BCT4MAS - Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems - NTN invited talk
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This document summarizes a presentation on blockchain for multi-agent systems regarding trust, reputation, and ethics. It discusses how blockchain can be used to manage trust and reputation in multi-agent systems. It presents an example case study of a startup assessment platform using blockchain and agents. It also outlines some open technological and ethical challenges around integrating blockchain and multi-agent systems, such as scalability, standardization, privacy, and liability.
![BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20
«An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors
and acting upon that environment through effectors.»
5
[Russell & Norvig]
«Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this
environment, and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed.» [Maes]
«...software “components” that communicate with their peers by exchanging messages in an expressive agent communication language.Agents can be as
simple as subroutines; but typically they are larger entities with some sort of persistent control.» [Genesereth & Ketchpel]
«We consider agents to be systems that are situated in some environment. By this, we mean that agents are capable of sensing their
environment (via sensors), and have a repertoire of possible actions that they can perform (via effectors or actuators) in order to modify
their environment.» [Wooldridge]
Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2020bct4mastntpresentationho-200919163235/85/BCT4MAS-Blockchain-for-Multi-Agent-Systems-NTN-invited-talk-5-320.jpg)
BCT4MAS - Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems - NTN invited talk
- 1. Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems: Trust, Reputation, Ethics Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20
- 2. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 2Introduction Davide’s Research Areas Real-Time Multi-Agent Systems (RT-MAS) Blockchain & Multi-Agent Systems (BCT4MAS) {B0} {B1} {B2} {E1} {E2} Proximal joint Distal joint Distallink Proximallink Digital (tele)rehabilitation (DTR) Explainability in MAS (XMAS) Real-Time Tire Monitoring (SmartTyre) Ambient Assisted Living Safety-critical Applications Tourism Distributed AI eHealth
- 3. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 3 hard-coded, semi-automated, autonomous static, uncertain, unpredictable Scenarios Introduction Strict Dependability Timing Guarantees Embedded Systems Safety and Security Scarcity of Resources … Abstraction Accountability Trusted entities Trusted data Trusted interactions Distribute Thinking Flexibility Reconfigurability Robustness Ubiquity … many systems, still one challenge
- 4. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 4MAS & BCT Image: Peter Bergstrom
- 5. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 «An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors.» 5 [Russell & Norvig] «Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this environment, and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed.» [Maes] «...software “components” that communicate with their peers by exchanging messages in an expressive agent communication language.Agents can be as simple as subroutines; but typically they are larger entities with some sort of persistent control.» [Genesereth & Ketchpel] «We consider agents to be systems that are situated in some environment. By this, we mean that agents are capable of sensing their environment (via sensors), and have a repertoire of possible actions that they can perform (via effectors or actuators) in order to modify their environment.» [Wooldridge] Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell
- 6. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 6Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning Independent decision making (without human action)
- 7. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 7Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning To execute GOAL driven actions
- 8. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 8Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning Migration on several network nodes
- 9. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 9Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning Self-adaption to user needs, environmental needs
- 10. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 10Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning Communicate with other agent to (share - require - contract) informations - performance
- 11. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 11Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning Always GOALs oriented Never to avoid their achievement
- 12. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 12Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Knowledge Behavior(s) Interaction Policies Autonomy Social Ability Reactivity Proactivity MobilityRationality Machines Learning React to environmental changes or due some events
- 13. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 13Multi-Agent Systems in a nutshell Reasoning upon Explicit symbolic representation Logic is easily understood Robustness … Response Time Complexity faithfully world representation Require High standardization Security & Trust
- 14. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 14MAS Design Domain Model Computational Persuasive User Profile State Machine Coordinator Mediator Coach privacy sphere Behavior change Agent Calbimonte, J. P., Calvaresi, D., Dubosson, F., & Schumacher, M. (2019, June). Towards profile and domain modelling in agent-based applications for behavior change. In International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 16-28). Springer, Cham.Behavior
- 15. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 15Trust in MAS “a belief an agent has that the other party will do what it says it will (being honest and reliable) or reciprocate (being reciprocative for the common good of both), given an opportunity to defect to get higher payoffs” Calvaresi, D., Calbimonte, J. P., Dubovitskaya, A., Mattioli, V., Piguet, J. G., & Schumacher, M. (2019). The good, the bad, and the ethical implications of bridging blockchain and multi-agent systems. Information, 10(12), 363.
- 16. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 16Introduction BCT in a nutshell Scope What’s a block… chain? Ledger Distributed Secured Immutable … Transaction 20 Transaction 21 21/6/18 12:00 038314966… 0b53a3166… Transaction 22 Transaction 23 Transaction 24 21/6/18 13:00 0b53a3166… 110c5321a1… Transaction 25 Transaction 26 … 21/6/18 16:00 110c5321a1… xx1c5x3a1… Block30 Block31 Block32 Block ID (hash of the contents) Transactions TimeStamp Previous Block ID Logic Replicate the single DB and the logic
- 17. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 17Introduction BCT in a nutshell LEDGER WORLD STATE UPDATED LOGIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 Transaction (TXs) sent to the Peer Peer invokes Smart Contract Peer uses WS to generate the TXs TXs grouped in a new Block New Block added to the BC
- 18. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 18Introduction Possible scenarios BC-A* BC-A*
- 19. 19Certificates and Identity management | |Davide Calvaresi Trusted Reg, Neg and Service eval in MAS via BCT WI, Santiago - 4.12.2018 Membership Service AMS DF Can I Join? Here is your eCert 1 2 3 5 Let me see (CA-A) WHO WHAT ag_1 serv_1 ag_1 serv_2 ag_2 serv_1 4 (BC-A) 1 2 3 4 5
- 20. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 20 BC-A InvokeChaincode Assets Ledger Register Agent Add Service Register Interaction Map Agent-Service Edit Agent Edit Service Delete Agent Delete Servie Create Activity Update Reputation CA-A Membership Service Issue Valid Identities Identify Roles Manage CRL Certification Authorities Core BehaviorView Controller Model Register Agent Add Service Add Interaction Edit Agent Edit Service Delete Agent Delete Service Update Reputation Issue Certificate Verify Credentials Current Architecture
- 21. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 21 IdService Name Description Cost Time ... Service IdReputation IdService IdAgent AgentRole Value Reputation 0..n1 IdServiceAgentAssociation IdService IdAgent Cost Time ServiceAgentAssociation 0..n 1 IdAgent Name Address ... Agent 0..n 1 IdInteraction IdWritierAgent IdDemanderAgent IdExecutorAgent IdExecutedService TimeStamp Value Interaction 0..n 1 0..n 1 0..n 1 Current Architecture indexes
- 22. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 22 | Case Study InnMind Startup assessment platform Startups InvestorsExperts Startup Expert Investor Startup B0, B11 B2, B5, B10, B11 B3, B11 Expert B5, B10, B11,B12 B12 B0, B4* B6, B11 Investor B8, B11 B9, B10, B11 B0, B7 maximizing their interests having freedom of joining, serving, and leaving the platform at any time. organize coalitions foster selfish interests manipulating and exploiting other actors or some dynamics in the platform Behavior Action B0 Actor profiling B1 Startup self-assessment B2 Request of assessment B3 Request visualization B4 Exner assessment B5 Assessment response B6 Suggestion B7 Success rate B8 Demand for an expert assessmentB9 Demand for assessing a startup B10 Assessment negotiation B11 Startup evaluation B12 Assessment proposal Calvaresi, D., Voronova, E., Calbimonte, J. P., Mattioli, V., & Schumacher, M. (2019, June). A startup assessment approach based on multi-agent and blockchain technologies. In International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 67-79). Springer, Cham.
- 23. Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi TNT group 17.9.2020 Case Study InnMind Startup assessment platform EXP2STUP1 EXP1STUP2 (a) (b) (c) B0 B1 B0 B0 B2 (B10) (B10) B5 (B11) (B10) B5 B11 B12 B0 B2 23
- 24. Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi TNT group 17.9.2020 Case Study InnMind Startup assessment platform eval BCT EX DM Service Negotiation donedone + eval ok - revise revise eval? (a) EX = Executor; DM = Demander no revise eval? (b) Disagreement resolution policy eval(EX) ≄eval(DM) 24
- 25. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 25Tests BCT 4 MAS
- 26. Blockchain for Multi-Agent Systems: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi TNT group 17.9.2020 Case Study InnMind Startup assessment platform 26
- 27. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 27Discussion Lesson learnt in BCT 4 MAS WHEN and HOW to apply in function of requirements and context. BREAKTHROUGH and DOMAINS (DIS)ADVANTAGES OLD or NEW technologies/techniques? TECHNOLOGIES Prevention of Exploitation and Deception Spot (un)intentional biases Remove the need for TTP Non-negligible Overhead Complex integration
- 28. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 28Discussion TECHNOLOGICAL Open Challenges of BCT 4 MAS Multiple (Membership Service + Orderer) entities in permissioned BCT; Scalability in coupling BCT and MAS; Standardization and Reconciliation of SC for reputation mgm in holistic systems Ensuring reliability of the mechanisms bridging the two technologies Verify correctness of (new/amended) smart contracts Improve privacy and anonymity Technical immutability of smart contracts in enterprise software contexts Can an AI entities (i.e., agents) autonomously develop SC?
- 29. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 29Discussion ETHICAL Open Challenges of BCT 4 MAS (i) Erosion of the socio-cultural blockchain ecosystem (technological accessibility and egalitarian ecosystem?) Smart contract complexity as Blockchain Fraud (unexpected hard-to-foresee emergent properties and ML?) Theoretical and effective empowerment: from accessibility to workability (workarounds and implications?) The persistent need for intermediaries to implement smart contracts (who and how develops SC and liability?) Calvaresi, D., Piguet, J. G., Calbimonte, J. P., Kampik, T., Najjar, A., Gadek, G., & Schumacher, M. (2020, October). Ethical Concerns and Opportunities in Binding Intelligent Systems and Blockchain Technology. In International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 5-16). Springer, Cham.
- 30. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 30Discussion ETHICAL Open Challenges of BCT 4 MAS (ii) Liability in AI delegation (in complex systems, who is contracting, who & why should be liable for that?) Constructing a fair reputation-building system through BCT and MAS (authenticity, origin, traceability, and accuracy?) Right to be forgotten (old but gold) Create a legal base for BCT and AI (from where should we start?) Calvaresi, D., Piguet, J. G., Calbimonte, J. P., Kampik, T., Najjar, A., Gadek, G., & Schumacher, M. (2020, October). Ethical Concerns and Opportunities in Binding Intelligent Systems and Blockchain Technology. In International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 5-16). Springer, Cham.
- 31. BCT4MAS: Trust, Reputation, Ethics| |Davide Calvaresi ZHAW, NTN group 17.9.20 Davide Calvaresi davide.calvaresi@hevs.ch Questions? 31