BALL BEARING ANALYSIS OF FAULT SIMULATION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD - A REVIEW

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, Sept.-2015
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BALL BEARING ANALYSIS OF FAULT SIMULATION USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD - A REVIEW
Mr. Shinde S. S.
Dr.Dhamejani C. L.
Mechanical Engineering Department, Savitribai Phule Pune University
ABSTRACT
Effectiveness of transient analysis of the finite dement bearing model to simulate the vibration signal
emanating from ball bearing with faults is presented in this work. It is difficult to identify the ball bearing
defect either in frequency spectrum or time domain when the defect is at incipient stage. Further, it is
difficult to experimentally obtain vibration signals from bearing having fault at incipient stage. Thus, need
for accurate simulation of ball bearing fault at incipient stage is considered essential. A Computer Aided
Design (CAD) model of a ball bearing having a minor crack in outer-race was created using commercially
available software. It was shown that identification of ball bearing defect in frequency spectrum is
difficult. The results were validated with experimental results.
Keywords: Effectiveness, emanating, fault, outer-race, simulate, validate.
INTRODUCTION
This Distinguishing or not withstanding averting disappointments in complex machines for the
most part advantages regarding economy and security. Ceaseless innovative advancement adds to the
increment of the lifetime of a moving bearing. Nonetheless, deserts can happen because of the colossal
number of basic procedures where heading are utilized. The intelligent analysis of conceivable flaws
constitutes an essential movement to counteract more genuine harms. Prescient support, from the
investigation of vibration signs created by the procedure, permits to screen and make decisions about the
operational condition of the machine, not withstanding that permits taking proper measures to amplify the
season of utilization, and to minimize costs resultant from the machine's downtime.[1] The target of the
sign examination is the revelation of discriminative elements that permit the ID of issues in their initial
stages. Specifically, bearing issues show in modifications of the vibration examples of the machines.[1]
Especially for deformities in moving component heading envelope identification is a shown method in
light of the fact that the technician surrenders in parts of the bearing show themselves in occasional
beatings, covering the low recurrence vibrations of the whole hardware, for case brought about by
unbalance of the rotor of the pump. The fundamental thought is the partition of the imperfection
recurrence and the regular recurrence of the beating by demodulation. Exploratory and computationally
reenacted information were utilized to delineate the thought and adequacy of the vibration signal
investigation and envelope system to distinguish nascent disappointments of moving bearing.[1] Detection
of bearing blames yet just utilizing all around acted information from a controlled research center
environment. At the point when an exploratory benchmark is utilized, the deficiency classes are superbly
known. This allows a surely marking of the information test for managed learning.
Machine reenactments can help with a few parts of framework operation and control, being
valuable to do preparatory examinations about the capacity of the strategy; however it can't totally mimic
all genuine circumstances. We are keen on examining a well known strategy for observing the bearing
condition connected to true information got from turning machines of oil extraction rigs. Surely, more
refined examination related investigation procedures have been produced, however the one displayed here

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is executed in the lion's share of business and symptomatic frameworks. Hence we center our
consideration on how this procedure will carry on in a certifiable circumstance. The accessibility of
noteworthy measures of genuine information from oil extraction apparatuses has persuaded this work. To
the best of our insight this is the first work to examine bearing condition determination system with
measurably huge measures of genuine information in this context.[1] Most mechanical turning apparatus
contains parts which will deliver extra commotion and vibration while a mimicked domain is free from
outside vibrations. There are various components that add to the intricacy of the bearing mark that couldn't
be reproduced. Genuine bearing flaws were utilized to supply this hole. The outcomes recommend that this
system is sufficiently hearty to be attractively connected to a genuine issue acknowledgment application
given precise data about moving bearing condition. We besides analyze some classifier calculations by
ROC examination, a classifier execution assessment device past the generally utilized characterization
accuracy. [1]
VIBRATION ANALYSIS IN ROTATING MACHINES
Engine pumps, because of the pivoting way of their interior pieces, produce vibrations.
Accelerometers deliberately set at focuses alongside course and engines permit the relocation, speed or
speeding up of the machine over the long haul to be measured, along these lines creating a discrete sign of
the vibration level. Fig. 1 demonstrates a normal situating arrangement of accelerometers on the gear. By
and large, the introductions of the sensors take after the three fundamental tomahawks of the machine, that
is, vertical, even, and hub.
Fig.1 Motor pump with extended coupling between motor and pump
The accelerometers are put along the fundamental headings to catch particular vibrations of the principle
tomahawks. (H=horizontal, A=axial, V=vertical.) In the vicinity of bearing deserts there are vibrations that
cover the signs of ordinary operation conditions. Other than that, blames from different issues of the
apparatus can likewise happen. Illustrations are the lower recurrence vibrations which normally happen if
there should be an occurrence of unbalance of the pivoting parts of the pump. At whatever point an impact
between an imperfection and some bearing component happens, a brief time heartbeat is created. This
heartbeat energizes the characteristic recurrence of the bearing, bringing about an increment of the
vibrational vitality.
FAULTS MODEL
The structure of a moving bearing permits building up a model of conceivable issues. Fig. 2
delineates an essential model of a holding on for the moving components, the internal and external
raceways, and the confine. The direction, when inadequatepresent trademark frequencies relying upon the
confinement of the imperfection. Surrenders in moving orientation can be predicted by the frequencies
(and their sounds) common for the flaw.

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Fig. 2 Sectional view of a bearing model
There are five trademark frequencies at which blames can occur.[1] They are the pole rotational recurrence
FS, basic pen recurrence FC, ball pass internal raceway recurrence FBPI, ball pass external raceway
recurrence FBPO, and the ball turn recurrence FB. The trademark flaw frequencies, for a holding on for
stationary external race, can be figured by thetaking after mathematical statements
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Where Db is the ball measurement, q is the heap point in light of the proportion of hub to spiral burden, Dc
is the confine distance across, and Nb is the quantity of balls. These mathematical statements consider that
the moving components don't slide, yet move over the race's surfaces. Obviously, there is essentially
constantly some slip and these comparisons give a hypothetical assessment which would change by 1-2%
from the real values.[1] These frequencies might be available in the vibration range when the orientation
are truly deficient or, in any event, when their parts are liable to pressures and distortions that can incite a
fault.[1]
ENVELOPE ANALYSIS
The imperfection discovery in light of the frequencies of an arrangement of back to back stages
generally named as envelope location. The envelope is an essential sign preparing strategy that aide in the
distinguishing proof of the bearing deformities, separating trademark frequencies from the vibration sign
of the flawed bearing. The goal is the confinement of these frequencies and their music, beforehand
demodulated by the Hilbert change. With this investigation it is conceivable to recognize the event of

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issues in heading, as well as distinguish conceivable sources, similar to blames in the inward and external
race, or in the moving components. The initial phase in plentifulness demodulation is sign sifting with a
band-pass channel to kill the frequencies connected with low frequencies deformities (for occasion
unbalance and misalignment) and killing clamor. The recurrence band of hobby is separated from the first
flag utilizing a FIR channel as a part of the time space. The choice of the demodulation band was in light
of the SKF business channel standard (500Hz-10kHz). Despite the fact that it is hard to legitimately assign
the channel band to sift through a complete vibration mode, it is out of the extent of this paper to research
strategies for the ideal decision of the demodulation band to discrete the bearing sign from concealing
clamor, for example, Spectral Kurtosis .The vibration signs of hobby have tedious high recurrence
indications as a result of the excitation of high recurrence resonances in customary interims. These free
vibrations produced by the bearing deformities are tweaked in sufficiency by the succession of tedious
effects and by the damping effect. [1]
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGIES
Since each considered illustration dependably shows no less than one sort of imperfection (not just
bearing desert), the way to deal with manage this multi label arrangement issue was to produce a parallel
moving bearing classifier in the accompanying way: all samples with no bearing shortcoming constitute
the negative class while the cases containing no less than one sort of bearing deformity have a place with
the positive class. The preparation base was made considering that every securing is shaped by all signs
gathered by every sensor put on every bearing lodging of the engine pump. Since the machine ordinarily
has four bearing lodgings and everyone has an unmistakable moving bearing, every procurement gave four
illustrations to the preparation base the extent of positive and negative samples where the positive class
implies the class of cases containing any moving component bearing imperfection and the negative class is
the class of samples that have no bearing fault.[1]
There are two critical strides in the deficiency discovery process. The principal is to perform sign
preparing to produce the element vector utilized as a part of the ensuing arrangement step and the second
step comprise of inciting a classifier. In this work we concentrate highlights from some critical groups of
the envelope range. We consider tight groups around the initially, the second, the third, the fourth, and the
fifth consonant of every trademark recurrence. Helpful data utilized was the RMS (root mean square)
computed from the range of speeding up and from the envelope range of every estimation point. An
example acknowledgment procedure, particularly include choice, is valuable to diminish the quantity of
elements and to maintain a strategic distance from the vicinity of insignificant data, encouraging the
resulting order. In this work we utilize the Sequential Forward Selection method. After the sum total of
what elements have been separated and chosen, the following step is the instigation of a classifier
algorithm.[1] Dynamic Modeling of moving component bearing. The key parts of any vibratory
framework are mass, firmness, damping and outside strengths. In this manner, in the dynamic model of
bearing scientists have contemplated and determined the expressions for bearing solidness coefficients,
element strengths, damping coefficients and impact of greases. The confined contact focuses in ball and
moving component direction are greatly high as contrasted and burdens following up on turning auxiliary
parts. Without ointment these contact push in bearing are administered by the Hertzian theory.[3] a six
degrees-of-flexibility model for the development of moving component around the internal ring. The
creator has considered the masses of moving components and Hertzian load removal impact. In these
investigations of ball and ball-confine connection vibrations, creator has considered just the masses of
moving components. The mass of the pole, races and lodging have not been accounted.[3] A propelled
model which is fit for taking care of geometrical defects, for example, varieties in moving component size,
race bend, bearing component lopsidedness and pen geometry, permitting different bearing imperfections
to be recreated. In the dynamic investigation, the comparisons of movement have been gotten by
considering four degrees-of-opportunity for balls and six degrees-of-flexibility for the confine. The
relevant connections for the assessment of moving component bearing element execution in any
application where done tests with accuracy precise contact metal balls confirmed essential elements, for

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example, erosion edge for soundness, confine movement and precariousness frequency.[3] a vibration
model of a rotor- moving direction framework to discover the impact for inward outspread leeway esteem
and number of moving components impact on unbending rotor vibrations in emptied moving component
bearing. The fundamental wellspring of the vibration in the pole bearing framework is the vicinity of the
imperfection on the associating bearing segments. Numerous exploration papers have been distributed in
most recent couple of decades on the recognition of the deformities in moving component bearings. [3]
IMPROVEMENTS OF FAULT DETECTION
The method of bearing disappointment and kind of machine are the most critical criteria for the
vibration observing of the bearing. The vibrations created because of weariness disappointment are less
mind boggling when contrasted with vibrations produced because of wear, grease starvation, erosion or
flawed establishment. Basic pivoting hardware require straightforward analytic strategies (time space or
recurrence area) while the intricate turning apparatus oblige advanced sign handling methods. The
specialists have distinguished the sort, size and area of issues in a moving bearing utilizing different sign
handling techniques like time recurrence examination, high recurrence reverberation strategy (HFRT),
wavelet change, Haar change, S change, cestrum investigation, bispectrum examination, higher request
otherworldly investigation, versatile clamor scratch-off (ANC), simulated neural system (ANN), and
cyclic autocorrelation. The motivations produced because of the association of imperfection and bearing
components energizes the resonances occasionally at the trademark deformity recurrence. These energized
resonances are sufficiency balanced at the trademark deformity recurrence. The demodulation of
resonances takes out the undesirable low recurrence signs created by different sources. The procedure of
extraction of demodulated spectra is known as high recurrence determination or envelope investigation.
The shortcoming discovery at the beginning stage is troublesome through envelope examination. Lately,
the wavelet change strategy has been proposed to concentrate exceptionally powerless signs for which
Fourier change gets to be insufficient. The adequacy of the envelope examination relies on upon the
determination of the middle recurrence and band width. The inadequacy of the envelope investigation has
been overcome by ghostly kurtosis, mix of squared envelope range and processed over following
examination , the combination of the wavelet change and envelope range. The strategy for flaw highlight
extraction taking into account characteristic mode capacity (IMF) envelope range which beats the limits of
routine envelope examination system. Hilbert-Huang change is a versatile sort time-recurrence
examination technique because of its high time recurrence. [3] Numerical Model of the Cylindrical Roller
Bearing There are distinctive sorts of bearing; among the most utilized as a part of industry are the
direction with balls and barrel shaped roller course for high load; for this study utilized the roller round
and hollow bearing to study the dynamic conduct and surface contact rollers and races, the fundamental
segments of this bearing (aside from the enclosure, seals, and other non-stacked parts) are essentially
barrels whose tomahawks are parallel to one another and to the bearing hub. The elements of the
framework proceeds onward a plane, on the plane typical and the powers in the middle of segments, and in
addition the outer one, likewise lie in planes that are parallel to the development plane: it is a plane anxiety
issue. The model of the bearing has a pole with the internal ring, 13 moving components (rollers), the
external ring, the pen, and an arrangement of outspread components that gives the recommended pace to
the pole; includes another piece is called "engine torque" is connected to control the velocity of pivot of
the shaft.[4]

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Fig. 3 2D numerical model of the a roller cylindrical bearing
ANALYTICAL MODEL
The investigative model proposed for a course in this re-inquiry is the Harris-Jones model for a tube
shaped roller bearing; this model is created from the Hertz contact detailing and element balance. This
model star vides an arrangement of non-straight comparisons made out of one mathematical statement for
the power equalization of the pole (which is under an outspread power connected at its middle), and one
more for each of the stacked rollers (j=1… z), which experience the contact powers from the internal and
external races and the divergent power of idleness: Figure demonstrates the point where the spiral power
(Fr) is connected and the contact drives in light of connected constrain on the inside shaft. Contact powers
are figured at first on the contact purposes of the rollers on the internal race. [4]
Fig.4 Radial force applied and contact forces on the bearing
Fr is connected outspread power at the focal point of the pole; K is the power criticism framework that
causes the material to perform resistance to the spiral power, for this model is comparable contact firmness
between the roller and the races (applying the contact Hertz hypothesis to barrels, for every contact
between a stacked roller and the inward (external) race. [4]
NUMERICAL MODEL CONTACT FORCE DATA
Information securing of the numerical model took into air conditioning check a few variables that
met the accompanying element conditions. Pivot pace of steady shaft. There is of moving impact between
the rollers and races Existence of hubs of contact in the middle of rollers and races (table 2) Distance
between hubs moderately little to keep away from little bounce back. The lattice of the roller and the
inward and external rings with the contact hubs that are created are the basic components included in the
development of bearing numerical model, [4]

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Fig. 5 Conditions of meshing for roller
Numerical models examined at mechanical occasion simulation has transient information produced by
element sensation happened. Impermanent aftereffects of contact between the parts (roller with races) of
the model is the most critical in-arrangement of this investigation, in light of the fact that are characterized
in a numerical model with mechanical occasion reenactment, the system computes the relating contact
powers for each hub, for each time step. Examination of contact examinations in parts of the bearing
backing just a little zone of deformity between the pieces [4]
Fig. 6 Nodes involved in the contact
VALIDATION WITH RELATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODELS
Is validated by comparison of two theoretical models, is not defined experimental model because of the
difficulty of acquiring data of contact between the rolling elements and the rings of a bearing. The
analytical model shown in this study of the dynamic equilibrium equations of Harris and Jones proposed to
determine the reaction force within the load zone for this study assumes that forces the load zone are low
magnitude. The validation of the numerical model of a cylindrical roller bearing for this research was
conducted by comparison with the analytical model of Harris - Jones with similar features and equal
boundary conditions. The validation was performed by comparing the reaction force exerted by way of the
rollers on the outer race in the load zone for both models. For a real validation have been described the
geometry of the load zone for each model, the description of the load zone will serve to better demonstrate
the dynamic behavior of the numerical model compared with the analytical model.[4]

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The mathematical equations of equilibrium used in the analysis of the analytical model do not
predict random events such as shock, misalignment, etc. due to the drop shaft functioning during early
bearing. Load zones are symmetric analytical models for the position of the angle in the negative direction
and a positive difference in the load zone of the numerical model has no symmetry. [4]
CONCLUSION
From a review of dynamic models of healthy and faulty rolling element bearing it has been
observed that the vibration amplitude of the defective bearing are more compare to the healthy bearing.
Moreover, the presence of bearing fault (local or distributed) and its location can be identified through the
time and frequency domain analysis of the vibration signal. The accuracy of the dynamic model depends
on the considerations like mass of shaft, bearing elements, housing, linear or nonlinear bearing stiffness,
lubrication, speed, damping, defect, friction and presence of noise. The defect can be simulated by the
addition of extra disturbing force or displacement. The fault detection can be improved by the signal
processing techniques like envelope analysis, HHT, wavelet transform, cyclostationary analysis and noise
cancellation. The effectiveness of envelope analysis and wavelet transform depends on the selection of the
center frequency and mother wavelet, respectively.[3] The numerical model presented phenomena of an
experimental model; these phenomena are due to the dynamics of the system, where you can explore
different events as chaotic behavior of the rolling elements, falls, blows, slipping between the races and
rollers, among others. Numerical model generates the geometry of the load zones adapted to the dynamics
of the bearing elements in contact with geometry it may predict behavior, failure, location of critical areas
among others.[4]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of this paper depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this paper. Thanks to Dr C. L. Dhamejani for his valuable
contribution in developing the IJRSD article template.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Mendel, T. W. Rauber1, F. M. Varej˜ao, And R. J. Batista, Rolling Element Bearing Fault
Diagnosis In Rotating Machines Of Oil Extraction Rigs, 17th European Signal Processing Conference
(Eusipco 2009), Glasgow, Scotland, August 24-28, 2009.
[2] V. N. Patel, N. Tandon, R. K. Pandey, Vibrations Generated By Rolling Element Bearings Having
Multiple Local Defects On Races, 2nd International Conference On Innovations In Automation And
Mechatronics Engineering, Iciame 2014
[3] Dipen S., Shah, Vinod N. Patel, A Review Of Dynamic Modeling And Fault Identifications Methods
For Rolling Element Bearing, 2nd International Conference On Innovations In Automation And
Mechatronics Engineering, Iciame 2014, Procedia Technology 14 ( 2014 ) Pp 447 – 456.
[4] Laniado-Jacome Edwin, Numerical Model To Study Of Contact Force In A Cylindrical Roller Bearing
With Technical Mechanical Event Simulation , Journal Of Mechanical Engineering And Automation.
2011; 1(1): Pp 1-7

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