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- 1. Chapter 2 Basics of Wireless Networks These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 2. Learning objectives To understand wireless networks To know the access technologies To study problems such as interference, multi-path propagation, path loss, battery life, etc. To illustrate issues like channel allocation, routing, mobility, security, power management, etc. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 3. Wireless networks Wired network Wire as communication High data rate No mobility medium Wireless network Radio waves and Less data rate Highly portable Mobility air as a medium These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 4. Wireless networks (Contd..) Provide Internet inexpensive and rapid connection setup with Restricted by distance Overlapping radio cells to provide connectivity These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 5. Wireless network architecture It consists of mobile hosts, fixed hosts, access stations (BS), core network to support mobility and switching. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 6. Wireless network architecture (Contd..) Mobile host Laptop, mobile phone, PDA, notebook, etc. can move from one place to another place while maintaining connection with wireless network. Fixed wireless host Cannot move but the medium is radio waves. Example: wireless web servers, printers, etc. Access Network Consists of access stations (BS) which provide services to hosts reachable from it. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 7. Wireless network architecture (Contd..) Core Network Consists of active components that perform data switching between access stations (BS), and provide location and mobility services. Facilitates communication from mobile host to mobile host, mobile host fixed to wired node, fixed host, host etc. to wired node, host to mobile These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 8. Classification of wireless networks Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless body area networks personal area networks local area networks metropolitan area networks wide area networks such as and GSM or CDMA cellular networks Satellite networks and broadband access networks These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 9. Classification of wireless (Contd..) networks These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 10. Classification of wireless (Contd..) Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) networks Max. signal range 2 meters Interconnecting respective devices within the surface of the body These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 11. Classification of wireless (Contd..) networks Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 12. Classification of wireless (Contd..) networks Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Max. signal range of 10 meters These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 13. Classification of wireless networks (Contd..) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • Signal range is ≈100 meters. • Also called the Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi or IEEE 802.11) These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 14. Recall: an example of wired LAN Station These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one. Work Printer Server Laptop Work Station Laptop Laptop Work Station
- 15. An example of wireless LAN A user is connected if he/she is in the coverage area of a cell Each cell operates at a different frequency These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one. Work Station Work Station Work Station Work Station Work Station Printer Server Access Point Access Point Access Point Access Point Access Point Access Point Laptop Laptop Laptop Laptop Laptop Work Station
- 16. Classification of wireless networks (Contd..) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Signal range of approximately 5 km to 20 km (recently up to 50 km) Often called Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX or IEEE 802.16) Wi-Fi users may be connected to the WiMAX network WiMAX BS Mobile devices might have built in WiMAX adapter or may be externally plugged WMAN might be owned and operated by organizations or public institutions These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 17. Classification of wireless networks (Contd..) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Use network infrastructure of mobile operators. Cover wide area much wider than groups mentioned above. Use cellular network technologies such as WI-MAX, GSM, GPRS, 3G and others. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 18. Wireless switching technology Packet switching is the basic type of technology Uses short bursts of information, wireless switching uses channels only for short periods of time. protocols. Standard routing These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 19. Recall: Packet switching 2nd From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, Edition These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 20. Recall: Packet switching (Contd..) From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 21. Wireless switching technology (Contd..) - Packets are routed and pipelined using multiplexing - Bandwidth is used only when data is transmitted These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 22. Wireless switching technology (Contd..) Virtual circuit Switched virtual circuits (SVCs) Established dynamically on demand 3 phases – circuit establishment, termination data transfer, circuit Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) transfer Only one mode i.e., data These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 23. Wireless communication Increased bit error rate Lower transmission power Scattering Reflection Diffraction problems Multipath propagation Path loss These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 24. Wireless communication problems Increased bit error rate Wireless network media is more prone to obstacles between Tx and Rx Interference from neighbour nodes One can observe errors due to Frequent disconnections causing to data loss Annoying to voice and video clients These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 25. Wireless communication problems (Contd..) Lower transmission power Mobile units powered by battery have scarce energy resources Limited transmission power to avoid interference Attenuation Capture power at the receiver side is Pr = Pt / (4 πd / l)2 Where Pt is the transmitter power, d the distance between and the receiver, and l is the wavelength of the signal. Lp = (4 πd / l)2 is the path loss. Scattering the transmitter Occurs when signal pass through the object whose dimension is smaller than the wavelength. Scattered waves are produced by rough surfaces, small objects, irregularities in the channel. Need reduce it. proper deployment strategies to These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 26. Wireless communication problems (Contd..) Reflection Occurs when electromagnetic wave strikes an object which has very large dimension compared to the wave length. Ex: walls, furniture, buildings, etc. Diffraction Occurs when radio path between Tx and Rx is obstructed by surfaces that will have sharp irregularities (edges) causing secondary waves, which be present in space and behind the obstacle. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 27. Wireless communication problems (Contd..) Multipath Propagation Caused by reflection and scattering Radio waves arrive at the Rx from different delays Final signal is the summation of all signals directions with varying Antenna diversity methods are used to overcome this problem These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 28. Wireless network reference model The OSI TCP/IP architecture is functionally equivalent to the reference model. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 29. Recall: TCP/IP Concepts 2nd From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, Edition These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 30. Protocol Data Units in the TCP/IP Architecture Examples: TCP header includes destination port, sequence number, checksum IP header includes destination host address (B in previous example) Network header includes destination subnetwork address From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 31. Wireless network reference model (Contd..) Major similarities and differences between TCP/IP and the OSI reference models are Both models have an application, a transport, and a network/Internet layer The TCP/IP model does not have a session layer Lower layers connects the upper layers to the actual physical network These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 32. Wireless network reference model (Contd..) Application layer functions This is the layer where end user applications such as remote login, mail transfer, file transfer, network management, and web browsers run Transport layer functions Its job is to provide reliable communication from application to application (end-to-end) regardless of communication links It encapsulates application layer data layer the lower-layer protocols and and deliver it to the network These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 33. Illustration of the transport service These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 34. Wireless network reference model (Contd..) Data link layer functions This includes the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and MAC (media access control) sublayer. the It does segmenting the bit stream into frames, error handling, flow control, and access control. MAC is channel responsible and reliable for accessing and sharing of the wireless delivery by using acknowledgments. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
- 35. Illustration of data link layer Bridge 802.4 LLC P 802.4 LLC P These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one. 802 802.3 LLC P LLC P 802.3 LLC P 8024 LLC P 802.3 LLC P 802 Computer A P LLC P 802.3 LLC P 802.3 LLC P Computer B P LLC P 802.4 LLC P 802.4 LLC P
- 36. Wireless network reference model (Contd..) Physical layer functions This layer transports encapsulated data from the data link transmits it wirelessly to the distant network. layer and The wireless features and functionality (modulation type, data rate, and so on) take place at this layer. These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri, the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.