BIOETHICS. Which is used in daily routine life
- 1. BIOETHICS INSTRUCTOR : ANITA BIBI MS SCHOLAR (MOLECULAR GENETICS) BS MEDICAL LAB TECHNOLOGY
- 2. WHAT IS ETHICS? Branch of philosophy that studies the rightness 0r wrongness 0f human actions. OR A branch of knowledge that deals with the moral principles. OR Principles of conduct.
- 4. WHAT IS BIOETHICS? “ Bio means life” and “ethics means custom or moral values” Bioethics is the application of the principles of ethics to the field of medicine and healthcare. Is concerned with the ethical issues that arise from the emergence and development in the life sciences such as biotechnology and medicine. Bioethicists seek to develop ethical guidelines and principles to navigate complex issues in the field of medicine and biomedical researches.
- 5. HISTORY OF BIOETHICS: Term “bioethics” was introduced in 70s by Van Rensselaer Potter for a study aiming at ensuring the preservation of biosphere. History dates back to ancient times Modern bioethics emerge in the mid-20th century due to the raised ethical issues as a result of advancement in research and medical technologies.
- 6. HISTORY OF BIOETHICS SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: 1. Nuremberg trail after world war II by Nazi regime. 2. Concept of brain death in 1960s ,led to the formation of ethical committee and ethics of organ donations. 3. Karen Ann Quinlan case in 1970s led to national debate about right to die and the ethics of life-sustaining treatment. 4. Human genome project in 1980s and 1990s , advancement in biotechnology raised issues ,such as cloning and genetic engineering led to the discussions about the ethics of genetic testing ,based on genetic information.
- 7. TYPES OF BIOETHICS: Medical ethics: which focuses on issues in health care e.g. organ donation , abortion etc. Research ethics : which focuses on issues in the conduction of research e.g. cloning Environmental ethics : which focuses on issues pertaining to the relationship between human activities and environment e.g. pollution Public health ethics : which address ethical issues in public health e.g. pandemic
- 8. PRINCIPLES/PILLARS OF MEDICAL ETHICS: There are four major principles of medical or bioethics : BENEFICENCE : principle requires that healthcare provider and researcher act in best interest of their patients or subjects’ NON-MALEFICENCE : to do no harm and minimize risks associated with medical treatment or procedures. AUTONOMY : freedom to choose freely the type of treatment . JUSTICE : ensuring fairness and treat all patients equally
- 9. ETHICAL ISSUES: ABORTION :removal of fetus from a women’s uterus EUTHANASIA: act of purposefully ending a life to eliminate untreatable suffering. EUGENICS: type of DNA manipulation that creates selective breeding to improve human race. HUMAN CLONING :scientific production of an identical human cell, tissue or entire body. STEM CELL RESEARCH : capable of multiplying themselves by mitosis into wide range of specialized cell.
- 10. SCIENCE , RESEARCH AND ETHICAL VALUES: Science , research and ethical values are interinked.Science relies on research to expand knowledge and understanding, but it must be conducted within ethical boundaries to ensure the well-being of individual and society. Ethical values guide the process of research ensuring that it is conducted with integrity , respect for participants and consideration for potential consequences. Ultimately, the relationship between science, research and ethical values is symbiotic , with each informing and shaping the other in progress and moral responsibility.
- 11. IMPORTANCE OF BIOETHICS: Bioethics education for medical students and healthcare workers getting important day by day due to : Medical policies and patient rights legislation are ever- changing Health care systems function differently than before. Clinical practice now involves decision-making about many new issues. High technologies not only brought us hopes of cure but have also created a heavy economics burden.
- 12. CASE ANALYSIS : 01 A physician has 5 patients , each in need of a different organ and will die without that organ. Unfortunately , there are no organs available to perform any of these 5 transplant operations. A young man who just got hit by trolley , is brought in to ER. In the course of assessing his injuries which are not life-threatening if treated immediately , the doctor discovers that his organs are compatible with all 5 of his dying patients. Would it be justify for a physician to let the patient die to harvest his organs for the other 5 patients ?
- 13. Case analysis :2 Singapore has 7% GST and people get free medical treatment , but Indian do not get it despite paying 28% GST . Parents forced to watch helplessly as 64 children and babies die at an Indian hospital as oxygen supplies is suddenly cut off due to over and unpaid bill. Is it justified ?