998), Doctorate thesis on Non Governmental As Policy Actors in Thailand,
University of New York
Mugenda, O.M. and Mugenda, A.G., (2008), Research Methods; Quantitative and
Approaches, Acts Press, Nairobi
Mugenda, O.M. and Mugenda, A.G., (1999), Research Methods; Quantitative and
Approaches, Acts Press, Nairobi
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nae, G., Grigore C., Grigore, G. (2009), Thesis Report on NGO’s Engagement in
International Public Policy Making

46
Okiror, (2008), Training and Policy Implementation; Turning Policy into Practice. Retrieved
from Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/ Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization
Raj Kumar Pruthi, (2005), The Theory of Public Administration, Amit Enteprise, Dscovery
Publishsing House, Delhi
http://www.pdp.albany.edu/Media/PDF/CommuniquePDF/V21
PDP_Communique.pdf
REPOA Report, (2010) on Social Policy, analysis and Development Retrived from
http://www.unicef.org/tanzania/11527.html
Robert and Denhardt, J. (2009) Public Administration: An Action Orientation. 6th Ed.
Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont CA.
Rosenthal, R. and Jacobson, L. (1992) Pygmalion in the classroom. Expanded edition. New
York: Irvington
Samuel, U. T., (2005), The Role of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
Development: http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/samuel-uwhejevwe-
togbolo/the-role-of-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-development.html
Scholte, J. A. (2005), 'Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance', in
David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi (eds) Global Governance and Public
Accountability, Oxford: Blackwell
Scripen, T. and Walt, G. (2008), An Introductory Guide to the Science of Human Behaviour,
Adams Media Corporation; 2nd
Revised Edition
Smart, (2003) for Improving Quality of Care, Support, and Protection for Most Vulnerable
Children in Tanzania,

47
Sydorenko, (2010), Ministry of Community Development Gender and Children, Strategic
Plan for July 2011-June 2016
The World Bank, (2009), Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
UPPAP Wakiso district report (2002): Public Perception on Civil Society Organizations in
Tanzania.
Yohane, D. N., (2012), Budgeting for Children in Tanzania Report
Wilson, G.K, (2000), Why Is There No Corporation in the United States? In Relation of
Corporalist Policy-Making, pp.219-36
Save The Children Report, (2012) https://tanzania.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/child-
protection
Wolfram, S. (2008), Questionnaire Construct Validation in the International Civic and
Citizenship Education, Australian Council for Educational research. Retrieved from
http://www.pdp.albany.edu/Media/PDF/CommuniquePDF/V21_PDP_Communique.p
df

48
Appendix I: Questionnaire
Section A: Demographic information
2. Gender of the respondent :
Male [ ]
Female [ ]
3. Age of the respondent
Below 20 years [ ]
21-29 years [ ]
30-39 years [ ]
40-49 years [ ]
50 years and above [ ]
4. length of service in the organization
0-5 years [ ]
6-10 years [ ]
11-15 years [ ]
16-20 years [ ]
21 years and above [ ]
5. level of education
Secondary [ ]
College diploma [ ]
Degree [ ]
Masters [ ]
Part B: Awareness Creation
6. Do creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of child
Yes ( ) No ( )
(6.b)If yes (above) please explain

49
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. To what extent does awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of child
Very great extent ( )
Great extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
Little extent ( )
No extent at all ( )
8. Kindly indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent
to which awareness creation by NGOs in Tanzania influence implementation of child
development policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly
disagree)
Statements 1 2 3 4 5
NGOs ensure that the goals of the major stakeholders are mutually
compatible and understood by the sides.
NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local
champions that would act as representatives of a community, take
over the leadership role and push through the partnership.
Nongovernmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly
important role in implementation of child development policy.
NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the public interest
NGOs should be accountable for what they say and the positions
they take on particular issues
NGOs should take accountability of the values they promote:

50
9. How else does creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of
child development policy in Karagwe?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Part C: Monitoring and Evaluation
10. Do monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence the implementation of child
development policies done by NGOs in Karagwe?
Yes ( ) No ( )
11. If yes (above) please explain
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. To what extent does monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence implementation of child
Great extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
Little extent ( )
13. Kidly indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent to
which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence implementation of child development
policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly disagree)

51
NGOs ensure the quality of services provided by either public or
private sector and monitor the price
Monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation
progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results
NGOs serve as enablers of the partnership through setting
cooperation frameworks
NGOs may ensure transparency and that the interests of all the
major stakeholders are reflected in project development
NGOs are a key link in the accountability chain, and stakeholders
expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when
system does not perform well
NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and
accountability mechanisms at the various stages of the funding cycle
NGOs monitoring of funded projects is another way of enhancing
quality and accountability
14. Please indicate other ways through which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs in
Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Part D: Surveys Conducted By NGOs
15. Do surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child development policy in
Karagwe?
Yes ( ) No ( )
16. If yes (above) please explain
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

52
17. To what extent do surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child development
policy in Karagwe?
Great extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
Little extent ( )
18. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent to
which surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development policy (5-Strongly
Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly disagree)
Non-governmental organizations play a vital role in the shaping and
implementation of participatory democracy
The government should Encourage and enable partnership and
dialogue between local non-governmental organizations and local
authorities in activities aimed at implementation of child
development policy
Non-governmental organizations Carry out research on issues of
importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the
Government and other stakeholders
Non-governmental organizations Participate in strengthening quality
assurance
Non-governmental organizations help to Complement Government
efforts in mobilizing resources

53
19. Please indicate other ways through which surveys by NGOs in Tanzania influences
implementation of child development policy in Karagwe?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Part E: Implementation of Child Development Policy
19. Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to
Implementation of Child Development Policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-
Disagree- strongly disagree)
NGOs acts intermediaries between actors in the Child Development
Policy, by building bridges between communities and governments
NGOs make a greats contribution towards Implementation of Child
Development Policy by enhancing transparency to both sides
NGOs provide feedback on specific policies implementation process
thereby enhancing its success
NGOs involvement provides expert input for during policymaking
and implementation as well.
Thank you for your time

Avit final thesis doc

More Related Content

Similar to Avit final thesis doc (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Avit final thesis doc