B3 presentation
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Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are two main types of monosaccharides - pentoses like ribose that have the formula C5H10O5, and hexoses like glucose with the formula C6H12O6. Monosaccharides can exist as open chains or cyclic ring structures and have multiple isomers. Glucose naturally exists as the cyclic D-glucose form. Monosaccharides can bond together via condensation reactions to form disaccharides like sucrose and polysaccharides like starch. Starch is made of amylose, a straight chain polymer, and amylopectin with branching chains. Plants use starch to store carbohydrates and
B3 presentation
- 2. Monosaccharides All monosaccharides have the empirical formula CH 2 O. They contain a carbonyl group in addition to this and at least two –OH groups. They have between 3 and 6 carbon atoms.
- 3. Types of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides with the formula C 5 H 10 O 5 are generally known as pentoses (ribose is an example of this). Monosaccharides with the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 are known as hexoses (glucose is an example of this).
- 4. Monosaccaharides Structures Many structural isomers are possible. In addition several carbon atoms are chiral (asymmetric) and give rise to optical isomerism. Open chain structures and ring structures are also possible.
- 5. The form of natural glucose is known as D-glucose. The picture on the left is of a straight chain formation of D-glucose.
- 6. Ring Structure of D-glucose The ring structure of D-glucose can exist in two separate crystalline forms known as α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose. The only difference is the the –OH group on the first carbon atom is inverted.
- 7. Monosaccharides cont. Six-membered ring monosaccharides are known as pyranoses. Hexoses can also have a furanose structure where they have a five-membered ring containing an oxygen atom.
- 8. Polysaccharides Monosaccharides can undergo condensation reactions to form disaccharides and eventually polysaccharides.
- 9. Sucrose Sucrose is a disaccharides formed from the condensation of α-D-glucose in the pyranose form and β-D-frutose in the furanose form. The bond formed is known as a glycosidic link.
- 10. Sucrose continued In the case of sucrose the link is between the C-1 atom of glucose in the α-configuration and the C-2 atom of frutose. The links is known as a β-1,2 bond.
- 11. Maltose, another disaccharide is formed from two glucose molecules condensing to form an α-1,4 bond.
- 12. Lactose is a disaccharide in which the β-D-galactose is linked at the C-1 atom to the C-4 atom of β-D-glucose. This is called a β-1,4 bond.
- 13. Starch Starch is one of the most important polysaccharides. Starch exists in two forms: amylose, which is water soluble and amylopectin, which is insoluble in water.
- 14. Amylose Amylose is a straight chain polymer of α-D-glucose units with α-1,4 bonds.
- 15. Amylopectin Amylopectin also contains α-D-glucose units but it has a branched structure with both α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds.
- 16. Most plants use starch as a store of carbohydrates and their energy. Cellulose, a polymer of β-D-glucose contains β-1,4 links. Cellulose, together with lignin, provides the structure to the cell wall of green plants. most animals, including all mammals, do not have the enzyme cellulase so are unable to digest cellulose or other dietary fiber polysaccharides.
- 17. Functions of Polysaccharides in the Body To provide energy Food such as bread, biscuits, cake, potatoes, pasta, and cereals are all high in carbohydrates. To store energy Starch is stored in the livers of animals in the form of glycogen. Glycogen has almost the same chemical structure as amylopectin.
- 18. (cont.) As precursors For other important biological molecules they are components of nucleic acids and thus play an important role in the biosynthesis of proteins. As dietary fiber Dietary fiber is mainly plant material that is not hydrolysed by enzymes secreted by the human digestive tract by may be digested by microflora in the gut. It may be helpful in preventing conditions such as diverticulosis, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, Crohn’s disease, haemerrhoids and diabetes mellitus.