Elastic moduli measurement of solid using ultrasonic technique

ELASTIC MODULI MEASUREMENT OF SOLIDS
USING ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE
Presented By:-
1- Abu Sufyan Malik
2-Devishri PrasadPatangi
3-Pathakoti Jagadish
4-Shaik Sameer
1

ABSTRACT
Ultrasonic Testing is used for measuring characteristics of a
material i.e. Elastic Modulus, Grain Size Measurement,
Material Characterization and Velocity of Waves develop in a
Waveguide. We used ‘Echo-Pulse Transducer’ to develop the
guided wave in the waveguide of which we used as
specimen(Cu). The values obtained experimentally and
conventionally are explained in detail and compared in the
respective slides.
3

INTRODUCTION
 NDT(Non-Destructive Testing) can be described as the
measure to find the characteristics of a materials without
destruction or harming the material.
 Some important Classification by NDT can be given as:
1. Ultrasonic.
2. Magnetic Particle Diffraction.
3. X-ray Diffraction.
4. Radiography.
5. Electromagnetic Testing.
6. Optical Testing.
4

ULTRASONICS
 Ultrasonics are the sound waves which are having
frequency greater than 20,000 Hz.
 Ultrasonics having high sound energy used in measuring
Elastic Constants, Surrounding Temperature, Flaw
Detection/Evaluation, Density, Velocity, Grain Size,
Viscosity, Flow Measurement, Material Characterization.
 A typical Ultrasonic Transducer is Shown in Fig;
5

WAVE PROPAGATION
 Ultrasonic sound waves propagate due to the vibrations
or oscillatory motions of particles within a material.
Classification of Waves
Longitudinal Shear Plate Waves Surface
Lamb Waves Love Wave
6

CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES

7

4: Velocity:-
Velocity of sound waves can be described as the product of frequency and
wavelength.
Velocity(v) ₌ Frequency(f) * Wavelength(λ)
Note:-
If the displacement of the particle increases, so does its acceleration. It turns
out that the time that it takes a particle to move and return to its equilibrium
position is independent of the force applied. So, within a given material,
sound always travels at the same speed no matter how much force is applied
when other variables, such as temperature, are held constant. Since the
applied force and the restoring force are equal.
ma = -kx
8

RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC MODULI AND ULTRASONIC VELOCITY

11

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
 Sound travels through materials under the influence of sound
pressure. Because molecules or atoms of a solid are bound
elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a
wave propagating through the solid.
 The acoustic impedance (Z) of a material is defined as the
product of its density (p) and acoustic velocity (V).
Z = p*V
Acoustic impedance is important in
 The determination of acoustic transmission and reflection at
the boundary of two materials having different acoustic
impedances.
 The design of ultrasonic transducers.
 Assessing absorption of sound in a medium.
13

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1: Machining:-
 Facing:-
We have performed facing operation on all the Specimens.
The facing operation help us to get a smooth surface without
any taper.
14

 Milling:-
Through milling we get more
surface finish as compared to
facing operation.
 Cutting:-
When the signals are not able
to pass through the required
diameter of the specimen we
reduce the thickness of the of
the specimen and convert into
a 7mm bar.
15

 Copper Wire and Aluminium Bar Specimens:-
16

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 Copper(Cu) Wire:-
1. We first get the values of Young’s Modulus as 117 GPa.
2. The copper wire of Length 1.01m have a velocity of 3618.60 m/s
theoretically.
3. The experimental result in the copper wire is 3519.163 m/s.
4. From the comparison of Theoretical Values and Experimental Values
we get percentage Error as 2.6%.
5. Theoretical Value of Young’s Modulus, and Shear Modulus is 117GPa
and 43.33GPa.
6. The Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus using ultrasonic Technique
is 110.84GPa and 50.5GPa.
7. The percentage error between the Young’s Modulus and Shear
Modulus values are 5.26% and -16.5%.
8. Detailed solution of copper wire is given in the pdf attached.
18

 Longitudinal Wave in Copper Wire
 Torsional Wave in Copper Wire
19

 Aluminium Bar:-
1. We have machined the aluminium rod shape of dia95mm
into a bar of dimensions 91.2x21x7mm.
2. From the conventional values of elastic modulus and
density we get the velocity as 5029.51m/s.
3. The experimental values we got is 5020.576m/s.
4. Percentage Error between the conventional and
experimental velocity values can be given as 0.36%.
5. The Young’s modulus by using Theoretical and
Experimental method is given as 68.3GPa and
67.576GPa.
6. Percentage Error between Young’s Modulus values is
given as 0.746%.
20

 Longitudinal Waves in Al Bar:-
21

WORKING OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
22
 A specimen is placed inside the machine between
the grips and an extensometer if required can
automatically record the change in gauge length
during the test.
 Once the machine is started it begins to apply an
increasing load on specimen.
 Young's modulus and shear modulus values are
calculated using UTM.
 These values are compared with ultrasonic test
values

FUTURE SCOPE
 Distinguish between fluid in a measuring flask.
 Finding of Microstructure using Ultrasonics.
 Finding of Mechanical behavior of different metals at
different temperatures.
24

Elastic moduli measurement of solid using ultrasonic technique

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