BASICS OF COSMOLOGY
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Cosmology is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe. Observational evidence shows the universe is expanding, with more distant galaxies receding faster. The cosmological principle states the universe appears homogeneous and isotropic at large scales. Matter in the universe includes baryons like protons and neutrons, photons that make up radiation, neutrinos, and non-baryonic dark matter. The expansion of the universe is governed by Friedman equations involving the scale factor and density of the universe. Simple cosmological models can be constructed assuming the universe is filled with either pressureless matter or radiation.
![Friedman equation
It governs the time evolution of the scale factor a(t),
(
𝑎
𝑎
)2
=
8𝜋𝐺
3
𝜌 −
𝑘
𝑎2
where 𝑘𝑐2
= − 2𝑈
𝑚𝑥2 which is time independent. It has the
units of [length]-2. An expanding Universe has a unique value
of k, which it retains throughout its evolution.
k tells us about the geometry of the Universe, and it is often
called the curvature](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ba65530f-88ae-42ac-9910-92a87e48a4d1-160606064407/85/BASICS-OF-COSMOLOGY-20-320.jpg)
BASICS OF COSMOLOGY
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO COSMOLOGY BY UVANJELIN NITHYA I II MSC PHYSICS
- 3. Cosmology Cosmology is the branch of astronomy involving the origin and evolution of the universe. According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is “the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole”.
- 4. The Realm of Cosmology Basic unit: Galaxy Size : 10-100 kilo parsec (kpc.) Mass : 100 billion Stars Measure distances in light travel time 1 pc. (parsec) = 200,000 AU= 3.26 light yr. Measure Mass in Solar mass 𝑀0= 2×10^30Kg.
- 5. Galaxy Clusters Size : Mega parsecs (Mpc.) Mass : 100 –1000 Galaxies Super Clusters Size : 10 Mega parsecs Mass : few 1000 Galaxies 100 million Light years Galaxy Size : 10-100 kilo parsec Mass : 100 billion Stars The Realm of Cosmology
- 6. Overview Where do cosmologists rely on? -Observational Review Cosmological Principle Particles in the Universe Expansion of the Universe Geometry of the Universe Simple Cosmological Models
- 7. Observational review Astronomers had to rely on light in order to study about the universe. One of the great astronomical achievements of the 20th century was the exploitation of the full electromagnetic spectrum for astronomical measurements. The advent of large ground-based and satellite-based telescopes operating in all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum has revolutionized our picture of the Universe.
- 8. Visible light… Visible light: Historically, our picture of the Universe was built up through ever more careful observations using visible light. The main source of visible light in the Universe is nuclear fusion within stars. All the stars, galaxies, clusters…
- 9. Other wave bands… Radio wave: A powerful way of gaining high-resolution maps of very distant galaxies is by mapping in the radio part of the spectrum. Many of the furthest galaxies known were detected in this way. Infra red: Carrying out surveys in the infrared part of the spectrum, as was done by the highly-successful IRAS (InfraRed Astronomical Satellite) in the 1980s, is an excellent way of spotting young galaxies, in which star formation is at an early stage. Infrared is particularly good for looking through the dust in our own galaxy to see distant objects
- 10. X-ray These are a vital probe of clusters of galaxies; in between the galaxies lies gas so hot that it emits in the X-ray part of the spectrum, corresponding to a temperature of tens of millions of Kelvin. This gas is thought to be remnant material from the formation of the galaxies, which failed to collapse to form stars. MICROWAVE For cosmology, this is by far the most important waveband. Observations by the FIRAS (Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrometer) experiment on board the COBE (COsmic Background Explorer) satellite have confirmed that the radiation is extremely close to the black-body form at a temperature 2.725 ± 0.001 Kelvin. This is CMB. And beyond….
- 11. Cosmological Principle The Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. Homogeneity is the statement that the Universe looks the same at each point, while isotropy states that the Universe looks the same in all directions. The cosmological principle is therefore a property of the global Universe, breaking down if one looks at local phenomena.
- 12. Lick Observatory survey The evidence that the Universe becomes smooth on large scales supports the use of the cosmological principle.
- 13. Particles in the Universe Everything in the Universe is made up of fundamental particles, and the behaviour of the Universe as a whole depends on the properties of these particles. Baryons We ourselves are built from atoms, the bulk of whose mass is attributable to the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei. Protons and neutrons are believed to be made up of more fundamental particles known as quarks, a proton being made of two up quarks and a down quark, while a neutron is an up and two downs. A general term for particles made up of three quarks is baryons.
- 14. The universe contains Radiation Our visual perception of the Universe comes from electromagnetic radiation, and such radiation, at a large variety of frequencies, pervades the Universe. It can be thought of as made up of individual particles — like packets of energy — known as photons. They have zero rest mass their total energy is always given by their kinetic energy, and is related to their frequency f, by E = hf Photons can interact with the baryons and electrons; for example, a high-energy photon can knock an electron out of an atom (a process known as ionization), or can scatter off a free electron (known as Thomson scattering in the non-relativistic case otherwise Compton scattering). The more energetic the photons are, the more devastating their effects on other particles.
- 15. The Universe contains… Neutrino Neutrinos are extremely weakly interacting particles, produced for example in radioactive decay. The combination of photons and neutrinos makes up the relativistic material in our Universe. There are three types of neutrino, the electron neutrino, muon neutrino and tau neutrino. Dark matter Evidence from the observations suggests that about 23% of the mass of the universe consists of non-baryonic dark matter, where only 4% consists of visible, baryonic matter. The gravitational effects of dark matter are well understood. Dark energy It is the additional component making up 73% of the energy density of the universe.
- 16. Expansion of the Universe A key piece of observational evidence in cosmology is that almost everything in the Universe appears to be moving away from us, and the further away something is, the more rapid its recession appears to be. These velocities are measured via the redshift. A redshift (z) is shift in the wavelength of a photon toward longer wavelength. 𝑎(𝑡) = 1/ 1+𝑧 where 𝑧 = Δ𝜆/ 𝜆 HUBBLE’S LAW velocity of recession is proportional to the distance of an object from us. 𝑣 ∝ 𝑟 𝑣 = 𝐻0 𝑟
- 17. According to Hubble's law, the further away from us a galaxy is, the faster it is receding.
- 18. Comoving Co-ordinates These are coordinates which are carried along with the expansion. Because the expansion is uniform, the relationship between real distance and the comoving distance, can be written 𝑟=a(t) 𝑥 Where 𝑟 is the physical distance a is the scale factor 𝑥 is the commoving distance where the homogeneity property has been used to ensure that a is a function of time alone. The original r coordinate system, which does not expand, is usually known as physical coordinates. The quantity a(t) is a crucial one, and is known as the scale factor of the Universe. It measures the universal expansion rate.
- 20. Friedman equation It governs the time evolution of the scale factor a(t), ( 𝑎 𝑎 )2 = 8𝜋𝐺 3 𝜌 − 𝑘 𝑎2 where 𝑘𝑐2 = − 2𝑈 𝑚𝑥2 which is time independent. It has the units of [length]-2. An expanding Universe has a unique value of k, which it retains throughout its evolution. k tells us about the geometry of the Universe, and it is often called the curvature
- 21. k…curvature Geometry of the universe Curvature Geometry Type of Universe k>0 Spherical Closed k=0 Flat Flat k<0 Hyperbolic Open
- 22. Fluid equation an equation to describe how the density p of material in the Universe is evolving with time. 𝜌+3 𝑎 𝑎 𝜌 + 𝑝 𝑐2 = 0 the different types of material which might exist in our Universe have different pressures, and lead to different evolution of the density p. As we see, there are two terms contributing to the change in the density. The first term corresponds to the dilution in the density because the volume has increased, while the second corresponds to the loss of energy because the pressure of the material has done work as the Universe's volume increased.
- 23. Equation of state The relationship between the mass density 𝜌 and the pressure p is known as the equation of state. 𝑝 = 𝜔𝜌𝑐2 It is in specifying the pressure that we are saying what kind of material our model Universe is filled with.
- 24. Simple Cosmological models Matter: 'nonrelativistic matter', and refers to any type of material which exerts negligible pressure, p= 0. A pressureless Universe is the simplest assumption that can be made. It is a good approximation to use for the atoms in the Universe once it has cooled down, as they are quite well separated and seldom interact, and it is also a good description of a collection of galaxies in the Universe, as they have no interactions other than gravitational ones.
- 25. Simple Cosmological models Radiation : Particles that move at the sped of light. Their kinetic energy leads to a pressure force, the radiation pressure, which using the standard theory of radiation can be shown to be 𝒑 = 𝝆𝒄 𝟐 𝟑 . More generally, any particles moving at highly relativistic speeds have this equation of state.
- 26. Solving the equations… Matter We start by solving the fluid equation, having set p=0 for matter. 𝜌 + 3 𝑎 𝑎 𝜌 = 0 𝜌 𝛼 1 𝑎3 the density falls off in proportion to the volume of the Universe.
- 27. Radiation Substituting, 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑐2 3 in the fluid equation, we get 𝜌+4 𝑎 𝑎 =0 𝜌𝛼 1 𝑎4 Notice that the Universe expands more slowly if radiation dominated than if matter dominated, a consequence of the extra deceleration that the pressure supplied.
- 28. Intitially, the Universe was Radiation dominated then it became Matter dominated. Now the evolution of Universe is dominated by Dark Energy. At the time of transition density of matter and dark energy were in equilibrium.
- 29. References An Introduction To Modern Cosmology by Andrew L. Liddle . Modern Cosmology by Scott Dodelson Ned Wright cosmological tutorials www.heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov Astro.wku.edu
- 30. THANK YOU Still more to explore… Continue your journey towards solving the puzzles of nature.