Bio pesticides

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Characteristics
 Types of biopesticides
 Biochemical
 Microbial
 Plant incorporated
 Formulation
 Liquid formulation
 Solid/Dry formulation
 Production
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications

Introduction
 Bio pesticides are certain types pesticides derived from such natural
materials as;
1. animals
2. plants(botanical origin)
3. bacteria, fungi, virus(microbial origin)
4. minerals
 For example : canola oil and baking soda
 These are do not damage the soil , water supply or any other wildlife
including the beneficial insects.
 Fewer risks than conventional chemicals.

MICROBIAL ORIGIN BIOPESICIDES
Biological Fungicides :
1. Trichoderma viride
2. Trichoderma harzianum
3. Pseudomonas
fluorescens
4. Bacillus subtilis
5. Fusarium proliferatum

history
 As early as the 17th century, plant
extracts were likely the earliest
agricultural bio pesticides.
 In the 19th century, experiments
with mineral oils as plant
protectants were also reported.
 The early 20th century, a growing
number of studies and proposal
for bio pesticides were developed.

Characteristics of bio pesticides
 They have a narrow target range and highly specific mode of
action.
 they are slow acting.
 They suppress pest populations.
 Timing of application is relatively critical.
 There is limited field persistence and shelf life.
 They are often used as part of integrated pest management
programs (IPM).
 They are generally safer to humans and the environment than
conventional pesticides.
 They usually present no residue problems.

Bio pesticides vs. conventional pesticides
Bio pesticides Chemical pesticides
• Harmful to non-target species
• Serious pollution to the
environment
• Relatively expensive
• Pests eventually became resistant
• Diminishing market
• Friendly to non- target species
• Do not cause pollution
• Relatively cheaper
• Pests never develop resistance
• Growing market preference

Types of bio pesticides
Bio chemical
pesticides
Microbial
pesticides
Plant
incorporated
protectants

1.Biochemical pesticides
 These are occurring substances
that control pests by non –toxic
mechanisms.
 It include substances that interfere
with growth, feeding ,
development or mating of insect
pests or other disease causing
organisms.
 Ex; Neem oil extract.

2. Microbial pesticides
• It consists of a microorganisms
such as, bacterium, fungus, virus
& protozoan , etc., as the active
ingredients.
• It can control many different
kinds of pests, although each
separate active ingredient is
relatively specific for it’s target
pests.
• Ex; Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thurungiensis
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-borne bacteria .
• Bt was first discovered in 1901 by a Japanese scientist investigating the
decline in silkworm moth populations, which he attributed to the rod-
shaped, Gram-positive bacterium.
• Has been used since the 1950s for natural insect control.
• It consists of a spore, which gives it persistence, and a protein crystal
within the spore, which is toxic.
• That toxic protein differs, depending on the subspecies.
• It makes proteins that are toxic to some insects when eaten, but not
others.
• The proteins are not toxic to humans because, like all mammals, we
cannot activate them.

Bacillus thurungiensis
 Bt action is very specific.
 Different strains of Bt are
specific to different receptors
in insect gut wall.
 Bt toxicity depends on
recognizing receptors, damage
to the gut by the toxin occurs
upon binding to a receptor.
 Each insect species possesses
different types of receptors
that will match only certain
toxin proteins, like a lock to a
key.

HOW DOES Bt WORK?
1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores.
2. The toxin binds to specific
receptors in the gut and the
insects stops eating.
3. The crystals cause the gut wall to
break down, allowing spores and
normal gut bacteria to enter the
body.
4. The insect dies as spores and gut
bacteria proliferate in the body

3. Plant- incorporated protectants
 PIPs are pesticidal substances that
plants produce from genetic
material that has been added to
the plant.
 For ex; the gene for the Bt
pesticidal protein and introduce
the gene into the plants own
genetic material.
 Then the plant , instead of the Bt
bacterium , manufactures the
substances that destroys the pests.

Formulation of bio pesticides
 Mixing the microbial component with different carriers for better protection.
 Bio pesticide formulations can be divided into 2.
1. Liquid formulations
2. Dry formulations
Liquid formulations
 suspension concentrates (SC)
 oil dispersions (OD)
 suspoemulsions (SE)
 capsule suspensions (CS)
Dry formulation
 dusts (DP)
 seed dressing formulations
 powders for seed dressing (DS)
 granules (GR)
 micro granules (MG)
 water dispersible granules (WG)
 wettable powders (WP

LIQUIDFORMULATION
Oil dispersions (OD) :
 It is a non-aqueous liquid intended for dilution before use.
 It is most often an oil, the best choice is some kind of plant oil.
 In that way retention, spreading and penetration can be improved.
 Oil dispersion provides several important characteristics, such as
 an ability to deliver water sensitive active ingredients
 an ability to use an adjuvant fluid in-stead of water which can increase and
broaden pest control.
 This formulation is produced in the same way as suspension concentrate.
 This type of formulation should be carefully selected to prevent instability
problems.

LIQUIDFORMULATION
Suspoemulsions (SE) :
 Can be considered as a mixture of suspension concentrate and emulsion.
 The product is very demanding to formulate because it is necessary to develop a
homogenious emulsion component.
 Careful selection of appropriate dispersing and emulsifying agents is necessary to
overcome the problem of heteroflocculation between solid particles and oil
droplets.
 In addition, extensive storage stability testing of this formulation is necessary.
 The complexity of this formulation
 The use and importance of suspoemulsions has been remarkable and will continue
to increase.

LIQUIDFORMULATION
Capsule suspension (CS) :
 It is a stable suspension of microencapsulated active ingredient in an
aqueous continuous phase, intended for dilution with water before use.
 Bioagent as its active ingredient is encapsulated in capsules (coating)
made of gelatin, starch, cellulose and other polymers.
 It is protected from extreme environmental conditions (UV radiation, rain,
temperature, etc.),
 The applied method of encapsulation uses the principle of interfacial
polymerization.
 Efficiency to fungal biopesticide formulations.
 Despite clear benefits of this controlled release formulation, its
commercial development is rather slow.

DRY FORMULATION
Dusts :
 Formulated by sorption of an active ingredient on finely ground, solid
mineral powder (talc, clay, etc.) with particle size ranging from 50-100 μm.
 Applied, mechanically or manually.
 Inert ingredients for this formulation are anti caking agents, ultra violet
protectants and adhesive materials to enhance adsorption.
 They also pose serious inhalation hazard for users.
 This is an old formulation type that had been used for many years before
granules were developed

DRY FORMULATION
Water dispersible granules (WG) :
 It is designed to be suspended in water, i.e. granules break up to form
uniform suspension similar to that formed by a wettable powder.

 Dust-free, and with good storage stability.
 Can be formulated using various processing techniques, such as
1. extrusion granulation
2. fluid bed granulation
3. spray drying
 The products contain wetting agent and dispersing agent similar to those
used in wettable powders, but the dispersing agent is usually at higher
concentration.
 More expensive
 Their safety and greater convenience for many users.

Raw material:
• May be organic or inorganic compounds.
• Different raw material for different pesticides.
Reactor system:
• Chemical process takes place in the presence of chemicals such ass oxidation,
nitration , condensation, etc.,
Fractioning system:
• Separation process in which certain quantity of a mixture (solid, liquid, solute,
suspension or isotopes) is divided up in a number of fractions in which
composition change .
• Recovery
Dryer:
• Removal of water or other solvent by evaporation from solid , semi-solid or
liquid .
• Final production steps before selling or packaging products.

Scrubber:
• To remove priority pollutants from pesticide using scrubbing liquor.
• Wastewater go to treatment plant .
Packaging:
• Packed in dry and clean containers e.g., drums type depend on type of
pesticide.
• Capacity is 10,25,50,100,200 lits.
• Temper-proof , closer to avoid leakage, sturdy.
Formulation:
• Processing a pesticide into granules , liquid and powder to improve its
properties of storage, handling , application, effectiveness or safety.
• Dry mixing , grinding of solids , dissolving solids and blending.

Advantages of bio pesticides
1. These are usually less toxic than conventional pesticides.
2. It affect only the target pests and closely related organisms.
3. Bio pesticides often are effective in very small quantities.
4. Decompose quickly.
5. Largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional
pesticides.
6. Bio pesticides can greatly reduce the use of conventional pesticides, while
crop yields remain high.
7. No harmful residues
8. Environmental friendly.
9. Cost effective.
10. Improve food quality.
11. High specific activity.

DIADVANTAGES OF BIOPESTICIDES
1. Biopesticides are high specific in action that it require an exact
identification of the pest.
2. Slow speed of action that is unsuitable in an immediate treatment of
crops.
3. Biopesticides are derived from natural material like plant bacteria which
might have Eco ethical issues.
4. Difficulty in culturing in a large quantity.

APPLICATIONOF BIOPESTICIDES
1. Biopesticides are usually applied in a similar manner to chemical
pesticides but in Environmental friendly way.
2. For effective control, microbial agent require appropriate formulation.
3. Biopesticides used to control internal seed Borne fungal pathogens.

References:
1. www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticides-products/what-are-
biopesticides
2. www.agrilife.in/biopesticides.htm
3. https://www.planetnatural.com/bacillus-thuringiensis/
4. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bacillus-thuringiensis
5. http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/bt.htm
6. https://agriculturenotes.com/biopesticides/

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