Bed Sores: Classification and Management
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This document discusses bed sores (also known as pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers), including their causes, risk factors, common areas, stages, assessment using the Braden scale, and treatment. Prolonged pressure on bony areas can lead to reduced blood flow and skin breakdown. The sacrum, elbows, knees, and ankles are most common. Risk increases with age, incontinence, poor nutrition, diabetes, and smoking. Bedsores are caused by pressure, shear forces, and friction. They are classified in stages based on depth of tissue damage. Treatment focuses on relieving pressure and proper wound care like debridement and dressing.
Bed Sores: Classification and Management
- 1. Bed Sores...
- 2. Bed Sores • Decubitus ulcers or pressure ulcers • It is an ulceration in the skin that is caused by prolonged pressure on a bony or weight bearing part of the body.
- 3. Most Common Areas • Sacrum • Elbow • Knee • Ankle
- 5. Risk Factors • Unrelieved pressure • Friction • Humidity • Shearing forces • Temperature • Age • Continence • Medication
- 6. “ A bed sore ca develop in as early as two to three hours. In its early stage, it usually appears as red blotch on the skin which is warm to touch...” (Johnson & Johnson et al)
- 7. Causes Bedsores are accepted to be caused by three different tissue forces: • Pressure There is compression of tissues. It leads to decreased tissue perfusion, ischemia occurs leading to tissue necrosis if left untreated
- 8. Causes • Shear force The force created when the skin of a patient stays in one place as the deep fascia and skeletal muscle slide down with gravity. This can also lead to ischemia and tissue necrosis. • Friction It causes shedding of layers of epidermis.
- 9. Aggravating Factors • Excess moisture • Age • Nutrition • Vascular Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Smoking • Temperature: cutaneous metabolic demand rises by 13% for every 1°C rise in cutaneous temperature
- 10. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification Stage 1 • the most superficial, indicated by non blanchable redness that does not subside after pressure is relieved. • skin may be hotter or cooler than normal, have an odd texture, or perhaps be painful to the patient.
- 11. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification Stage 2 • Damage to the epidermis extending into, but no deeper than, the dermis. • In this stage, the ulcer may be referred to as a blister or abrasion.
- 12. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification Stage 3 • Damage to the epidermis extending into, but no deeper than, the dermis. • In this stage, the ulcer may be referred to as a blister or abrasion
- 13. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification Stage 4 • is the deepest, extending into the muscle, tendon or even bone.
- 14. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification Ustageable Pressure Ulcer • Are covered with dead cells, or eschar and wound exudate, so the depth cannot be determined.
- 15. Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk Six Criteria: • Sensory Perception • Moisture • Activity • Mobility • Nutrition • Friction and Shear
- 16. Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk • Each category is rated on a scale of 1 to 4, excluding the 'friction and shear' category which is rated on a 1-3 scale. • A score of 23 means there is no risk for developing a pressure ulcer while the lowest possible score of 6 points represents the severest risk for developing a pressure ulcer
- 17. Treatment Proper Care: • The most important care for a patient with bedsores is the relief of pressure. • Once a bedsore is found, pressure should immediately be lifted from the area and the patient turned at least every two hours to avoid aggravating the wound.
- 18. Treatment Debridement • Autolytic debridement - the use of moist dressings to promote autolysis with the body's own enzymes. • Biological debridement, or maggot debridement therapy, is the use of medical maggots to feed on necrotic tissue and therefore clean the wound of excess bacteria.
- 20. Treatment • Chemical debridement, or enzymatic debridement- the use of prescribed enzymes that promote the removal of necrotic tissue. • Mechanical debridement - the use of outside force to remove dead tissue.
- 21. Treatment • Sharp debridement - the removal of necrotic tissue with a scalpel or similar instrument. • Surgical debridement • Ultrasound-assisted wound therapy- the use of ultrasound waves to separate necrotic and healthy tissue.
- 22. Treatment • Nutrition • Infection control • Education of caregivers • Wound intervention