Biomedical engineering (BME)
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This document provides an overview of biomedical engineering. It begins by defining biomedical engineering as the application of engineering principles, techniques and methods to solve medical and biological problems. It then discusses the diversity in related terminology and the roles of medical engineers, clinical engineers and bioengineers. The document outlines several branches of biomedical engineering including biomechanics, biomaterials, medical devices and clinical engineering. It concludes by discussing the relationships between biomedical engineering and other fields like medicine, physics, and various engineering disciplines.
Biomedical engineering (BME)
- 1. 1 “Biomedical engineering” Tapeshwar Yadav (Lecturer) BMLT, DNHE, M.Sc. Medical Biochemistry
- 2. A – A good student is liked by teacher G – Greets everyone with smile O – Obedient O – On time for college D – Dresses neatly S – Studies with interest T – Treats everyone with smile U – Understands everything D – Does daily home work E – Eager to know new things N – Never misbehaves T – Talks little in class
- 3. 3 Introduction • What is biomedical engineering? – Terminology, definitions – History of biomedical engineering – Sub-branches of BME
- 4. • A loose definition of Biomedical Engineering: – the application of engineering techniques and analyses to problem-solving in medicine and the biomedical sciences 4
- 5. Diversity in the terminology • (bio)medical engineering, • bioengineering, biotechnology • clinical (medical) engineering • medical technology. • health care technology 5
- 6. Medical engineering (medical engineer) • uses engineering concepts and technology for development of – instrumentation, – diagnostic and therapeutic devices, – artificial organs, and – other medical devices needed in health care and in hospitals • role: – examine some portion of biology and medicine to identify areas in which advanced technology might be advantageous 6
- 7. Clinical engineering (clinical engineer) • uses engineering, management concept, and technology – to improve health care in hospitals • better patient care at minimum costs thought the application of technology • role is to provide services directly – related to patient care together with other health care professionals – problems originated from clinical environment 7
- 8. Clinical engineering • responsible for – equipment effectiveness and – electrical safety in medical instrumentation – systems and power supply • constrained by regulations – medical, federal, state, local, governmental, hospital 8
- 9. Bioengineering (bioengineer) • basic research-oriented activity closely related to – biotechnology and – genetic engineering • modification of animal or plant cells to improve plants or animals to develop new micro-organisms • Bioengineering integrates – physical, – chemical, – mathematical, and – computational sciences and – engineering principles to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health. 9
- 10. Bioengineering • It advances fundamental concepts; – creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems levels; – develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices, and informatics approaches for the – prevention, – diagnosis, and – treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health 10
- 11. Biomedical Engineering (BME) • a growing and expanding interdisciplinary profession • concerned with the application of – engineering, – mathematics, – computing, and – science methodologies to the analysis of biological and physiological problems • produce technological advances in health care 11
- 12. Biomedical Engineering (BME) • Definition 1: • “Biomedical engineering is a discipline that – advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through cross- disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice.” 12
- 13. Biomedical Engineering (BME) • It includes: – The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative and substantive application of experimental and analytical techniques based on the engineering sciences. – The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and systems that advance biology and medicine and improve medical practice and health care deliver 13
- 14. Biomedical Engineering (BME) • Definition2: The use of engineering technology, instrumentation and methods to solve medical problems, such as improving our understanding of physiology and the manufacture of artificial limbs and organs. 14
- 15. Biomedical engineers • apply different engineering principles – electrical and electronics • instrumentation, bioamplifiers – mechanical, • artificial limbs, prostheses – physical • diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices – chemical, • biosensors, chemical analysers 15
- 16. Biomedical engineers • apply different engineering principles Contd… – optical, • fiber optics, optical measurements – computer science • computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems – material science • implanted devices, artificial tissues 16
- 17. Biomedical Engineering (BME) Biomedical engineers • to understand, modify, or control biologic systems • Application of – engineering system analysis – physiologic modeling, – simulation, and – control 17
- 18. Biomedical Engineering (BME) Biomedical engineers: • design and manufacture products that can – monitor physiologic functions or – display anatomic detail • Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals – biosensors – biomedical instrumentation – Medical imaging 18
- 19. Biomedical Engineering (BME) Biomedical engineers: CONTD… • assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients – Computer analysis of patient-related data – clinical decision making – medical informatics – artificial intelligence • supervise biomedical equipment maintenance technicians, • investigate medical equipment failure, • advise hospitals about purchasing and installing new equipment 19
- 20. Important milestones in the development of medical instruments… • Thermometer – 1603, Galileo – 1625, body temperature measurement • Optical lens – 1666, Newton – 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz • Stethoscope – 1819, hollow tube – 1851, binaural stethoscope • Hypodermic syringe – 1853, Wood • X-ray – 1895, Roentgen – 1896, in diagnosis and therapy 20 • Radioactivity – 1896, Curie – 1903, in therapy • Electrocardiograph – 1887, Waller, capillary meter – 1903, Einthoven, – galvanometer 1928, vacuum tube • Electroencephalograph – 1924, Berger • pH electrode – 1906, Cremer • Electrical surgical unit, 1928
- 21. …Important milestones in the development of medical instruments • Cyclotron, artificial radionuclides – 1936, Lawrence • Assisting ventilator – 1928, "iron lung" – 1945, positive pressure • Ultrasonic imaging – pulse-echo, 1947 – Doppler, 1950s • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946 – MRI, 1982 21 • Computed tomography – 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield • Electrical heart defibrillator – 1956, Zoll – 1980, implanted • Implanted electrical heart pacemaker – 1960, Greatbatch • Heart valves, 1975 • Cardiac catheter, 1975 • Artificial kidney (dialysis), 1960 • Artificial heart, 1984
- 22. Some Branches of BME… • Biomechanics – application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems – study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials, muscle forces – design of artificial limbs • Biomaterials: – study of both living tissue and artificial synthetic biomaterials (polymers, metals, ceramics, composites) used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue (implants) – biomaterials: • nontoxic, • non-carcinogenic • chemically inert • stable • mechanically strong 22
- 23. …Some Branches of BME… • Biomedical sensors – physical measurements, biopotential electrodes, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, bioanalytic sensors • Bioelectric phenomena: – origin in nerve and muscle cells – generation in nerves, brain, heart, skeletal muscles – analysis, – modelling, – recording and – diagnosis 23
- 24. …Some Branches of BME… • Biomedical signal processing and analysis – collection and analysis of data from patients – bioelectric, physical, chemical signals – online (embedded) and off-line processing and analysis • Medical imaging and image processing: – provision of graphic display of anatomic detail and physiological functions of the body – medical imaging methods and devices • physical phenomena + detectors + electronic data processing+ graphic display = image • x-ray, gamma photons, MRI, Ultrasound 24
- 25. …Some Branches of BME… • Medical instruments and devices: – design of medical instruments and devices to monitor and measure biological functions – application of electronics and measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease • biopotential amplifiers • patient monitors • electrosurgical devices • Biotechnology – technology at cellular level 25
- 26. …Some Branches of BME… • Cell and tissue engineering: – utilization of anatomy, biochemistry and mechanics of cellular and subcellular structures to understand disease processes and to be able to intervene at very specific sites. – design, construction, modification, growth and maintenance of living tissue (bioartificial tissue and alteration of cell growth and function) • Rehabilitation engineering: – application of science and technology to improve the quality of life for individuals with physical and cognitive impairments (handicaps) 26
- 27. …Some Branches of BME… • Prostheses and artificial organs – design and development of devices for replacement of damaged body parts • artificial heart, • circulatory assist devices, • cardiac valve prostheses, • artificial lung and blood-gas exchange devices, • artificial kidney, pancreas • Clinical engineering: – medical engineering in hospitals, managementand assessment of medical technology, safety and management of medical equipment, product development 27
- 28. …Some Branches of BME • Physiologic modelling, simulation and control – use of computer simulation to help understand physiological relationships and organ function, to predict the behavior of a system of interests (human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical devices) – developing of theoretical (computational, analytical, conceptual etc) models • Medical informatics: – hospital information systems, computer-based patient records, computer networks in hospitals, artificial knowledge-based medical decision making • Bioinformatics – The application of information technology to problem areas in healthcare systems, as well as genomics, proteomics, and mathematical modelling. 28
- 29. Medical devices • Medical devices can be grouped according to the three areas of medicine: • Diagnosis – diagnostic devices • Therapy – therapeutic devices – application of energy • Rehabilitation – Application of Assisting orthotic-prosthetic devices 29
- 30. Diagnostic devices • Types of diagnostic devices – recording and monitoring devices – measurement and analysis devices – imaging devices • importance of diagnostic devices – enhance and extend the five human senses to improve to collect data from the patient for diagnosis – the perception of the physician can be improved by diagnostic instrumentation in many ways: • amplify human senses • place the observer's senses in inaccessible environments • provide new senses 30
- 31. Therapeutic devices • Objective of therapeutic devices: – deliver physical substances to the body to treat disease • Physical substances: – Voltage, current – Pressure – Flow – Force – Ultrasound – Electromagnetic radiation – Heat • Therapeutic device categories: – devices used to treat disorders – devices to assist or control the physiological functions 31
- 32. Assistive or rehabilitative devices • Objective of rehabilitative devices – to assist individuals with a disability • The disability can be connected to the troubles to – perform activities of daily living – limitations in mobility – communications disorders and – sensory disabilities • Types of rehabilitative devices – Orthopedic devices • An orthopedic device is an appliance that aids an existing function – Prosthetic devices • A prosthesis provides a substitute 32
- 33. Some characteristics of BME • methods and devices are used to solve medical problems – problems are difficult, diverse, and complex – solution alternatives are limited and specific to a certain problem • Therefore we must know – what we are measuring or studying – what we are treating – which methodologies are available and applicable 33
- 34. Some characteristics of BME • deals with biological tissues, organs and organ systems and their properties and functions • bio-phenomena: – bioelectricity, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics • requires their deep understanding and analysis • Accessibility of data is limited, • Interface between tissue and instrumentation is needed • Procedures: – non-invasive – minimally invasive – invasive 34
- 35. Relationship of BME with other disciplines – Relationship with Medicine – Relationship with Physics – Relationship with other fields of engineering 35
- 36. Relationship with Medicine • Biomedical Engineering – application of engineering science and technology to problems arising in medicine and biology. – intersections between engineering disciplines • electrical, mechanical, chemical,… • with each discipline in medicine, such as – cardiology, pathology, neurology, … • biology • biochemistry, pharmacology, • molecular biology, cell biology, … 36
- 37. Physiological measurements • important application of medical devices – physiological measurements and recordings • important for biomedical engineer – to understand the technology used in these recordings but also – the basic principles and methods of the physiological recordings • medical fields where physiological recordings play an important role – clinical physiology – clinical neurophysiology – cardiology – intensive care, surgery 37
- 38. important physiological parameters recorded • parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics: – blood pressure – blood flow – blood volumes, cardiac output • biopotentials: – electrocardiogram (ECG), – electroencephalogram (EEG), – electromyogram (EMG) • respiratory parameters: – lung volumes and capacities, – air flow • blood gases: – pressures of blood gases – oxygen saturation – pH and other ions 38
- 39. Relationship with Physics • BME is closely related to physical sciences • Medical Physics – applies physics in medicine – physical background of medical imaging methods used in radiology and nuclear medicine: • the production and safety issues of ionizing radiation, • interaction of the radiation with matter, – the physics of magnetic resonance phenomenon, ultrasonics, light etc. – physical background of radiotherapy • use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer 39
- 40. Relationship with Physics • Biophysics – more related to (cell) biology – studies the processes in biology and medicine utilizing physics and engineering • physical methods are applied – for molecules, cells, tissues, organs, body – to solve biologic problems, – biologic events are described using the concept of physics and analogues, and – the effects of physical factors on biologic processes is examined • core concepts: – changes in state of the systems (P,V,T) – concentrations, osmolarities – Activities – internal energy, spontaneous processes – (electro)chemical equilibrium – enzyme reactions – diffusion – permeability – viscosity 40
- 41. Relationship with other fields of engineering • BME applies principles and methods from engineering, science and technology • closely related to many fields of engineering, – chemistry – computer science – electrical engineering • electronics, electromagnetic fields, signal and systems analysis – mathematics, statistics – measurement and control engineering – mechanical engineering – material science – physics etc. 41
- 42. “To be good & to do good that is the whole of religion”