Bioclimatic Design For Architecture Design
- 2. What is Bioclimatic Design? • Bioclimatic architecture is designing buildings based on the local climate, to ensure thermal comfort using environmental resources. • The main aims of bioclimatic architecture are to create healthy, comfortable homes for the inhabitants of these buildings while respecting the environment. • The bioclimatic concept uses available natural resources in a building design (sun. vegetation. rain. wind. etc.).
- 3. What are the Benefits of Bioclimatic Architecture? 1. Energy Efficiency: Bioclimatic architecture can help reduce energy consumption by utilizing natural resources to provide heating, cooling, and lighting. This can result in significant cost savings for building owners, as they will not have to rely on artificial systems to provide these services. 2. Improved Indoor Environment: Bioclimatic design can improve the quality of life for the occupants of buildings by creating comfortable and healthy indoor environments. Natural light and ventilation can help to improve air quality, and the use of sustainable materials can help to reduce the levels of indoor pollutants. 3. Increased Property Value: Buildings designed using bioclimatic principles can be more valuable than traditional buildings due to their energy efficiency and sustainability. This is becoming increasingly important to buyers and tenants looking for environmentally friendly, cost-effective buildings. 4. Positive Impact on the Environment: Bioclimatic architecture positively impacts the environment by reducing the carbon footprint of buildings and reducing the reliance on non-renewable energy sources. It also helps conserve natural resources, such as water, and promotes sustainable materials. (Ref ugreen.io)
- 4. Classification of Climatic zones • Ref (National Building Code of India 2016 (Volume 2), 3.2 Basic Zones)
- 5. Hot dry Climate Seasons: - Two distinct seasons: hot and somewhat cooler periods. - Hot Season: Daytime mean maximum temperature: 43-49 °C. Nighttime minimum: 24-30 ° C. - Cool Season: Daytime maximum: 27-32 ° C. Nighttime minimum: 10-18 °C. Temperature Range: - Diurnal range: 17-22 °C. Humidity: - Relative Humidity (RH): 10-55%. - Rapid evaporation due to large wet-bulb depression Precipitation: - Annual rainfall: 50-155 mm. - Flash storms with up to 50 mm in a few hours, though some areas can remain rainless for years (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 1.3.5 Hot Dry Desert Climate)
- 6. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Nature of Climate: Very hot, Dry air and dry ground. This leads to dusty winds, High variation and diurnal temperature, large difference is diurnal range, low precipitation. Low vegetation, highly reflective ground, hot dusty winds - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 1.3.5 Hot Dry Desert Climate) Physiological Objectives: Daytime: -Reduction of the intense radiation from the sun, ground and surrounding buildings -A knowledge of periodic heat flow characteristics of various constructions is needed to select walls and roofs. This will: • Maintain inner surface temperatures less than the skin temperature • Allow the body to dissipate surplus heat • Cool the indoor air by convection - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 7. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Physiological Objectives: Nigh time: -At night air temperature is low and surface temperature is high, so it can increase effective temperature (ET) -If ET is high it will be beneficial -Breezes can not be used as it is very hot and dusty. But if air is cooled and filtered it will be pleasant. - For low humidity, evaporation is greater. Provided the skin can supply sufficient sweat, hence making it feel cooler. - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 8. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Form & Planning: -Outdoor conditions are hostile -Both the buildings and the external living spaces need to be protected from solar radiation and hot dusty winds Enclosed & Compact Planning: - Enclosed, compactly planned and essentially inward-looking building is the most suitable - Accessibility of water fuel and food storage to point of use - Easily cleaned surfaces - Reduction of moment distances - Avoidance of unnecessary stairs will benefit the occupants by reducing physical movement effort and fatigue In Hot-Dry climates the tendency of- Close groups of buildings. Narrow roads, streets, small enclosed courtyards (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates) (Ref: Getty images: old Delhi)
- 9. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Orientation: - Surfaces exposed to the sun should be reduced. - Larger dimension of a building should preferably face North and South - Non habitable rooms (stores toilets etc )can be placed on the east and west for thermal barriers. Shading: - Projecting roof, verandas, shading devices, trees and utilization of surrounding walls and buildings are familiar techniques of shading of roofs, walls and outdoor spaces - Use of low thermal capacity materials for shading devices to ensure their quick cooling after sunset Aligned buildings close to each other East and West Walls are placed close together Hence, mutual shading will decrease the Heat gain on external walls. (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates, image https://archi-monarch.com/building-shading/)
- 10. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Roof: (Double roof) - For shading of roof the most effective method is to construct a second roof over the first - It is imperative to separate it well from the main roof to provide the dissipation of heat - Use over collective surfaces on both the roof - The cost of a double roof is very high, however a simple ceiling and a ventilated roof space could also be effective (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates, grdc.org)
- 11. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Roofs, walls & Openings: - As the day to day activities take place outdoor the necessary to treat the external spaces Enclosure of outer spaces: • Adjacent in buildings pavements and dry ground heat up quickly during the day and reradiate the heat at night • the enclosure of outdoor areas by a wall which is themselves shaded will help to avoid such effects and at the same time keep that dust and hot winds out Plants and water: • Trees, plants and water in the enclosed space will cool the air by evaporation. • It helps to keep the dust down and provides shade, visual and psychological relief. (Ref and image: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 12. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Design of Openings: - During the day the absence of openings would be most desirable, or as small as possible, located high on the walls. - During the night the openings should be large to provide adequate ventilation for dissipation of heat - Large openings, with massive shutters with thermal capacity could be a technological problem - Can use shutters with a high thermal resistance. E.g. heavy shutters made of wood - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates) (Ref and image: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 13. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Occupancy pattern: - An office building occupied only during the morning and early afternoon, cannot dissipate heat through ventilation at night - Massive roofs will be effective for this purpose Separate day and night room: - Where night –time temperature does not fall below comfort zone, large thermal capacity should be restricted to internal walls, partition and floors - The outer walls and roof would need to have a high resistive insulation - Alternatively separate day and night rooms and be provided in the house. - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 14. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Roofs and wall Surfaces: - Surface treatment and selection of surface materials influence in reducing the heat load - Light coloured or shiny external surfaces reflect large amount solar radiation so less heat will enter in the building - Roof is the most critical part of the building surface as it receives the greatest amount of solar radiation - It is also most exposed to the clear night sky and emits most heat to outer space - The selection of the roof surface materials will have greater effect than walls - It will still be more advantageous to use a white surface, dark surface should be avoided in all cases (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot- dry Climates) (Ref and image: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.1 Shelter for hot-dry Climates)
- 15. Hot dry Climate Design Strategies Ventilation and airflow: ( Night Purge) Day time - During the day time openings should be closed and shaded - Air intake openings should be located so that the coolest and most dust free air is taken - Internal heat gains can present quite a problem, such heat sources should be isolated and separately ventilated Night time - Ample ventilation at night is necessary where the stored heat is to be dissipated. - Indoor air stream at night can be directed to pass the hottest inside surfaces - It is advisable to have the top of the openings level with the ceiling.
- 16. Warm Humid Climate Temperature: Day: 27-32°C (occasionally higher). Night: 21-27°C. Narrow diurnal and annual temperature ranges. Humidity: High, averaging 75% (55%-100%). Rainfall:Annual precipitation: 2000-5000 mm. Wettest months may exceed 500 mm, with short storms delivering 100 mm/h. Cloud Cover:60%-90%, resulting in diffuse but strong solar radiation and sky glare. Winds: Typically low velocity, with occasional strong gusts (up to 30 m/s) during rainstorms. (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 1.3.3 Warm Humid Climate)
- 17. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Nature of Climate: hot, sticky conditions and continuous presence of dampness. Physiological Objectives: Daytime: -High Humidity- Saturated air envelope prevents heat dissipation through evaporation -Almost Equal Temperature- Temperature is very near to skin temperature so heat loss through convection is negligible Surface temperature is also very near to skin temperature so heat loss through conduction and radiation is negligible -Some degree of comfort can be achieved by encouraging outdoor breeze to pass not only through the building but across the body surface of the occupants, this will remove saturated air envelope. -Radiant heat gain from the sun and sky should be prevented. - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 18. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Form and planning: Orientation: -Building will have to be opened up and oriented to catch whatever air movement there is. - Faliure to do this would produce indoor conditions always warmer than the shaded external spaces. - (Ref and image: Manual of Tropical Housing - and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 19. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Open up plan for Cross Ventilation: Daytime: -Buildings tend to have open elongated plan shapes, with a single row of rooms to allow cross ventilation. -Such rooms can be accessible from verandahs or galleries, which also provide shading. -Door and window openings should be as large as possible to allow free passage of air. -Radiant heat gain from the sun and sky should be prevented. - (Ref and image: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 20. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Arrangement of Buildings: -Groups of buildings tend to be spread out. -Extended plans in a line across the prevailing wind Direction, afford low resistance to air movement and is an ideal solution. -If several rows of a building follow, the air movement through buildings in the down wind row will be substantially reduced by the first row. - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 21. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Shading Devices: -Although intensity of Radiation is normally less than hot- dry climate, its entry to the building should be prevented as it would be a significant source of heat. -Much of the radiation is diffused, coming from the whole sky hemisphere. So the shading devices should provide a greater coverage, obstructing most of the sky not just the location of the sun. -As the opening are larger, the shading devices will be much larger -Shading of all vertical surfaces, of the opening and wall will be beneficial. This task will be easier if the building height is kept down and roof will extend far beyond the lines of walls with broad overhangs eaves.
- 22. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies External Spaces: - Shading & free passage of air are two basic requirements - Trees and planting can be used for shading, as plants carry full foliage all year around - Rarely a structure will be built to provide shade to an open space, but pergolas and light framing with climbing plants can be used. - Various systems of fences and screen walls are used to ensure privacy and to allow breeze - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 23. Warm Humid Climate Design Strategies Roofs and walls: - Buildings should be of low thermal capacity materials, using lightweight construction - As rainfall is higher in these regions, a pitched roof will often be used covered by corrugated iron, asbestos cement or bright aluminum. - Lower interior temperature can be achieved by a reflective upper surface, double roof construction with roof space ventilated, a ceiling with its upper surface highly reflective and having good resistive insulation. - (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 7.2 Shelter for warm humid Climates)
- 24. Composite Climate • Location: Typically found in large landmasses near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn • Seasons: Two main seasons: a hot-dry season (approximately 2/3 of the year) and a warm-humid season (about 1/3 of the year). Some locations have a third, cool-dry season • Temperature: High temperatures throughout the year, with the hot-dry season being the hottest. The cool-dry season has significantly lower temperatures • Humidity: Low humidity during the dry season and high humidity during the monsoon season • Rainfall: Intense and prolonged rainfall during the monsoon season, with little to no rain during the dry seasons • Sky Conditions: Overcast skies during the monsoon season and clear skies during the dry seasons • Winds: Hot and dusty winds during the dry season and strong, steady winds bringing rain from the sea during the monsoon season (Ref: Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. 1.3.7 Composite or monsoon climate)
- 25. Cold Climate Ex. Banglore, Pune TEMPERATURE • Temperature is in the range of 20-30 deg.c during day and 17-27 deg.c in the night in winter, the values range between 4 & 8 deg.c during day and from -3 to 4 deg.c in the night. Winter is thus very cool, and summer pleasant. HUMIDITY • The relative humidity is generally high and ranges from 70 to 80%. PRECIPITATION • Annual total precipitation is about 1000mm and is distributed evenly throughout the year. SKY CONDITION • The sky is overcast for most part of the year. SOLAR RADIATION • The intensity of solar radiation is low in winter with a high percentage of diffuse radiation. WINDS • This region experiences cold winds in the winter season. Hence, protection from winds is essential in this type of climate.
- 26. Cold Climate - Design Strategies Building Orientation • For cold climates, it is observed that a building which is elongated along the east-west axis, leads to additional absorption of sunlight on the south side during winter season. Heat Gain This heat gain can be achieved through three ways: direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. • Direct gain is the most common and effective passive heating technique used in cold climates. The basic principle is that sunlight is admitted into the living spaces directly through openings or glazed windows. • Indirect gain is when the sunlight hits an alternate surface, and the absorbed thermal energy is then transferred into the main space. A good example of this would be masonry walls which absorb the sunlight and transport the heat absorbed into the interior space. • Isolated gain aims to collect the heat in an area that can be closed off from the rest of the building. A good example of this technique is sunspaces
- 27. Cold Climate - Design Strategies Thermal Mass • Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb, store, and release heat. In cold climates with high heating needs, high thermal mass can support passive heating. Ex concrete , wood , bricks etc. Trombe Wall • A Trombe wall is a thick masonry wall that faces south. • The wall is painted black or another dark color to absorb heat from the sun. • A single or double layer of glass is placed in front of the wall, creating an air gap. • The heat from the sun passes through the glass and is absorbed by the dark surface. • The heat is stored in the wall and slowly released into the building.
- 28. Temperate Climate TEMPERATURE • Being located at relatively higher elevations, these places experience temperatures than hot and dry regions. • The temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold in summer, the temperature reaches 30-34 C during the day and 17-24 °C at night • Minimum temperature is between 27 to 35 °C during the day and 3 to in winter, the maximum 18 C at night. PRECIPITATION • The total rainfall usually exceeds 1000 mm per year. Winters are dry in this zone • The climate is characterized by less frequent extremes, a more regular distribution of the precipitation over the year and a longer Vegetation period - therefore the name "temperate". HUMIDITY • The relative humidity is low in winters and summers, varying from 20-55%, and going up to 55- 90% during monsoons.
- 29. Temperate Climate SKY CONDITION • The sky is mostly clear with occasional presence of low, dense clouds during summers. • The sky condition varies with the seasons. • In the dry and cool season, it is clear with intense direct solar radiation. • In the hottest period the sky is rather hazy, and radiation is more diffused. • During the monsoon period, heavy and low clouds often cover the sky, alternating with periods of clear sky and intense solar radiation. SOLAR RADIATION • The solar radiation in this region is more or less the same throughout the year. • In the temperate zone, the solar radiation arrives at a smaller angle, and the average temperatures here are much cooler than in the subtropics. WINDS • Winds are generally high during summer. • During the dry period winds are dusty and hot in lower areas. • In mountainous regions, strong and regular valley winds of thermic origin occur in the afternoon.
- 30. TEMPERATE CLIMATE - Design Strategies Building Orientation • The building can be oriented a few degrees to the east to capture sunlight during the daytime. • The building can be extended in the east-west axis. • The size of the windows should be such that it captures the midday sun in the winter while avoiding the harsh sun in the summer. • The windows on the west side can be avoided. Overhang on windows should be such that it prevents overheating in the summer but allows low winter sun to penetrate. • Vents between rooms ensure that heat is transferred from heated to unheated rooms in the winter. Landscaping • Deciduous trees are best suited for temperate regions as they provide shade during summers and shed their leaves allowing the sun to shine through in the winters. • Trellis pergolas with vines can be used for summer shading. • Non deciduous shrubs can be planted to break chill winter winds. • Driveways, cloth drying areas, and other yard activities should be located away from the north edge as the north part of the garden is the best place for outdoor living in the winter.
- 31. Temperate Climate - Design Strategies Trombe Wall • A Trombe wall is a thick masonry wall that faces south. • The wall is painted black or another dark color to absorb heat from the sun. • A single or double layer of glass is placed in front of the wall, creating an air gap. • The heat from the sun passes through the glass and is absorbed by the dark surface. • The heat is stored in the wall and slowly released into the building. Kachidorian Flooring • This passive heating method solves the drawback of Trombe walls, namely uneven heating of living spaces. • It consists of a concrete floor with concrete ducts beneath it. • Solar heat from south-facing windows and skylights is stored and distributed throughout the house using ducts.
- 32. CASE STUDY -CII SOHRABJI GODJREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE (LEED PLATINUM) Architect: Karan Grover and Associates Location: Hyderabad Site area: 5 aces The building incorporates several world-class energy and environment friendly features, including solar PV systems, indoor air quality monitoring, a high efficiency HVAC system, a passive cooling system using wind towers, high performance glass, aesthetic roof gardens, rain water harvesting, root zone treatment system, etc. The extensive landscape is also home to 600 varieties of trees, most of which are native and adaptive to local climatic conditions. The green building boasts a 50% saving in overall energy consumption, 35% reduction in potable water consumption and usage of 80% of recycled / recyclable material
- 33. CLIMATE BRIEF • It remains fairly warm most of the year. • Receive less rainfall in the monsoon. • Temperatures come down in the months of December and January and the nights become quite cool in and around the Hyderabad city. • During the summer months, the temperayure goes as high as 42° C while in winters the minimum temperature may come down to as low as 12° C. Humidity in the morning is very high exceeding 80 per cent from July to September. In the dry months of March, April and May, humidity is generally low with an average of 25 to 30 per cent and decreases to 20 per cent at individual stations.
- 35. WIND CATCHER Daytime Process: • Hot ambient air enters the tower through openings. • Air cools upon contact with the cool tower surface, becomes heavier, and sinks. • When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side, a draft of cool air is created. • After heat exchange, the wind towers warm up by evening. Nighttime Process: • The warm surface of the wind tower causes ambient air to rise due to buoyancy. • Cooler air is sucked into the room through windows. • The wind tower loses heat collected during the day, cooling down and preparing for use by morning. Additional Features for Efficiency: • Openings on all four sides of the tower accommodate unpredictable wind direction and pressure. • Heat transfer rate depends on the surface area in contact with the air. • Vertical conduits increase surface area and reduce air resistance. • Sprinklers promote evaporative cooling, improving effectiveness
- 36. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION • Building layout ensures that 90 % of spaces have daylight access and views to the outside. • North facades are glazed for efficient diffused light. • Low heat transmitting glass used. • Double glass to further reduce heat gain. • Natural lighting - no lights are used until late in the evening. • Minimum lux levels for all workstations have been ensured
- 37. TRADITIONAL JALI Jaali walls are used which are a good source of ventilation and daylight. Shading from trees are provided adjacent to the walls which reduces the heat transmitted through the walls because of direct sunlight. The Jaali walls are important feature in Indian architecture. The walls are commonly experimented feature in aesthetics with several arrangement and patterns. The walls allow a controlled flow of air and light into the interior space. The Jaali walls increase the surface area and mass of the facade to cool much of the breeze in the passage. • Allow controlled passage of air and light into the interior space. • Ensure constant flow of breeze into the interior occupant comfort cools the interiors. • Throw patterns of light and shadow on the floor enhancing aesthetics. • An alternative to costly window construction. Diffuse the glare of sunlight.
- 38. ROOT ZONE TREATMENT • Some rainwater goes into the soil by the use of permeable grid pavers. • The remaining rainwater follows existing flow patterns and is collected in a water • pond another traditional method of rainwater harvesting, constructed at a lower end of the site. • In addition, the building achieves a 35% reduction of municipally supplied potable water, in part using low-flush toilets and waterless urinals.
- 39. LEED CERTIFICATION LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a globally recognized green building certification system developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). It provides a framework for creating healthy, efficient, and sustainable buildings and communities How to achieve a LEED certification: A project earns points by adhering to prerequisites and credits that address carbon, energy, water, waste, transportation, materials, health and indoor environmental quality. Projects go through a verification and review process by GBCI and are awarded points that correspond to a level of LEED certification. (Ref: https://www.usgbc.org/leed)
- 40. (Ref: https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/leed-certification-meaning-and-requirements) Each certification level signifies commendable attainment of prerequisites, such as reducing CO2 emissions, promoting environmental sustainability, enhancing energy efficiency, optimising indoor air and environmental quality, improving energy performance, and prioritizing materials sustainability.
- 41. What are the goals of LEED? The certification's targeted building strategies emphasize different aspects with varying degrees of importance: • Reduce the contribution of buildings to climate change (35%) • Improve human health (20%) • Preserve freshwater resources and enhance water efficiency (15%) • Prevent biodiversity loss and protect ecosystems and their services (10%) • Support regenerative, long-term material use (10%) • Build thriving communities and foster neighborhood development (5%) • Conserve natural resources (5%) LEED is a holistic system that doesn’t simply focus on one building element, such as energy, water or health. Instead, it looks at the big picture, factoring in all critical elements that work together to create the best building possible. (Ref: https://www.usgbc.org/leed)
- 42. 'PASSIVHAUS' OR PASSIVE HOUSE This construction standard of German origin covers not only adapting the house to the climate, but also internal energy consumption so that the building needs as little energy as possible for heating and air conditioning. Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein - southern facade (see more Photos) Architect: Professor Bott, Ridder, Westermeyer. Photo: H.G. Esch. Ref:https://passiv.de/former_conferences/Kran/ First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.html
- 43. PASSIVE HOUSE 5 MAIN PRINCIPLES Highly Insulated Envelope: Multiple layers of high- efficiency insulation minimize heat exchange with the outside, covering all surfaces (walls, roof, slab). Prioritizes environmentally friendly materials. Thermal Bridge-Free Design: Minimizes thermal bridges to prevent cold spots, moisture, and condensation. Optimized Orientation & High-Performance Windows/Doors: Optimal placement and high-performance triple-pane windows maximize solar heat gain in winter and minimize it in summer. Uses materials like concrete floors for heat absorption and deciduous trees for shading Airtight Envelope: Minimizes air leaks around doors, windows, and other openings to prevent heat loss and moisture buildup. Improves indoor air quality by reducing mold risk. Mechanical Ventilation: Uses Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs) or Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) to provide fresh, filtered air while minimizing energy loss. ERVs are preferred in humid climates. (ref: https://passivehouse.com/)
- 44. PASSIVE HOUSE The Passivhaus Institut publishes a list of specifications with which passive houses must comply to obtain certification. • Use no more than 15 kWh/m2 per year for heating and cooling. • Use up to 60 kWh/m2 per year of total primary energy (heating, hot water and electricity.) • Thermal comfort must be available in all inhabited areas, in winter and summer alike, with a maximum of 10% of hours in the year above 25 °C. • Passive homes achieve these standards by smartly utilising the main principles of bioclimatic architecture. There are estimated to be more than 25,000 passive houses worldwide, mainly in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the Scandinavian countries. (ref: https://passivehouse.com/)
Editor's Notes
- #3: Energy eff. By utilizing natural res. For heating cooling lighting Im: make it comfortable and healty environment indoors by using ventilation and reduce indoor pollutants by using sus materials Prop val. As they are cost effective Rely on non renew ener, conserves resources
- #8: Tldr Try to not physically exhaust the users. As it is very hot, and provide shade in circulations areas and streets.
- #21: Dissfuesed. So shading devices should be larger, to obstruct sky and not just sun