Big Data A Review

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 5, July-August 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50641 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2022 Page 1293
Big Data: A Review
Sakshi Goel1
, Neeraj Kumar2
, Saharsh Gera3
1
M Tech Scholar, CSE, MERI College of Engineering & Technology, Sampla, Haryana, India
2,3
Assistant Professor, CSE, MERI College of Engineering and Technology, Sampla, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Big data plays a very crucial role in different fields of the modern
world. Big data term is used for the data that is massive, varied and
complex structure having the difficulties in collecting, storing,
processing, analyzing and visualizing. Research which is to be
processed in the direction of revealing the hidden patterns and the
correlations between the different types of the data is named as Big
Data Analytics or BDA. For the better decision making, for utilizing
these useful information or for taking the better insights in the
organizations or the company’s big data analytics is used. For this
reason the analysis and execution of the big data implementation is
needed. This paper aims to provide overview about the contents of
the big data, its characteristics, big data analytics phases and the tools
and techniques used during the different phases of the analysis.
KEYWORDS: Big Data, Volume, Variety, Velocity, Variability,
Veracity, Big Data Analytics phases
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I. INTRODUCTION
Big data and its analysis are at the centre of the
modern science and business. In previous years the
data was used to be stored on the hard disks, floppy
disks, CDs, tape storages etc. But as the internet gains
the popularity generation of the data becomes so huge
that it becomes difficult to store, process and analyze.
This huge amount of data can be generated from
different types of sources like web, log files, sensors,
multimedia files, social networking sites, online
transactions etc. The volume of data increases by 5
exabytes (1018
bytes) in 2003 to 2.72 zettabytes in
2012. Today 5 exabytes amount of data is generated
within 2 days. With the introduction of the social
networking sites through which people usually
communicates the amount of generation of the
multimedia files grows enormously. The Human Face
Of Big Data a global project carried out in 2012
whose objective is to visualize and analyze the large
amount of data derives some statistics according to
which Facebook has 955 million monthly active
accounts using 70 languages, 140 billion photos
uploaded, 125 billion friend connections, everyday 30
billion pieces of content and 2.7 billion likes and
comments have been posted. Similarly the statistics
were also derived from Youtube, Google, Twitter like
sites [1]. Hence the growth of data rose from
terabytes, petabytes to zettabytes. Big data is used in
understanding and targeting customers, understanding
and optimizing Business processes, personal
quantification and performance optimization,
improving health care and public health, improving
sports performance, improving science and research,
financial trading etc.[2]This article is worded as
follows: Section II presents the brief concepts about
the big data and the big data analytics. In Section III,
the related works are discussed. Section IV concludes
the work.
II. BIG DATA
Big data is defined as an extremely large data sets or
the collection of the huge amount of the
heterogeneous data that may be structured,
unstructured or semi-structured. Big data term refers
to the use of the user behavior analytics, predictive
analytics or certain other analytics that extract the
valuable data from large data sets [3]. IDC predicts
that by 2025 there will be 163 zettabytes of generated
data [3]. Big data can be represented by the 5v’s.
These 5V’s describes the characteristics of the big
data. These 5V’s are [4]:
IJTSRD50641

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1. Velocity: speed with which the data is generated
and speed with which data moves around or the
speed with which the data is processed. For
example data generated on social networking site
facebook on which 140 billion photos are being
uploaded daily [1].
2. Volume: it represents the large amount of data
generated from different sources. These sources
can be multimedia files, log files, sensors etc.
3. Variety: it represents the heterogeneous data that
is generated at a large scale. The data can be
structured, unstructured or semi-structured.
4. Veracity: represents the quality of data that is
collected can vary greatly that may affect the
proper analysis of the data.
5. Value: it’s not worthy if we can’t convert the raw
information into the some valuable or useful
information. This characteristic describes about
the quality of data that we retrieve from the raw
information.
Figure 1: 5V’s of Big Data
These 5 characteristics explain about the big data. Big
Data Analytics or BDA helps in examining the large
amount of data so that it can uncover the hidden
patterns, correlations between the different data and
other insights [5]. This examining of the data took
place in different phases which requires various tools
and techniques to do so. BDA helps in effective cost
reduction, faster and better decision making in the
business and new products and services can be
designed and provided on the basis of the analysis of
the data [5]. These different phases help in collecting,
cleansing and processing of the data.
Figure 2: Big Data Analytics phases
6. Phase 1: Data generation: at this phase the data is
being collected from the different sources like
sensors, IoT devices, log files, web servers, a
group of people or from the community. For this
purpose Parallel Data Generation Framework tool
is used to generate and distribute the data. This
generation process of data is continuous.
7. Phase 2: Data Acquisition & Storage: Data
acquisition is the process of gathering, filtering
and cleaning of the data before putting it into a
data warehouse or any other storage solution.
Software tools used during data acquisition phase
is Storm that consists of three nodes: Nimbus,
Zookeeper, Supervisor Nodes. Other tool used are
Kafka, Flume, Hadoop Common, Hadoop
Distributed File System (HDFS), Hadoop YARN,
Hadoop Map Reduce. Data Storage is a storage
infrastructure which is specially designed for
storing, managing and extracting the massive
amount of data [6]. For the storage purpose of Big
Data Hadoop, NoSQL and Cassandra analytics
engines are used. Apache Hadoop Distributed File
System is most used analytics engine which is
combined with the flavor of the NoSQL database
[7].
8. Phase 3: Data Processing: for the processing of
the data Map Reduce component of the Apache
Hadoop is used. It is the processing pillar of the
Hadoop having the two functions Map and
Reduce which splits the data into independent
chunks to process, sort and retrieve. Big data
techniques used to process the data are reporting,
batch analytics, online analytical processing, data
mining, text mining, complex event
processing(CEP), predictive analysis etc. Tools
used are Google Chubby, Apache Hadoop, HDFS
(Hadoop Distributed File System), Hadoop
YARN, MPI(Message Passing Interface), Spark,
Kafka, Apache Flume, Apache Chukwa,
Facebook Scribe etc.
9. Phase 4: Data Querying:the data which is stored
and processed in the previous steps is retrieved.
The data is gathered from various sources and
aggregated with the help of the HDFS and Map
Reduce. Data tools used are HIVE for data
summation, querying and analysis, IMPALA
allows user to perform the low latency queries
effectively, HAWQ big tasks are divided into the
smaller ones and these smaller tasks are
distributed to the MPP SQL processing unit for
execution, Drill it can handle up to 10,000 servers
for the efficient querying it supports HBase,
MongoDB, MapR-DB, HDFS, MapR-FS,
Amazon S3, Azure Blob Storage etc., Tajo

designed for scalable ad hoc queries, online
aggregation of data and ETLon large datasets that
are stored on the HDFS and other data sources,
Apache Pig designed to analyze large data sets
that consists of the high level languages that
expresses the analysis program.
10. Phase 5: Data Analysis: in this phase large and
variety of data sets are examined so that we can
uncover the hidden patterns, find the unknown
correlations between the varying data, what are
the market trends and some other useful
information that helps to make the organizations
better decisions for their firms. Tools that are
used in this phase are Hadoop YARN, Kafka, Pig,
HIVE, HBase, Spark, Hadoop Map Reduce etc.
Hence these are the different phases that works
during the analysis of the big data.
III. RELATED WORKS
Tiwarkhede et.al., 2013, stated about the concepts of
the big data, its 3V’s velocity, volume and variety.
Paper provides a b rief description about how the
generated data can be divided into various big data
applications such as Structured analysis, Text
Analytics, Web Analytics, Multimedia Analytics and
Mobile Analytics. These analytics applications
describes about how the data is being generated from
different fields. There are many techniques also
through which we can analyze the datasets and some
techniques are machine learning. Techniques that are
discussed in this paper are A/B Testing in it control
group is compared to the various test groups,
Classification in it new data sets are categorized and
assigned to the predefined classes, Crowd Sourcing
data collected is submitted by the gropu of people or
the community, Data Mining in it patterns of data are
extracted [8].
Ahlawat et.al., 2016, stated about the various
definitions of the big data given by the researchers,
5V’s of the big data, importance of the big data,
various data forms that are available in big data.
Manyika et.al, 2011 describes the big data as the
amount of data that is beyond the ability of the
technology to store, manage and process the data
efficiently. Tech America Foundation, 2014 describes
the big data as the huge amount of data that is having
high velocity, is complex, having variety, and having
a huge volume that can be captured, stored,
distributed and managed efficiently. Data Forms of
the big data that are available are Structured Form
where whole data is organized in the entity form,
Semi-structured data may be available in many
formats, Un Structured Format in this data has no
format and sequence. various tools and techniques
used in big data are also described and they are
Association rule learning(discovering interesting
relationships), Data Mining(searching or digging into
a data file), Cluster Analysis(divides the group of
people or community), Crowd Sourcing(info is
gathered from large group of people), Machine
Learning(algorithms are crafted), Text Analysis
(unstructured text data is converted into meaningful
data), EDWs(enterprise data warehouse),
Visualization products(represents the result
visually),Map Reduce (processing of the data),
Hadoop(store and process big data in distributed
environment), NoSQL (helps in analyzing and
accessing massive amount of data)[9].
Thomas et.al., 2015, stated about the concepts of the
big data, Parallel data flow model and Map Reduce
and various analytics use cases. Parallel Data flow
Model used for the parallel programming which
makes the programming easy it works on the shared
nothing cluster of the computers in the data centre
and machines which are involved can communicate
through the simple data messages stream without the
need of expensive shared memory. Map Reduce is the
heart of the Hadoop and provides the great scalability
to work over the thousands of the servers. It allows
the user to write the traditional code into C, Java,
Python, Perl and requires a file system to read. The
best big analytics use cases discussed in this paper are
Semantic Analysis, 3600
view of customer, Ad hoc
Data Analysis, Real Time Analytics, Multi-Channel
Marketing, Customer Micro Segmentation, Ad Fraud
Detection, Click Stream Analysis, Data Warehouse
Modernization, Big Data and Predictive Modelling
[10].
Beakta, 2015, have studied about the 4V’s of big data,
challenges of the big data, Hadoop and Map Reduce.
This paper mainly concerns about the Hadoop and
Map Reduce that are used for the storage and
processing of the big data. In this the storage is
associated with the HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File
System) and processing is associated with the Map
Reduce(Map and Reduce) these two functions divides
the data into the independent chunks and reduce
functions collects the answer from the different
chunks and aggregate them to produce the useful
information. Some applications of the big data are
classification analysis, cluster analysis, evolution
analysis and outer analysis [11].
Bhosale et.al., 2014, stated about the architecture of
Hadoop and Map Reduce, and several other
components of the Hadoop. Hadoop is a
programming framework that is developed by the
Google’s map reduce that is a software where
application is break down into various parts. Current
system of hadoop is Apache Hadoop Ecosystem.

Hadoop architecture is basically divided into two
layers i.e. HDFS layer and Map reduce layer. HDFS
layer can store huge amount of information, it can
also survive the failure of significant parts of the
storage infrastructure without losing data. Hadoop
creates the clusters of machines and coordinate the
work among them. If one fails then it continues it
work by shifting the work to remaining machines.
Map Reduce is the processing pillar of hadoop
system. This framework allows the specification of
operation to be applied on a huge data set, it divides
the data and problem and run it in parallel [12].
Bendre et.al., 2016, this paper describes about the big
data, big data analytics, cloud computing and Apache
Hadoop. Different phases of the BDA have been
discussed that are data generation, data acquisition &
storage, data processing, data querying and data
analytics. It includes the brief description about the
tools or techniques used during different phases. Data
generated from different sources like sensors, log
files, multimedia files etc. Data acquisition and
storage phase includes Kafka, flume, HDFS, Hadoop
Common, Hadoop YARN, Map Reduce etc. Data
Processing phase includes Apache Kafka, Apache
Flume, Apache Chukwa etc. Data querying phase
includes IMPALA, HIVE, PIG, DRILL, HBase,
Google Cloud Storage, Tajo, Azure Blob Storage etc.
Big Data Analytics classes are also described in this
paper that are Structured Data Analytics, Text
Analytics, Multimedia Analytics, Network Analytics,
Web Data Analytics and Mobile Analytics [13].
Zhuming Bi et.al, 2014, in this paper the concepts of
the big data, big data analytics, how the data is being
collected from the different sources and how the IOT
is making possible for the cloud computing so that it
can acquire the data from the different sources. As the
data is increasing day by day therefore to manage the
data cloud computing is offering the reliable services
or the technologies like NoSQL, Map Reduce like
technologies are needed to tackle with the big data
and to retrieve the big data. Data is being collected,
data is managed and then data is utilized and all this
happens with the help of the different tools that are
developed to analyze and retrieve the big data. BDA
has been explained as the process of inspecting,
cleaning, transforming and modeling the big data.
The BDA tools have been designed so that it can take
into account the increase in volume of the requests,
size of the data, computational load, the type of the
user and the locality. Talia (2013) the BDA tools can
be discussed with respect to the following
(1) Programming abstracts (2) interoperability and
openness of the data and tools (3) System Integration
(4) Annotation Mechanisms. Software and the
platforms are the driving forces of the BD that is big
data. Four primary technologies for the processing of
the big data are Grid Computing, in-database
processing, in-memory analytics And the Hadoop.
Two architectures have been discussed that deals with
the BDA they are the
RDBMS and Map Reduce/ Hadoop. Hadoop is being
described that it being used for the distribution,
storage, query processing and management of the
data. Hadoop have two components (1) HDFS i.e.
hadoop distributed file system used for the storage
purpose of the data (2) Map Reduce which is also
known as the processing pillar of the Hadoop and it
also consists of the two functions known as the Map
function and Reduce function. The BDA tools helps
in the efficient capture of the system information,
processing and utilization of the information. The ten
core technologies stated in this paper for the
processing are Google Refine, data serialization such
as Avro, data storage such as Amazon S3, the cloud
such as Azure, NoSQL such as Hypertable, Map
Reduce such as Pig, data processing such as
Mechanical Turk, natural language processing such as
National Language Toolkit, Machine learning such as
Mahout and visualization such as Graph Viz [14].
Kaur et.al, 2017 stated about the algorithms used in
data mining for the big data, the types of data mining
system, about the issues and challenges and problems
of big data in data mining. Algorithms that are used
are classification tree, logistic regression, neural
networks, clustering techniques. The types of data
mining system are categorized according to the types
of data sources mined, according to data model used,
according to sort of knowledge discovered, according
to excavation techniques used. The problem about the
big data is how the huge amount of data get explored
so that we can explore useful information from that
large data. Issues are poor data quality, security,
higher cost, less flexibility etc. Solutions to the big
data are Hadoop which allow massive amount of
storage for any kind of data, Cloud era it allows
companies to access the data from large databases,
Monod it manages the data that is unstructured or
changes frequently [15].
Singh et.al, 2017 stated about the tools that are used
in big data. These tools are Apache Hadoop is an
open source framework based on java developed and
maintained by apache foundation it’s used for the
massive analysis of data and storage of data in a
cluster. Microsoft HD Insight this tool is provided by
the Microsoft for big data solution and this is also
powered by Apache Hadoop, NoSQL it is used to
handle the unstructured data that does not follow any
particular schema and provides improved

performance in storing huge amount of data, HIVE
it’s an associated library of hadoop and it also
supports query language known as HiveSQL that
provide query solutions on big data, Sqoop it’s a tool
that connects Hadoop with various relational
databases to transfer data, Polybase it allows data
analysts to use the very commonly known T-SQL, in
a very commonly used development environment -
SQL Server Management Studio to query data stored
in a Hadoop cluster[16].
Kaur et.al,2017 stated about the tools and techniques
for the big data.
Hadoop: important technique and it’s a programming
framework developed by Google’s Map reduce.
Hadoop is used to handle the data with the help of
divide and conquer method. Hadoop includes two
steps: map (divides the data into number of sub parts)
and reduce(collects all the answers from sub parts and
combine them to get an appropriate output).
HDFC: its hadoop distributed file system it have
client-server architecture and process the large
amount of data.
HPCC: its high performance computing cluster used
to manage complex problems. It’s a single platform
system, having single architecture and single
programming language to process the data. Some
components of HPCC are HPCC data refinery, HPCC
data delivery, enterprise control language.
Grid computing: it’s the technique in which
computers are interconnected and share resources to
each other. This technique is used with the help of
hadoop.
Data mining: technique that is used to extract useful
information from large datasets.
R tool: R is free software programming language
which is used for statistical computing and graphics.
KEEL: It is Knowledge Extraction based on
Evolutionary Learning and its application software of
machine learning tools. It helps to solve the data
mining problems with the use of evolutionary
algorithms.
WEKA: Waikato Environment for Knowledge
Analysis. For solving the data mining problems
WEKA works on the machine learning algorithms
[17].
Chen et.al., 2014, stated about the general
background of the big data, related technologies such
as cloud computing, Internet Of Things, data centers
and Hadoop. This paper also reviews about the four
phases of the value chain of big data i.e. data
generation, data acquisition, data storage and data
analysis. Relationship between Cloud Computing and
Big Data is that development of the cloud computing
provides solution for the storage and processing of the
big data. The distributed storage technology based on
the cloud computing can effectively manage the big
data. Relationship between IoT and Big Data is that
big data is generated by the IoT devices. Report was
given by the Intel that pointed out that IoT has three
different features that conform the big data
diagram(1) various terminal generate massive amount
of data (2) data that is generated by IoT is generally
structured or semi-structured (3) data generated by
IoT is useful only when it is analyzed. But the data
processing capacity of IoT has fallen so it becomes
necessary to accelerate the big data technologies to
promote the development of IoT. Data centers in the
big data provides a back stage support, the growth of
big data applications accelerates innovation and
revolution of data centers, data centers also
strengthens the soft capacities like capacities of
acquisition, processing, organization, analysis and
application of big data. Hadoop is used in big data for
the storage and processing purpose and for this
different components of hadoop are used [31].
TRIFU et.al., 2014, stated about the big data
characteristics given by 4V’s volume, velocity,
veracity, variety. Different tools have been briefed
used for the big data efficient processing, storage and
analysis. These are NoSQL Databases means “Not
Only SQL” which uses wide column store, document,
key value structures or other type of structure.
MongoDB can manage the large number of data sets
with low maintenance. Cassandra is a key and column
oriented and used for the storage purpose of the big
data. Big Table is a distributed store system used for
managing structured data designed for a very large
scale. HBase is known as hadoop database also used
for the storage of the massive amount of data and is a
open source clone to the big table. Map Reduce
Model helps in processing large data sets in parallel.
Hadoop is a Map Reduce system developed by
YAHOO after Google’s Map Reduce infrastructure.
Various uses of big data are in Healthcare, Marketing,
Education, Transportation etc.[32].
Gencer et.al., 2015, stated about the scope of the big
data i.e. what was the past of the big data, what is
present situation of big data and what will be the
future of the big data. The paper shows that the
increase in the big data violently increases in the year
2011. At present the search for the big data is on its
peak or we can say that the big data becomes the most
important term of the IT industry. The increase in
interest of the big data is increasing day by day but
the decrease in interest of data mining day by day. In

today of the Big data they have shown the work of the
various authors and their researches like Quian et.al.
first introduces the “gra nular computing”. After that
they have defined encoded decision table and
discussed some criteria. Google presented the another
big data study that “Google Flu Trends” which was
helpful in analyzing worldwide flu trends by using
Google Search Terms. The interest in big data is
increasing day by day. There will be increase in the
studies of the big data in the field of industries from
automotive and communication to finance and health
will increase in future. Hence it will become most
important in the future to manage the big data very
efficiently [33].
Chong et.al., 2015, presents an overview of big data
analytics, programming model, storage and
application of big data. The paper states about the
infrastructure of the big data which includes different
phases like data acquisition and storage, data
processing, data analysis, data querying. The
programming model of the big data are Map Reduce,
Graph processing Model, Stream Processing Model
etc. The big data analytics means that we have to
extract the meaningful information from the bunch of
the data collected from different sources. Data
analytics can be done in different classes like
Descriptive Analysis, Predictive analysis, Prescriptive
analysis etc. The benchmarking of the big data drawn
the attention of the researchers and practitioners.
Benchmarking can be grouped in two types:
component benchmarks and system benchmarks.
Various applications of the big data are also discussed
in the field of Business, Social Application, Scientific
application [34].
O. Chan, 2013, stated about the concepts of the big
data and its characteristics. This paper also gives
overview about the Big Data Analytics, NoSQL,
Hadoop, Distributed File System and Map Reduce.
This paper describes about the characteristics of the
big data that are volume, velocity, variety, veracity,
value. An overview about the architecture of the big
data is given that describes that architecture is based
on the client server architecture. HBase/ Hadoop
Cluster Architecture for big data also described which
states that it consists of the master and slave nodes.
This architecture is used for the storage and
processing purpose of the big data. Big Data
Analytics architecture is also described which
consists of the different components like Map Reduce
Analytics, Hadoop Cluster HDFS, Real-Time
NoSQL, ETL, BI Analytics etc. all having their own
functionality. It also explains how different type of
data captured through different systems, how data is
being captured or collected through different sources,
cleansed, processed and analyzed. Hence this paper
reviews about the concepts of the Big Data Analytics
and its architecture [34].
IV. CONCLUSION
Today, all the IT professionals, engineers and
researchers are working on big data. Big data is term
of concerning about large volume of complex data
sets. In order to solve problems of big data
challenges, many researchers proposed a different
system models, techniques for big data. The high
performance computing paradigm is required to
manage the huge amount of data being generated in
different fields. In the coming years the existing tools
and techniques will not cooperate with the increasing
size of the data hence in future the alternates will be
needed for the existing tools and techniques. In future
growth rate of the data is going to be very huge
therefore new discoveries for the tools and techniques
will be needed to manage the enormous growth of the
data.
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[18] https://mixpanel.com/topics/what-is-mobile-
analytics/
[19] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26455
5968_Big_Data_Analytics_A_Literature_Revie
w_Paper
[20] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-
us/azure/architecture/guide/architecture-
styles/big-data
[21] https://intellipaat.com/blog/7-big-data-
examples-application-of-big-data-in-real-life/
[22] Big Data And Hadoop: A Review Paper Rahul
Beakta CSE Deptt., Baddi University of
Emerging Sciences & Technology, Baddi, India
rahulbeakta93@gmail.com,2015.
[23] Nada Elgendy and Ahmed Elragal,” A review
paper on Big data analytics”, Department of
Business Informatics & Operations, German
University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
{nada.el-gendy,ahmed.elragal}@guc.edu.eg
[24] Nawsher Khan, Ibrar Yaqoob,Ibrahim Abaker
Targio Hashem,Zakira Inayat, Waleed
Kamaleldin Mahmoud Ali, Muhammad Alam,
Muhammad Shiraz, and
[25] Abdullah Gani,” A review paper on big data
technologies, oppurtunities and challenges,”
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientific
World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID
712826, 18 pages
[26] http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/712826
[27] https://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-
applications-in-industries-article
[28] https://data-flair.training/blogs/big-data-
applications-various-domains/
[29] https://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r1.2.1/mapred_t
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[30] https://www.google.co.in/search?q=5+vs+of+bi
g+data&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwitu_3dm
fYAhXFso8KHWMdBcQQ_AUICigB&biw=1
366&bih=662#imgrc=LPWYSfsQ9Ze7OM:
[31] Big Data: A Survey Min Chen · Shiwen Mao ·
Yunhao Liu © Springer Science+Business
Media New York 2014
[32] Big Data: present and future Mircea Răducu
TRIFU, Mihaela Laura IVAN University of
Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
trifumircearadu@yahoo.com,
ivanmihaela88@gmail.com
[33] World Conference on Technology, Innovation
and Entrepreneurship Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow of Big DataHakan Özköse, Cevriye
Gencerb, TurkeybGazi University, Maltepe,
Ankara, Turkey
[34] Big data analytics: a literature review Dazhi
Chonga* and Hui Shiba Department of
Information Technology & Decision Sciences,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA; b
Department of Management and Information
Sciences, University of Southern Indiana,
Evansville, USA (Received 15 January 2015;
revised 21 March 2015; accepted 10 July 2015)

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