basis of infromation retrival part 2
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This document discusses various methods for retrieving medical literature, including keywords searching, Boolean searching, proximity searching, and citation searching. It provides examples of how to perform keyword searches and defines Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT. It also covers using parentheses, wildcards, truncation, and proximity operators to expand or narrow medical searches. The key points covered are searching with keywords, using Boolean logic, identifying keywords, and applying advanced search techniques.
basis of infromation retrival part 2
- 1. Chapeter 4 Key Concepts on Medical Information Retrieval
- 2. Searching /Retrieval using : Literature can be retrieval by using : Keywords Searching Boolean search Proximity searching Citation searching
- 3. Keywords searching • Keywords are major and important words or concepts extracted from your topic (subject of research) •They are unique and related to the field being investigated.
- 4. Do not forget that you are dealing with a computer, not a human being! SO ,no need write a full sentence, just words (including synonyms) unique to your topic Example : Peptic Ulcer, Rheumatic Arthritis, Spinal Anesthesia,
- 5. Key word finding Open fractures of the tibial diaphysis are often associated with se-vere bone and soft-tissue injury. Contamination of the fracture site and devitalization of the soft-tissue envelope greatly increase the risk of infection, nonunion, and wound complications. Management of open tibial shaft fractures begins with a thorough patient evaluation, including assessment of the bone and soft tissue surrounding the tibial injury. Classification of these injuries according to the sys-tem of Gustilo and Anderson at the time of surgical debridement is useful in guiding treatment and predicting outcomes. Administration of antibiotic prophylaxis as soon as possible after injury as well as urgent and thorough debridement, irrigation, and bony stabilization are done to minimize the risk of infection and improve outcomes. The use of antibiotic bead pouches and negative-pressure wound therapy has proved to be efficacious for the acute, temporary management of severe bone and soft-tissue defects. Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: I. Evaluation and Initial Wound Management
- 6. Find out the Possible Keywords? Open Tibial Shaft Fractures Wound Management the tibial diaphysis Infection Gustilo and Anderson classification antibiotic prophylaxis antibiotic bead pouches surgical debridement bony stabilization Irrigation negative-pressure wound Therapy soft-tissue defects.
- 7. Possible Keywords Persistent fever antipyretics Immunizations febrile children
- 9. Boolean Search a Boolean is logical possible values. Genreally : true or false. Or combination In computer operation, Boolean logic can be used as (1 or true) or not charged (0 or false).
- 10. The computer can use an AND or OR gate operation to obtain a result that can be used for further processing. The following table shows the results from applying AND and OR operations to two compared states: 0 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1 0 OR 0 = 0 0 OR 1 = 1 1 OR 1 = 1
- 15. Boolean uses Boolean algebra, a logical calculus of truth values or set membership Boolean algebra (structure), a set with operations resembling logical ones Boolean circuit, a mathematical model for digital logical circuits
- 16. Boolean expression, an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value when evaluated Boolean function, a function that determines Boolean values or operators Boolean model (probability theory), a model in stochastic geometry Boolean module, a field pioneered by Chris Brink over relation algebras Boolean network, a certain network consisting of a set of Boolean variables whose state is determined by other variables in the network Boolean processor,
- 17. Boolean Search logical search system developed by the English mathematician and computer pioneer, George Boole . A Boolean Search is a computerized search using “ AND, OR,NOT called as Boolean operators They are words by which search terms (keywords) are combined
- 18. Why Boolean Search? Search smarter to limit, widen, or define your search Most Internet search engines and Web directories default to these Boolean search parameters anyway
- 20. Boolean Operators Simple commands that tell search engines to search It include or exclude the search criteria Also called as logical operators By convention, Boolean terms are usually typed in all capital Letters
- 21. Most widely used Standard Boolean Operators in searching are Simple boolean AND Operator OR Operator NOT Operator NEAR Operator We can use their math equivalents.
- 22. AND Operator Math equivalent = Addition “+” narrows a search by combining terms AND" operator between two words or searching for documents containing both of the words or values, not just one of them.
- 23. overlapping area indicates terms retrieved
- 24. This is expressed as 'blue AND yellow' in a search. When using AND in this search expression, results retrieved will contain both blue and yellow information. The results will not include those documents containing only blue or only yellow information. In the diagram the documents retrieved by using this search expression are contained within the green area.
- 25. EXAMPLE art AND schools This will retrieve all records containing both keywords art and schools. "pear AND apple“ search will include all the documents including both pear and apple as key words
- 26. OR Operator Widens the search area an “OR" operator between two keyword as same as in AND at least one of the terms joined by it to appear somewhere in the document, in any order. operator is generally used to join similar, equivalent, or synonymous concepts.
- 27. This is expressed as 'blue OR yellow' in a search. When using OR in this search expression, results retrieved will contain either blue information, or yellow information, or blue and yellow information together. Such a search will not merely retrieve documents containing only blue information or only yellow information. In the diagram the documents retrieved by using this search expression are contained within all the colour areas.
- 28. EXAMPLEs ceramics OR pottery This will retrieve all records containing the keywords ceramics or pottery, as well as those containing both.(ceramics & pottery) "pear OR apple" means one is searching for documents containing either of the words. And both pear & apple
- 29. NOT Operator Maths equivalentsubstraction The search term must NOT be in any records retrieved Use to exclude all records containing a search term Narrow search
- 30. This is expressed as 'blue NOT yellow' in a search. When using NOT in this search expression, results will contain only blue. The NOT operator will exclude yellow completely and thus any green information will be excluded also. It is important, therefore, to be careful when using this operaor in order to avoid hindering your search. In this diagram the documents retrieved by using this search expression are contained within the blue area.
- 31. EXAMPLE film NOT photography This will retrieve all records containing the keyword film but not the keyword photography.
- 35. Parentheses use can also be used when conducting an advanced search. Narrow or broaden search ( )Group words or phrases when combining Boolean phrases and to show the order in which relationships should be considered:
- 36. examples (mouse or mice) and (gene or pseudogene) art AND (school OR college) this expresses a search for records containing information about art schools or colleges.
- 37. Proximity operators Proximity operators allow you to locate one word within a certain distance of another. The symbols generally used in this type of search are w and n. and The w represents the word "with(in)"and the n represents the word "near.“ This type of search is not available in all databases
- 38. operators no Operator (keyword) With in operator NEAR operator
- 39. No operators Find words as a phrase, e.g., life stage transitions It retrieves records containing the three words immediately adjacent to one another and in the same order.
- 40. Quotation marks “ ” Requires words to searched as a phrase, in the exact order you type them. “working mothers” ”affirmative action”
- 42. NEAR Operator (Nx) words within x number of words from each other, regardless of the order in which they occur。 Find words within a specified radius,
- 43. Example: carbon within 3 fiber retrieves records that contain carbon and fiber in any order and within a three word radius of one other. Any number may be used to determine the proximity radius. television n2 violence would find "television violence" or "violence on television," but not "television may be the culprit in recent high school violence."
- 44. Within Operator (Wx) finds words within x number of words from each other, in the order they are entered in the search Example: Franklin w2 Roosevelt would find Franklin Roosevelt or Franklin Delano Roosevelt or Franklin D. Roosevelt, but would not find Roosevelt Franklin.
- 45. NEAR Find words within 10 words of each other near is the same as within 10. e.g., (women near violence) retrieves records that contain women and violence in any order and within a 10 word radius of one other.
- 46. WILDCARDS SYMBOL SEARCH Wildcard symbols can expand the scope of your search. Wildcards — a symbol used to represent any character. Wildcards can usually be used at the end of a word or within a word. The pound symbol (#) is used in many databases as a wildcard. Y ou can use this symbol to search variant spellings of a word. You can use more than one pound sign to stand in for more than one character Each pound sign represents 0-1 characters. Example: wom#n retrieves woman or women teen##### would retrieve teens and teenager and teenagers
- 47. Plurals a symbol added to the end of a word to instruct the database to search for plural as well as singular forms of words. The symbol used in many databases is a plus (+). Example: drug+ retrieves drug or drugs
- 48. Truncation This expands a search term to include all forms of a root word, The truncation mark is usually an “*”, an asterisk. e.g., patent* retrieves patent, patents, patentable, patented, etc. adolescen* retrieves adolescent, adolescents, or adolescence
- 49. Example “Teen*”will retrieve “teen”, “teens”, “teenager”… and all data containg teen only It is compatible with all computerized search (online or CD). Google and other search engines recognize it.
- 50. Multi-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. Use to indicate an unlimited number of characters within a word, e.g., behavi*r retrieves behaviour or behavior.
- 51. Single-character wildcard ? for finding alternative spellings. The ? represents a single character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters, and so on. Used within or at the end of a word
- 52. e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as women, and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre.
- 53. Citation searching Search using the citation Mostly available in journal database searching A “citation "is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source.
- 54. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you are borrowing
- 68. End . Thank you