Bab1dan2
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Here are the key characteristics of human language: - Productivity/creativity - Language allows for infinite expression of new ideas through novel combinations of words. - Cultural transmission - Language is learned socially through interaction rather than genetically. It evolves over generations. - Displacement - Language can be used to communicate about things absent in space and time, including past/future events and imaginary concepts. - Arbitrariness - The relationship between words and what they refer to is arbitrary and learned through convention rather than natural law. - Duality of patterning - Language has two levels of structure - sounds combine into words, and words combine into sentences. - Specialization - Language relies on specialized vocal
Bab1dan2
- 1. • According to Sapir (1921: 8): ‘Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.’ • Based on Bloch & Trager in their Outline of Linguistics Analysis (1942: 5): ‘A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which group co-operates.’ • According to Hall in Essay on Language (1968: 158): ‘Language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.’ The scientific study of language
- 2. What are the relationships both of them? 1. Linguistic is a term of language 2. Language exist with some family constructed some terms is linguistic 3. Language was not born instinctively, it was born because there are terms approved with societies using it for communication and interaction
- 3. LINGUISTIC Applied Linguistic Descriptive Linguistic Theoretical Linguistic Lang. Acquisition Lang. Assessment Lang. Develompment Lang. Antropologhy Lang. Education Neurolinguistic Pscyholinguistic Cognitiv Linguis Stylistic Computational ling Prescription Corpus linguis Historicl linguis phonetic sociolinguistic Generative linguistics
- 4. The origins of languages Divine Source The Natural Sound Source The – oral Gesture Source Teeth, Lips, Mouth, Larynx and pharynx The Human Brain THe Physical Adaption Source
- 5. Divine Source: • In Qur’an 31 And He taught Adam the names – all of them. Then he show to the Angels, and said. “Inform me of the names of these, if you are truthful.” • In the biblical Tradition, God created Adam and “whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that ws the name thereof”. • Following Hindu tradition, language came from Sarasvati, wife of Brahma, creator of Universe. In an attempt to rediscover this original divine lang, a few experiments have been carried out, with rather conflicting results. 1. An Egyptian pharaoh named Psammetichus tried the experiment with two newborn babies more than 2,500 years ago. After two years in the company of goats and a mute shperd the children were reported to have spontaneously uttered, not an Egyptian word, but something that was identified as the Phrygian word bekos, meaning “bread”. 2. King James the Fourth of Scotland carried out a similar experiment arouth the year 1500 and the children weer reported to have started speaking Hebrew. It is unfortunate that all other cases of children who have been discovered living in isolation, without coming into contact with human speech, tend not to confiem the results of these types of ‘divine-source’ experiments. Very young children living without access to human lan intheir early years grow up with now lang at all.
- 6. The Natural Sound Source 1. This view suggested that primitive words could have been imitations of natural sounds which early men and women around them. a. “Bow-wow” theory: when an object flew by, making “caw-caw” sound, the early human imitated the sound and used it to refer to the object associated with the sound. In English, we have cuckoo, splash, bang, boom, rattle, buzz, hiss. it has also been suggested that the original sounds of language came from natural cries of emotion, such as pain, anger and joy, in English we have ouch, oops . b. “Yo-heave-ho” theory proposed the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated.
- 7. The “oral-gesture theory” proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture. It is claimed that originally a set of physical gestures was developed as a means of communication. It is proposed by Sir Richard Paget (1930) Then a set of oral gestures, specifically involving the mouth, developed, in which the movements of the tongue, lips and so on were recognized according to patterns of movement similar to physical gestures. The Oral-gesture Source
- 8. The Physical Adaptation Source 1. Teeth, Lip, Mouth, Larynx and Pharynx • Other proposal about the origin of human speech concentrates on some of the physical aspects of humans which are not shared with other creatures, not even with other primates. • Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those apes, and they are roughly even in height. Such characteristics are not needed for eating, but they are extremely helpful in making sounds such as f, v and th • Human lips have much more intricate muscle interlacing than is found in other primates and their resulting flexibility certainly helps with sounds like p, b and w. • The human larynx, or the vocal cords differs significantly in position from that of monkeys. This created a longer cavity, called the pharynx, above the vocal cords, which can act as a resonator for any sounds produced via the larynx. • One unfortunate consequence is that the position of the human to choke on pieces of food. Monkeys may not be able to use larynx to produce speech sounds, but they do not suffer from the problem of getting food stuck in the windpipe. 2. The human brain is lateralized, that is, it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres. Those functions which are analytic, such as tool-using and language, are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans.
- 11. Productivities / creativity / open endedness : Whatever we speaking or creating along with speaking is productivity Any one create or discuss a new thing called open endedness. Cultural transmission : Human being acquire language from there surrounding , culture but not from genes while animal acquire language through genes.
- 12. Displacement : We human being can talk about the things like past , future and things which we never seen , moon , stars , thing that are imaginary … only human being have this quality. Arbitrariness There is not as direct association between a word and the object that is denote (to refer). Languages are arbitrary because there is no necessary or natural relationship between the words and the concepts they represent. For example, there is nothing in the word "tree" that connects it to the concept of a tree. Also, languages are arbitrary because the rules for the combination of signs in order to produce complete thoughts are different from one language to the other, and no set of rules can claim to be correct.
- 13. Duality or double articulation: Human language has two level. The first level is of sound and phonemes and the second level is the combination of sounds , into words and sentences . In animal there is only one level that is sound. Specialization : There is no physical involvement in human language or communication. They can speak while working, while there is special physical involvement in their communication. Animal do this without physical involvement. Discreetness Sounds in human language are distinct separate from one another. Sounds of animal can not be separated.
- 14. Structure Dependence : Human language is structure dependent . It dependent on grammar. Pattering: Means that sounds and word not combined in random way in human Reciprocalatary / Interchangeability : There is an exchange ability in language. The speaker may be the audience . The sender may be the receiver and vice versa Rapid fade: Linguistics feature that are produced , disappear quickly, they don't stay in the air.