Benchmark Review 2

To assist you
with key
concepts and
vocabulary to
pass the CRCT

GEORGIA STUDIES
CRCT REVIEW

2010-2011

Early Georgia History
Paleo Indians Woodland
Indians
Archaic Indians Mississippian

Georgia’s Colonization
 Hernando de Soto- searched for gold;
first European explorer to enter Georgia
 James Oglethorpe- wanted to help poor
persons and improve prison conditions.
He asked King George II for land SW of
Carolina to settle; started the colony of
Georgia.
 Charter of 1732- it made Oglethorpe’s
group of 21 men trustees in order to
manage GA for 21 years

Mary Musgrove and Chief
Tomochichichief of the Yamacraw Indians.
Tomochichi was He
played an important role in peaceful negotiations
between Europeans and Native Americans. Mary
Musgrove was a negotiator/translator for James

continued…
 Reason’s for  Trustees did not aid
the Malcontents
settlement: due to their wealth.
charity,  Paid for their own
economics, and voyage
 Wanted to purchase
defense
more land
 Salzburgers:  Wanted to enslave

banished because people
 Resented the British
they were trustees rules and
Protestant. They regulations
established the

continued…
 Spanish threat:  Royal
 Britain builds Fort colony/governors:
Frederica to protect  The Trustee period
the colony. was officially over in
 British colonists are 1752.
unsuccessful in  However, GA did not
attacking St. get its first governor
Augustine (The War of (John Reynolds) until
1754.
Jenkins’s Ear 1740).
 The Crown of England
 The Spanish finally now oversaw the
forced to retreat after control of GA.
the Battle of Bloody  GA does very well as
Marsh (1742). a royal colony
(exports rice, indigo,
deerskins, lumber,
beef, and pork).

Revolution in Georgia

 French and Indian War (Seven Years
War): between the French and the
British; causes were greed & fear over
land (particularly the Ohio River
Valley); the British win
 Proclamation of 1763: issued by King

George III; it forbade colonists to settle
west of the Appalachian Mountains

Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Tea Act Intolerable
Acts Acts

Placed a tax 1765, placed 1767, placed 1773, Allowed Port of Boston
on sugar and a tax on an import tax the East India was closed
molasses newspapers, on tea, paper, Company to until they paid
imported legal glass, and ship tea for the tea.
from the documents, coloring directly to the
West Indies. licenses. paint. colonies.
GA did a Placed to The tea could Massachusetts
great deal of raise money be sold less colonists
trading with for the than the could not have
sugar- French and colonial town meetings
producing Indian War merchants w/o approval
countries could.

(i.e. Jamaica The Liberty Led to the Led to the
and Boys came Boston Tea Quartering Act
Barbados). together to Party. (colonists had
Passed in oppose the to house
1764. tax British
soldiers)

continued…
 Declaration of  Loyalists: colonists
Independence: who supported Great
 Approved on July 4, Britain
1776.  Patriots: colonists
 It was officially who supported the
signed on August 2, Revolution
1776.
 Three Georgians
signed the
document:
 1. Lyman Hall
 2. George Walton
 3. Button Gwinnett
 The document was
written primarily by
Thomas Jefferson.

Key People- Revolution in
Georgia
 Elijah Clarke: colonel of the British militia who
led his men to victory over the Battle of Kettle
Creek
 Austin Dabney: freeborn mulatto who was
credited with saving the life of E. Clarke at Kettle
Creek
 Nancy Hart: GA’s most famous heroine; Hart Co.
is the only county named after a woman;
killed/disarmed Tories/soldiers that were in her
house.
 Battle of Kettle Creek: minor battle but major

continued…
 Button Gwinnett,  Siege of
Lyman Hall, and Savannah:
George Walton:  Siege – When
 The 3 Georgia forces try to capture
representatives that a fortified fort or
signed the Declaration town by
of Independence surrounding it and
 Each of them have a
preventing any
county named after supplies from
them reaching it.
 The siege lasted
three weeks and
was a failed attack.

continued…
 Abraham Baldwin:  William Few:
 Also represented GA  Helped write the
at the Constitutional GA Constitution of
Convention and 1777.
signed the  Was elected to
Constitution. serve GA in the
 His vote on equal Continental
representation in the Congress in 1780.
Senate played an  Represented GA
important part in the during the
Great Compromise. Constitutional
 Represented GA in Convention and
the U.S. Congress signed the U.S.
 Founded the
Constitution.
University of GA.  Later elected to
U.S. Congress

Strengths and Weaknesses of
Georgia Constitution of 1777
 Strengths:  Weaknesses:
 First constitution
 Voting rights
written in GA
 Helped the colony
belonged only to
transition into a state white males over 21
 Had a separation of years of age who
powers (the state could afford to pay
legislature had the taxes.
most power)
 Only Protestant men
 Guaranteed certain
individual rights could be legislators.
 Freedom of religion  Had to be rewritten
 Freedom of the (1789) in order to
press conform with the
 Trial by jury U.S. Constitution

Constitutional Convention of
1787
 Leaders from each state met at the
Constitutional Convention of 1787
because the federal government
needed to be given more power.
 The Constitution was written to
replace the Articles of
Confederation.
 The Constitution is the basis for
laws in the U.S.

Key Concepts include:
County unit system,
reapportionment,
“Articles”, separation
of powers, checks and
balances, and voting
requirements

GEORGIA
CONSTITUTION

Georgia’s Constitution
Georgia adopted its first
state constitution in
1777.
In 1983, Georgians

approved the state’s
tenth constitution.

Georgia Constitution
 separation of powers: a division of
responsibilities for government
among the three branches
(legislative, executive, judicial)
 checks and balances: ensure that
no one branch becomes too powerful

Legislative Branch
 Georgia’s legislature is called General
Assembly
 180 members of the house of
representatives; 56 members of the
senate; elected by the voters; no term
limits

Legislative Branch
 Senate  House
requirements requirements
 25 years old or older  At least 21 years

 Citizen of U.S. old
 Citizen of Georgia  Citizen of U.S.

for 2 years  Citizen of GA for 2

 Resident of district years
for 1 year  Resident of district
for 1 year

General Assembly
 The General Assembly can pass
laws on any matter not denied it
by the U.S. constitution.
 The General Assembly can pass

legislation on such matters as
taxes, education, contracts, real
and personal property.

How a Bill Becomes a
Law
 Any citizen may suggest an idea for
a law.
 Any senator or representative can
propose a bill for consideration.
 All bills (proposed laws) that affect
how a state raises or spends
money must start in the house of
representatives. (Bills about
anything else may begin in either
house).

How a Bill Becomes a
Law
 Bills in the Georgia Assembly go
through almost the same steps as
those in the U.S. Congress
before they become a law.
 There are nine steps to follow

when a bill starts in the state
house of representatives.

Executive Branch
 The governor of Georgia is the
state’s chief executive. To qualify for
the office, a candidate must be at
least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for
fifteen years, and a Georgia resident
for six years. The term of office is
four years, with a total of two
consecutive terms allowed. The
governor is elected by the people of

Executive
Branch/governor
 Duties of the governor include
suggesting new state programs and
laws, proposing and directing the
state budge and appointing members
of state boards. He may also call
special sessions of the legislature
and may veto laws proposed by the
legislature.

State departments
 The Department of Education (DOE)
certifies teachers, approves textbooks and
distributes funds. State agency: Board of
Education and the State Superintendent of
Schools enforces traffic laws, helps
 The Department of Human Resources
(DHS) is one of the largest state agencies.
Services include assistance for the aging,
family and children’s services, and mental
health. State agency: Board of Human
Resources

State departments
 The Department of Public Safety (DPS)
enforces traffic laws, helps public safety
agencies reduce crime and responds to
natural and manmade disasters. State
agency: Board of Public Safety
 The Department of Transportation (DOT)
plans, constructs and maintains highways
and bridges. It supports other forms of
transportation such as buses and bicycle
trails. State agency: Board of Industry,
Trade and Tourism.

Judicial Branch
 Consists of the
state courts
 Role is to interpret
the state
constitution
 Protect citizens

 Enforce the laws

Court Structure

Supreme
Court

Court of Appeals

Trial Courts

Judicial Branch continued
 7 court justices elected by popular
vote
 6 yr. terms

 Governor may appoint justices if they
resign or die before the end of their
term
 Chief justice is elected by peers

 Supreme Court- the highest court in the land
 Appellate Court- only reviews cases on appeal
from lower ranking courts; no juries or witnesses
1. Interprets the state constitution
*Divorce* Title to land * Wills
*Alimony * Equity * Habeas corpus
2. Automatically reviews all death penalty
cases
3. Outlines the codes of judicial conduct for
state judges
4. Regulates admission of attorneys to practice
laws

 Criminal Law  Civil Law
 Cases involving a • Are personal and do
violation of the law not affect ALL of
 The state is called society
the “prosecution” • Issues such as
citizenship, property
The prosecution brings rights, contracts,
criminal charges marriage, divorce,
against an individual; child custody, and
a trial determines the inheritance
guilt or innocence of
the defendant (the
accused)

 Plaintiff- the  A Felony is a
person or group serious crime
that brings the such as murder or
legal action burglary,
punishable by a
 Defendant- the year or more in
person or group prison and a fine of
to whom the at least $1000, or
legal action was both
brought against  Misdemeanors
are less serious
crime punishable
by less than a year

 Juveniles have a special status under
the law
 Must follow laws that do not apply to
adults:
 Stay in school until 18

 Can’t run away from home

 No alcohol until 21

 No cigarettes until 18

Judicial Branch/juvenile system
 Delinquent Act- An act considered a
crime if committed by an adult.
 A status offense –An act NOT
considered a crime if committed by an
adult. Ex. Running away and repeated
Truancy (skipping school)

Steps to the Juvenile Justice
Process
1. INTAKE
2. DETENTION
3. FORMAL HEARING
4. SENTENCING

The Seven Delinquent Behaviors

 In 1994, the Georgia Legislature
passed an amendment to the
Georgia Juvenile Code (SB 440)
that permits youths ages 13-17
who are charged with violent
crimes to be under the jurisdiction
of the superior court and treated
as an adult.

Hartsfield International
Airport
 It is the world’s busiest airport
 Located 7 miles south of the
business district of Atlanta
 The airport is the primary hub
of Delta airlines, Air Tran, and
Airways

Interstate Highway
System
 Georgia's 1,244 miles of interstate highways
perform several functions vital to the state's
economy: Spaghetti Junction connecting
Georgia to the rest of the nation, linking the
state's major cities, and helping move suburban
commuters to and from work centers. Part of
the nationwide Dwight D. Eisenhower National
System of Interstate and Defense Highways,
Georgia's interstate highways helped establish
the state—especially its capital, Atlanta—as a
vital transportation hub for the Southeast.

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