Basic research & documentation skills
- 1. Basic Research & Documentation Skill D t ti Skills Indraneel Bh I d l Bhowmik k Tripura University Knowledge Enhancement Workshop organised by CPA, Agartala in collaboration with CUTS International held @ Agartala Press Club on 19th May, 2012
- 2. ‘Research is a careful and exhaustive investigation of a phenomenon with an objective of advancing knowledge’ 2
- 3. Uses of Research • Improves Decision Making • Reduces Uncertainty • Enables Adoption of New Strategy • Helps in Planning the Future • Helps in Ascertaining Trends 3
- 4. Types of Research • Descriptive – Answers to the questions relating to • WHO • WHAT • HOW • WHERE & • WHEN • Exploratory – Better Understanding of the Problem • Explanatory – Explains Causes of the Problem 4
- 5. Methods of Research • Field Study‐ – Observation • Experimental‐ – Controlled • Survey‐ – Sample • Case Study‐ – Thorough/ Intensive/ In‐depth • Statistical Statistical‐ – Quantitative • Historical‐ Historical – Secondary • Evolutionary‐ – Changes over time 5
- 6. Phases in Research Design • Specifying the problem/topic to be studied • Framing Research Design • Planning a Sample – probability & non‐probability or combination of the two • Collecting the data • Analysing the Data – Editing – Coding – Processing – Tabulating • Preparing the Report p g p 6
- 7. Sampling A VANTAG S ADVANTAGES • Manageable • Saves Time & Money • Increases Accuracy TYPES • Probability Simple Random Stratified Random Systematic Cluster Multi‐Stage M lti St Multi‐phase • Non‐Probability Convenience Purposive Quota Snowball Volunteer 7
- 8. Data • Time Series Data‐ sequence of observations ordered in time – Profits of MRF since 1991 – GDP of India from 1950‐51 to 1999‐00 • Cross Sectional Data‐ parallel data on many units (individuals, firms, nations) at the same point of time – Heights and weights of the people present in the room – Literacy rate of the member countries of UN in 2010 • P l D t same cross‐section unit surveyed Panel Data‐ ti it d over time – AGR of G20 countries from 2001 to 2010 – R R of return of 10 mutual f d over th l t 10 RoR f t f t l funds the last years Methods of Collection • Questionnaire • Interview Schedule • PRA • FGD 8
- 9. Exploring Data • Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central Tendency • Mean‐ Average, Geometric & Harmonic; • Median; • Mode – Measures of Dispersion • Range • Inter Inter‐ Quartile Range • Standard Deviation • Mean Deviation • Quartile Deviation • Graphical Representation – Scatter – Column – Bar – Line – Pie 9
- 10. Descriptive Statistics • By hand…………………. • Software packages‐ • Example: Show xls. File • D t A l i f Data Analysis‐ from th menu D t the Data; choose Descriptive Statistics‐ select the input range‐ select summary range statistics‐specify the output location‐ get the result • Command for descriptive available in the menu of all other packages 10
- 11. Graphical Representations MS‐Excel is the most popular way‐ use of the insert menu Diagram should be on the basis of data Pie for one time period; 100% stacked column/bar for multi period Line graph: time series‐ trend line fitting: checking the R.sq Tradition: B /C l T diti Bar/Column f cross‐ for sectional data Manipulations on the axis is often important‐ e.g: scale 11
- 12. Case Studies Characteristics • In Totality • Multiple Methods for Data Collection • Often a single Unit • Respondent is Principles knowledgeable • Use Multiple Sources • Maintain a Chain of Evidence • Record Data 12
- 13. Writing Case Studies • A puzzle requiring Solution 3 basic steps • Research‐ – Library and Internet research – Interview relevant people p p • Analysis‐ – Put all the information in one place p – Assign sections to different people – Formulate the case problem in a brief • Actual Writing‐ – Describe the problem or case question you want the reader to solve t th d t l – Organise the sections of the case 13
- 14. Thank You ALL Comments & suggestion to eyebees@gmail.com b @ il 14